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■I  J  J I  . J     I J 


The  Churches  AUied 
For  Common  Tasks 


REPORT  OF 

The  Third  Quadrennium  of 

The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 

of  Christ  in  America 


1916-1920 


Edited  by 

Samuel  McCrea  Cavert 

n 


FEDERAL  COUNCIL  OF  THE  CHURCHES 

OF  CHRIST  IN  AMERICA 

NEW  YORK 

.    1921 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Preface    5 

Part   I.    THE   SIGNIFICANCE    OF   THE   FEDERAL 
COUNCIL  IN  THE  CHURCH  LIFE  OF  AMERICA 

The  Federal  Council:  AN  INTERPRETATION. 

Samuel   McCrea   Cavert    9 

The  Present  Interdenominational  Situation. 

(Report  of  the  Committee  on  Methods  of  Cooperation)   19 

The  Present  Organization  and  PLan  of  the  Federal  Council. 

(Report  presented  to  the  Executive  Committee,  Jan.  21,  1921)  29 
The  Church   Facing  the  Future. 

(Report  of   the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the   Religious 

Outlook)   35 

Part  II.    THE  WORK  OF  THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL 
FROM   1916  TO  1920 

The  Federal  Council's  Service  during  the  Quadrennium. 

(Report  of  the  Executive  Committee)    57 

The  Fundamental  Importance  of  United  Evangelism. 

(Report  of  the  Commission  on  Evangelism)    95 

The  Enlarging  Social  Program  of  the  Church 

1.  Report    of    the    Commission    on    the    Church    and    Social 

Service  104 

2.  Report   of   the   Commission   on  the   Church  and   Country 

Life    125 

3.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Temperance 130 

4.  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Negro  Churches 141 

The  Need  for  a  United  Approach  to  the  Church's  Educational 

Task.     (Report  of  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education)   149 

The  Church  and  a  World-Wide  Brotherhood 

1.  Report  of  the   Commission  on   International   Justice  and 

Goodwill    156 

2.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient...  167 

3.  Report    of   the    Commission   on    Relations    with    Religious 

Bodies  in  Europe 194 

4.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and 

Belgium 205 

The  Churches  UnIited  in  Service  to  the  Community. 

(Report  of  the  Commission  on  Inter-church  Federations)    ..  217 

3 


544014 


Page 
At  the  National  Capital 

1.  Report  of  the  Washington  Committee  225 

2.  Report  of   the   General   Committee   on   Army   and   Navy 

Chaplains    229 

The  Need  for  Interpretative  Publicity  of  the  Church's  Work. 

(Report  of  the  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious  Press) 247 

Statements  of  Affiliated,  Consultative  and  Cooperating  Bodies 

1.  Cooperation  in  Foreign  Missions   250 

2.  Home   Missions   Council    269 

3.  Federation  of  Woman's   Boards  of   Foreign   Missions  of 

North  America    273 

4.  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions  276 

5.  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education  281 

6.  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 283 

7.  American  Bible  Society   286 

8.  International  Committee  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A 289 

9.  National  Board  of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A 294 

10.  Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  Foreign  Missions 297 

Part  III.    RECORD  OF  THE  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE 
QUADRENNIAL   MEETING 

Program  of  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  303 

A  Message  to  the  Churches  of  America  310 

A  Message  to  Our  Sister  Churches  in  Europe 315 

Joint  Meeting  of  the  Executive  and  Administrative  Commit- 
tees, December  1,  1920  317 

Minutes  of  the  Fourth  Quadrennial  Meeting,  December  1-6, 

1920    320 

Minutes  of  the  Meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  on  De- 
cember 6,  1920  351 

Minutes  of  the  Meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  on  Janu- 
ary 21,  1921   353 

Report  of  the  Treasurer 364 

Appendix:  Peb^PJ^nel  and  Constitution v 377 


PREFACE 

This  book  is,  in  the  main,  a  record  of  the  work  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  from 
1916  to  1920,  as  presented  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the 
Council  at  Boston,  December  1-6,  1920.  When  taken  in  con- 
nection with  the  statements  made  by  the  interdenominational 
agencies  carrying  on  the  missionary  and  educational  work 
of  the  churches,  which  are  also  printed  herewith,  this  report 
may  be  fairly  said  to  constitute  an  important  survey  of  the 
cooperative  work  in  which  the  churches  are  today  engaged. 

To  this  report  there  has  been  prefixed  a  short  chapter  en- 
deavoring to  interpret  the  significance  of  the  Federal  Council 
in  the  church  life  of  America.  The  experience  of  twelve 
years, — successes  and  failures  alike, — cannot  be  without  cer- 
tain lessons  for  the  future.  To  suggest  something  of  the 
meaning  of  this  experience  in  the  light  of  the  present  situation 
is  the  purpose  of  this  brief  narrative. 

Following  the  reports  upon  the  work  of  the  Council  is  pub- 
lished a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Quadrennial  Meet- 
ing at  Boston  and  the  subsequent  meetings  of  the  Executive 
Committee.  It  is  greatly  regretted  that  limits  of  space  prevent 
the  inclusion  of  the  inspiring  addresses,  listed  in  the  program 
of  the  Quadrennial  Meeting,  which  stirred  the  minds  and 
hearts  of  all  who  heard  them. 

The  Editor  of  the  volume  is  greatly  indebted,  for  valued 
counsel  and  advice,  to  a  special  committee,  consisting  of  Dr. 
Howard  B.  Grose,  Dr.  William  I.  Haven  and  Dr.  Robert  E. 
Speer,  appointed  by  the  Administrative  Committee  to  have 
general  responsibility  for  the  publication  of  the  report. 


S.  M.  C. 


105  East  Twenty-second  Street, 
New  York  City. 


PART    I 


THE  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL 
IN  THE  CHURCH  LIFE  OF  AMERICA 


:•  .i  .• .  • 


THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL:    AN  INTERPRETATION 

After  the  passing  of  a  decade  the  significance  of  any  or- 
ganized movement  ought  to  begin  to  be  apparent.  If  it  is 
insecurely  grounded  the  hidden  flaw  should  have  come  to 
light.  If  its  foundation  is  solid  the  superstructure  ought 
by  that  time  to  have  reached  appreciable  dimensions.  To 
examine  candidly  the  structure  that  has  been  reared  upon  the 
basis  laid  twelve  years  ago  in  the  adoption  of  the  constitution 
of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
is  the  purpose  of  this  brief  review.  A  backward  look  is  first 
of  all  necessary,  for  one  can  hardly  hope  to  arrive  at  a  true 
view  of  the  present  without  taking  some  thought  of  the  past. 

Of  course,  if  one  were  surveying  the  development  of  the 
whole  movement  for  Christian  cooperation  and  unity,  he 
would  have  to  go  far  back  of  the  brief  span  of  years  covered 
by  the  Federal  Council's  life.  To  include  even  the  interde- 
nominational organizations  engaged  in  carrying  on  special 
phases  of  the  Church's  activity  one  must  turn  backward  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  to  the  year  of  the  establishing  of 
the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  by  the  joint  action  of  the 
foreign  mission  boards.  To  bring  within  our  horizon  also  the 
great  undenominational  agencies  resulting  from  the  common 
purposes  and  common  interest  that  have  drawn  together  Chris- 
tian men  and  women  regardless  of  denominational  lines,  we 
should  have  to  retrace  the  course  of  history  for  at  least  three- 
quarters  of  a  century  to  the  founding  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  Nor  could  we  stop  even  here.  Still 
confining  ourselves  to  our  own  land,  we  should  have  to  go  back 
more  than  a  hundred  years  to  the  creation  of  the  American 
Bible  Society,  which  from  1816  to  the  present  day  has  served 
to  bind  together  Christians  of  many  names  in  a  united  enter- 
prise that  has  now  come  to  be  regarded  not  simply  as  a  volun- 
tary organization  of  individuals  but  practically  as  an  official 
agency  of  the  churches  themselves.  But  much  further  still 
must  one  delve  into  the  pages  of  the  past  if  he  would  consider 
all  the  factors  that  have  made  for  a  fuller  unity  of  spirit  and 
work  among  the  Christian  forces.  In  fact  the  movement  is 
as  old  as  Christianity  itself,  and  the  expressions  of  it  in  our 
modern  days  can  be  wholly  understood  only  in  the  light  of  the 
nineteen  centuries  of  the  Christian  church.^ 

But  when  this  long  history  is  reviewed,  there  is  still  found 
to  be  in  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America  a  distinctive  characteristic  which  marks  its  establish- 
ment as  a  definite  stage  in  the  development  of  Christian  cooper- 
ation and  unity.     It  represents  the  first  attempt  to  bring  the 

^  For  a  suggestive  discussion  of  the  historical  background  of  the  present  move- 
ment for  greater  Christian  unity,  see  the  second  part  of  "Christian  Unity:  Its 
Principles  and  Possibilities,"  a  report  by  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the 
Religious   Outlook,   Association    Press,    New   York,    1920. 


"**  iX*i  • '  '   *  ' •  •       ' . •  • 

;'*^* Id'  ..*  FEDERA-L'  COUNCIL    OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

denominations  themselves,  as  denominations,  into  definite  and 
continuing  cooperative  relationships.  It  means  a  formal  union 
of  Protestant  Churches,  through  the  appointment  by  them  of 
official  representatives  upon  a  central  body,  for  mutual  con- 
ference, for  coordination  of  efforts  and  for  united  endeavor 
along  lines  agreed  upon.  It  is  worth  while,  therefore,  to 
attempt  to  appraise  this  movement  in  the  light  of  what  has 
been  revealed  by  the  twelve  years  in  which  it  has  been  finding 
its  place  in  the  church  life  of  America. 

The  Development  of  the  Federal  Council 

Into  the  life-stream  of  the  Federal  Council  flowed  two  cur- 
rents, the  union  of  which  resulted  in  a  new  course  of  inter- 
denominational effort.  The  first  of  these  was  the  cumulative 
influence  of  various  undenominational  organizations,  particu- 
larly the  Evangelical  Alliance,  which,  under  the  leadership  of 
such  men  as  William  E.  Dodge  and  Dr.  Philip  Schaff,  had  been 
so  significant  a  factor  in  the  churches  during  a  large  part  of 
the  second  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  Evangelical 
Alliance,  to  be  sure,  was  not  constituted  officially  by  the 
churches  but  by  the  voluntary  action  of  individual  Christians 
who  were  interested  in  manifesting  and  making  effective  the 
essential  unity  of  the  Church  of  Christ.  When,  for  reasons 
into  which  we  need  not  here  enter,  the  Alliance  declined  in 
power  and  influence  its  spirit  and  values  largely  passed  over 
into  new  organizations,  issuing  finally  in  the  Federal  Council. 

The  second  important  influence  came  from  local  communities 
where  the  need  for  cooperative  effort  had  begun  to  lead  to 
federations  of  the  churches.  In  1895  in  New  York  City  the 
first  local  federation  was  definitely  organized,  although  a  few 
federations  trace  back  a  certain  connection  with  earlier  local 
organizations  of  Christian  forces.  At  a  meeting  in  New  York 
in  1900,  called  at  the  suggestion  of  the  "Federation  of  Churches 
and  Christian  Workers  in  New  York  City"  and  "The  Open 
and  Institutional  Church  League,"  action  was  taken  that 
issued,  in  the  following  year,  in  the  "National  Federation  of 
Churches  and  Christian  Workers,"  made  up  of  representatives 
of  local  churches  and  local  federations.  This  organization 
may  be  fairly  regarded  as  the  forerunner  of  the  Federal 
Council.  At  its  annual  meeting  in  1902,  steps  were  taken 
looking  toward  a  conference  of  official  representatives  of  the 
denominations  as  a  whole  to  consider  the  possibility  of  their 
federation.  Such  a  conference,  known  as  the  Interchurch 
Conference  on  Federation,  was  held  at  Carnegie  Hall,  New 
York,  in  November,  1905,  and  recommended  a  plan  for  a 
Federal  Council,  "to  manifest  the  essential  oneness  of  the 
Christian  churches  of  America  in  Jesus  Christ  as  their  divine 
Lord  and  Saviour  and  to  promote  the  spirit  of   fellowship, 


THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL:    AN    INTERPRETATION  11 

service  and  cooperation  among  them."  This  conference  ap- 
pointed a  permanent  executive  committee  to  carry  on  negotia- 
tions for  the  ratification  of  the  proposed  constitution  by  the 
highest  judicatories  of  the  various  denominations.^ 

The  Constitution,  as  is  now  well  known,  defined  the  Council 
as  an  agency  "for  the  prosecution  of  work  that  can  be  better 
done  in  union  than  in  separation,"  while  at  the  same  time  it 
safeguarded  "the  full  autonomy  of  the  Christian  bodies 
adhering  to  it."  On  December  2,  1908,  in  Philadelphia,  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  was  convened.  It  was 
the  formal  beginning  of  an  official  union  of  churches,  which, 
in  theory  at  least,  went  beyond  anything  that  had  been  here- 
tofore secured  in  the  history  of  Protestantism. 

In  this  brief  sketch  it  is  impossible  to  consider  in  detail  the 
achievements  and  the  shortcomings  of  the  Federal  Council 
during  the  three  quadrenniums  that  have  elapsed  since  it  began 
its  work.  The  first  quadrennium,  from  1908  to  1912,  was  a  pe- 
riod when  the  Council  had  to  find  itself  and  gradually  win  the 
confidence  of  the  churches  in  the  possibility  of  its  really  be- 
coming a  functioning  agency  of  any  significance.  The  second 
quadrennium  recorded  distinct  advance.  In  dealing  with 
pressing  social  problems  and  international  relationships  the 
church  as  a  whole  had  not  only  found  a  voice  but  an  agency 
for  common  action.  In  the  third  quadrennium,  which  is  re- 
viewed in  the  second  part  of  this  volume,  far  greater  prog- 
ress was  manifested.  Face  to  face  with  the  World  War,  the 
most  momentous  testing  time  that  the  churches  have  faced 
in  modern  times,  the  indispensableness  of  some  such  coopera- 
tive agency  as  the  Federal  Council  was  revealed  with  unmis- 
takable clearness.  Within  a  month  after  the  declaration  of 
war  by  the  United  States  a  special  meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council,  attended  by  leaders  of  practically  all  the  churches, 
was  held  in  Washington,  and  took  steps  that  led  to  united 
action  in  a  host  of  important  war-time  activities.  If  it  had 
not  been  in  existence  it  would  have  been  necessary  for  the 
churches  to  create  a  body  like  it.  The  war  service,  however, 
represents  but  a  single  factor  in  the  record  of  useful  and 
constantly  expanding  service  on  the  part  of  the  Council.  In 
promoting  united  evangelism  in  communities  throughout  the 
country,  in  educating  the  churches  in  responsibility  for  social 
service  and  in  maintaining  a  department  of  social  research 
in  their  common  interest,  in  bringing  the  influence  of  the 
churches  to  bear  in  securing  more  Christian  international  rela- 
tionships, particularly  in  relation  to  the  Orient,  in  uniting  the 
American  churches  in  aid  to  the  devastated  churches  of  France 
and  Belgium,  in  organizing  the  moral  influence  of  the  churches 
to  support  great  projects  of  relief  to  stricken  peoples,  in  pro- 

^  This  constitution,  including  amendments  made  since  its  adoption,  and  the 
by-laws  are  printed   as  an   appendix  to  this  volume. 


12  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

viding  points  of  contact  with  the  churches  of  other  lands,  in 
carrying  through  such  thorough-going  studies  of  present-day 
reHgious  problems  as  those  made  by  the  Committee  on  the 
War  and  the  Religious  Outlook,  in  maintaining  at  the  national 
capital  an  office  through  which  needed  contacts  with  any  de- 
partments of  the  federal  government  can  easily  be  secured,  in 
furthering  the  organization  of  local  federations,  more  than 
fifty  of  which  are  now  established  with  employed  executives, 
in  serving  through  its  Administrative  Committee  as  a  clearing 
house  of  information  for  the  various  interdenominational 
agencies  engaged  in  the  missionary  and  educational  work  of 
the  church,  in  enlarging  the  spirit  of  acquaintance  and  fellow- 
ship among  the  churches, — in  these  and  other  ways  the  signi- 
ficance of  such  an  organization  as  the  Federal  Council  in  the 
church  life  of  America  has  become  so  clear  as  to  be  no  longer 
seriously  questioned. 

The  Necessity  for  Cooperation 

The  significance  of  the  Federal  Council  in  the  church  life 
in  America,  however,  is  only  suggested,  not  described,  by  any 
record  of  specific  tasks  performed.  Not  so  much  in  what  it 
is  as  in  the  ideal  for  which  it  stands  and  in  its  potentialities 
for  the  future  does  its  real  value  consist.  This  league  of 
churches,  even  more  than  the  League  of  Nations,  is  important, 
most  of  all,  because  of  the  fact  that  men  have  been  actually 
led  to  see  that  we  are  all  so  much  members  one  of  another 
that  some  definite  provision  for  cooperation  is  indispensable. 
Whatever  temporary  checks  it  has  received,  or  may  receive, 
due  to  human  short-sightedness  or  weaknesses,  the  movement 
for  fuller  unity  among  the  churches  is  like  an  irresistible  tide. 
The  very  nature  of  Christianity  itself,  bearing  witness  to  one 
God  who  is  the  Father  of  us  all,  to  one  Master  who  is  our  com- 
mon Lord,  to  one  Spirit  who  inspires  us  all,  demands  that  the 
Church  of  Christ  be  so  truly  one  that  it  can  bear  a  united 
witness  to  the  world. 

And  this  inner  compulsion,  arising  from  the  very  nature  of 
our  Christian  faith,  is  reenforced  by  the  challenge  of  a  world's 
need,  so  great  that  it  can  be  met  only  by  the  most  effective 
cooperation  possible  on  the  part  of  all  the  forces  that  seek  the 
Christian  goal.  What  great  issue  confronting  the  church  to- 
day does  not  demand  a  united  advance  if  it  is  to  be  met  in 
anything  like  an  adequate  way?  In  the  missionary  task  of 
winning  the  world  to  Christ  the  challenge  is  clearest  of  all. 
How  can  a  divided  church  hope  to  unite  all  peoples  of  the 
earth  in  allegiance  to  the  one  Lord  of  human  life?  So  long 
as  the  unity  of  the  Christian  faith  is  obscured  we  are  putting 
needless  obstacles  in  the  way  of  making  the  strongest  impres- 
sion upon  the  non-Christian  world.    More  than  that,  a  divided 


THE   FEDERAL   COUNCIL:    AN    INTERPREtATION  13 

approach  to  mission  fields  means  an  inefficient  use  of  resources 
that  in  any  case  are  pitifully  insufficient.  Beyond  even  this 
is  the  fact  that  the  native  church,  struggling  for  its  life  in  an 
unsympathetic  environment,  can  become  a  powerful  factor  in 
the  Christianizing  of  the  nation  only  as  it  develops  as  a  united 
indigenous  church.  So  circumstances  in  non-Christian  lands 
have  led  in  many  cases  to  a  degree  of  cooperation  and  unity 
not  obtaining  elsewhere.  But  we  cannot  hope  that  this  move- 
ment will  advance  to  the  degree  that  is  essential  on  the  foreign 
field  unless  the  churches  at  the  home  base  can  keep  pace  with 
that  development.  In  the  words  of  Commission  VII  of  the 
Edinburgh  Conference:  "In  the  matter  of  unity  the  mission 
field  is  leading  the  way,  but  it  does  not  seem  that  the  move- 
ment can  advance  far  with  safety  apart  from  the  cooperation 
of  the  Church  at  home." 

What  is  true  of  the  foreign  missionary  task  is  hardly  less 
true  of  the  problem  of  Christianizing  our  social  life  at  home. 
As  churches  we  are  trying  to  hold  up  the  ideal  of  human 
brotherhood  and  to  build  up  a  social  order  consistent  with 
that  ideal.  But  how  can  the  church  effectively  proclaim  the 
ideal  of  brotherhood  unless  that  ideal  is  embodied  in  its  own 
life?  How  much  influence  for  truly  brotherly  relations  in 
industry  will  the  churches  be  likely  to  have  unless  they  can 
themselves  incarnate  that  ideal  in  their  own  organization? 
The  greatest  obstacle  that  we  face  in  trying  to  establish  the 
Kingdom  of  Love  upon  the  earth  is  the  widespread  cynicism 
as  to  whether  such  an  ideal  is  practicable  in  a  world  in  which 
groups  and  classes  now  accept  self-interest  as  the  controlling 
motive.  If  the  principle  of  love  cannot  unite  the  churches 
that  hold  it  in  common,  can  it  hoj>e  ever  to  unite  classes  that 
now  regard  selfish  competition  as  the  only  practicable  pro- 
gram? From  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  a  harmonious  social 
order  cannot  be  brought  about  by  a  divided  church. 

In  the  realm  of  international  relations  the  situation  is  the 
same.  The  church  is  proclaiming  the  oneness  of  humanity 
and  calling  upon  the  nations  to  create  organs  through  which 
that  unity  can  be  manifested  and  enlarged.  But  will  the  na- 
tions, so  torn  by  suspicion  and  rivalry  and  fear,  be  influenced 
by  the  churches  to  seek  the  path  of  international  good-will  and 
enduring  peace  unless  they  themselves,  which  have  more  deeply 
unifying  influences  binding  them  to  each  other  than  exist  in 
any  other  aspect  of  life,  really  demonstrate  the  possibility  of 
men  being  united  in  common  love  and  service?  A  divided 
church  cannot  convince  the  nations  of  the  oneness  of  mankind. 

In  the  task  of  Christian  education,  also,  the  challenge  comes 
home  to  us  with  compelling  power.  In  a  world  in  which  the 
forces  of  materialism  are  beating  against  the  church  and  tend- 
ing to  destroy  any  Christian  view  of  life  only  the  most  effect- 
ive consolidation  of  the  impact  of  Christianity  upon  society 


14  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

can  avail.  A  single  phase  of  the  problem  is  illuminating. 
There  is  today  an  increasing  realization  of  the  responsibility 
of  the  local  churches  for  the  religious  education  not  only  of 
their  own  children  but  of  the  whole  community.  This  means 
new  efforts  in  reaching  those  now  out  of  reach,  in  developing 
opportunities  for  character  formation  through  the  public 
school,  in  supplementing  the  work  of  the  Sunday-school 
through  week-day  classes  in  religious  education,  in  securing  a 
hearing  for  the  Christian  point  of  view,  and  an  interpretation 
of  what  the  churches  are  trying  to  do,  in  such  indirect  edu- 
cational forces  as  the  press.  But  this  approach  to  the  com- 
munity and  this  impact  upon  it  cannot  be  made  by  the  churches 
in  separate  isolation.  A  united  program  is  simply  indis- 
pensable. 

Many  other  tasks  could  be  enumerated  of  which  it  is  equally 
true  that  they  summon  the  churches  to  the  largest  cooperation 
that  can  possibly  be  attained.  The  fundamental  responsibility 
for  evangelism  cannot  be  fully  discharged  by  the  uncoordi- 
nated efforts  of  the  churches  in  a  community.  A  sufficient 
enlistment  of  life  in  Christian  service  cannot  be  secured  until 
the  church  speaks  to  the  youth  in  our  homes  and  schools  and 
colleges  in  the  way  in  which  the  nation  spoke  to  them  in  the 
war, — with  one  voice  and  one  appeal  for  a  common  task.  The 
expression  of  our  unity  of  spirit  and  ideal  and  purpose  in 
united  action  is  an  essential  prerequisite  for  the  fulfilment  of 
the  whole  mission  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 

The  Method  of  Advance 

So  the  question  is  not  whether  the  churches  should  cooper- 
ate or  not — cooperation  is  inevitable.  The  only  question  is 
how.  To  this  question  the  Federal  Council  is  an  answer 
which  has  behind  it  certain  definite  principles  which  need 
to  be  borne  in  mind. 

It  recognizes,  first,  that  with  our  churches  organized,  as 
they  now  are,  in  denominational  groups,  the  method  of  ad- 
vance in  cooperation  must  be  that  of  placing  responsibility  for 
our  cooperative  work  directly  upon  the  denormnations.  No 
doubt  it  often  seems  that  faster  progress  could  be  made  by 
ignoring  these  denominational  relationships  and  letting  those 
who  are  enthusiastic  about  new  procedures  go  straight  ahead 
without  waiting  for  official  denominational  approval.  But 
in  the  long  run  the  most  substantial  results  can  be  achieved 
only  by  the  cooperation  of  the  existing  agencies.  Moreover, 
there  are  great  values  for  which  our  denominations  stand 
that  must  be  preserved.  Each  of  them,  in  the  providence  of 
God,  has  been  led  to  emphasize  certain  truths  and  certain 
points  of  view  which  are  essential  to  the  life  of  the  church  as 
a  whole.    Not  in  rigid  uniformity,  therefore,  but  in  the  richest 


THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL  I    AN    INTERPRETATION  15 

diversity  is  the  greatness  of  the  church  to  be  found.  What- 
ever be  the  form  of  organization  which  the  spirit  of  unity  may 
take,  ample  room  must  be  maintained  for  this  freedom  and 
diversity  which  are  inherent  in  the  very  character  of  the  Chris- 
tian life.  This  is  a  foundation  principle  in  the  movement  for 
federal  union,  for  which  the  Federal  Council  stands. 

But,  in  the  second  place,  our  diversity  micst  not  mean  divis- 
iveness.  Yet  that  is  what  unrelated  denominationalism  has 
always  tended  to  become.  During  most  of  the  four  centuries 
of  the  history  of  Protestantism  the  centrifugal  tendencies  have 
been  in  the  ascendancy, — a  natural  reaction  from  the  centuries 
in  which  liberty  was  restricted  by  insistence  upon  strict  uni- 
formity in  organization  and  belief.  But  the  consequent  iso- 
lation and  separateness  are  intolerable  in  the  face  of  the 
momentous  tasks  which  confront  the  churches,  and  which,  as 
we  have  seen,  can  be  dealt  with  adequately  only  as  they  are 
dealt  with  together.  Lack  of  cooperation  might  be  easily  ex- 
cused if  it  meant  only  difference  of  opinion  and  inconvenient 
misunderstandings,  but  when  it  means  waste  of  energy,  dupli- 
cation of  effort  and  friction  among  the  forces  that  exist  for  the 
salvation  of  the  world,  it  is  unthinkable.  The  Federal  Council 
is  an  effort  to  overcome  the  perils  of  divisiveness  and  to  con- 
solidate the  scattered  forces  of  Protestantism  for  the  sake  of 
a  greater  impact  upon  the  world. 

In  the  third  place,  the  Federal  Council  is  organized  upon  the 
assumption  that  the  churches  are  now  ready  for  cooperation 
in  a  great  number  of  challenging  common  tasks.  Such  cooper- 
ation presupposes  an  existing  inner  unity  of  spirit  and  purpose, 
which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  we  already  largely  possess.  We 
do  not  need  to  create  it.  It  is  here.  We  need  only  to  recog- 
nize it  and  provide  organs  for  its  expression.  There  is,  of 
course,  vast  room  for  enlargement  of  that  spiritual  unity  but 
such  enlargement  is  not  likely  to  come  except  as  we  step  out 
upon  the  degree  of  unity  that  we  now  possess.  Our  denomina- 
tions are  engaged  in  almost  identical  lines  of  work.  The  plans 
that  are  being  laid  in  a  Presbyterian  General  Assembly  and 
a  Lutheran  or  an  Episcopalian  Convention  are  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  same  ends.  An  outsider  at  an  interdenomina- 
tional gathering  can  not  distinguish  Baptists  and  Methodists 
and  Congregationalists  from  one  another.  Thus  one  in  pur- 
pose and  in  spirit,  is  there  any  reason  why  they  should  not  now 
join  their  forces  for  the  most  effective  achievement  of  their 
one  task?  The  existence  of  the  Federal  Council  is  the  expres- 
sion of  a  conviction  that  there  is  not. 

In  the  fourth  place,  the  Federal  Council  rests  upon  the  prin- 
ciple that  the  pathzvay  to  the  larger  unity  that  we  seek  lies 
through  the  field  of  action.  Discussion  on  questions  of  faith 
and  order  have  their  place  but  they  are  not  a  substitute  for 
present  cooperation.    The  consideration  of  the  completer  union 


16  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

that  may  ultimately  be  achieved  must  not  be  allowed  to  stand 
in  the  way  of  the  actual  expression  of  the  unity  that  is  possible 
today.  There  is  little  use  of  discussing  coming  together  if  we 
do  not  have  enough  mutual  trust  and  kindred  interests  to  lead 
us  to  labor  together  now.  Nor  is  the  larger  unity  ever  likely 
to  come  in  any  other  way  than  through  the  increased  under- 
standing and  sympathy  that  will  be  developed  by  present  con- 
tacts in  carrying  on  common  tasks.  The  sure  way  of  getting 
together  is  to  work  together.  We  discover  our  oneness  not 
when  we  argue  with  one  another  about  details  of  doctrine  but 
when  we  touch  shoulder  to  shoulder  in  carrying  on  a  task 
to  which  we  all  alike  give  the  allegiance  of  our  hearts  and  wills. 
And,  finally,  within  the  Federal  Council  there  is  full  free- 
dom for  those  who  are  now  joined  in  common  tasks  to  hold 
varying  views  as  to  the  ultimate  form  in  which  the  spirit  of 
Christian  unity  may  express  itself.  Some  there  are  whose 
eyes  are  fixed  upon  the  coming  of  a  complete  organic  union, 
in  which  the  many  groups,  while  preserving  their  own  dis- 
tinctive methods  of  worship  and  of  work  and  their  own  special 
emphases  and  points  of  view,  shall  be  united  in  a  single  com- 
prehensive church.  Others  question  the  wisdom  of  what  is 
commonly  called  organic  union  and  are  entirely  satisfied  with 
friendly  cooperation.  In  such  a  federal  union  as  that  which  the 
Federal  Council  represents,  maintaining  the  autonomy  of  the 
constituent  bodies  and  existing  for  the  one  defined  purpose  of 
expressing  the  unity  that  we  already  possess,  both  groups  can 
meet  in  full  cooperation  and  in  entire  good  faith.  And  only  out 
of  the  contacts  thus  developed  can  we  really  learn  whether 
more  far-reaching  union  is  desirable,  and  if  so  of  what  kind 
it  ought  to  be  and  how  it  is  to  be  achieved. 

The  Significance  of  the  Boston  Quadrennial 

It  is  in  the  light  of  such  considerations  as  these  that  one  must 
interpret  the  significance  of  such  an  occasion  as  the  third  Quad- 
rennial Meeting,  held  in  Boston,  during  the  first  week  in  De- 
cember, 1920.  Here  were  gathered  upwards  of  four  hundred 
representatives  of  thirty  communions,  officially  elected  by  the 
denominations  themselves  to  be  their  spokesmen  in  a  common 
council  where  the  cooperative  work  of  previous  years  was  to 
be  reviewed  and  plans  made  for  that  work  in  the  future.  There 
were  present  in  addition  over  a  hundred  corresponding  mem- 
bers, including  representatives  of  the  interdenominational  agen- 
cies carrying  on  the  missionary  and  educational  work  of  the 
churches.  What  was  considered  during  these  days  together? 
Not  differences  of  theological  view  or  of  ecclesiastical  polity, 
but  unmistakable  common  tasks.  The  program  of  the  meeting 
suggests  the  things  that  were  of  chief  concern.  How  could 
they  press   forward  together  to  fulfil  more  effectively  their 


THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL:    AN    INTERPRETATION  17 

fundamental  responsibility  for  calling  all  men  to  personal  dis- 
cipleship  to  Jesus  Christ?  What  must  be  done  to  make  the 
Christian  principles  and  the  Christian  spirit  prevail  more  fully 
in  the  industrial  and  the  economic  realm  ?  How  could  they  be 
more  efficient  in  Christianizing  America  for  the  service  of  the 
world?  What  steps  were  necessary  to  make  the  impact  of 
Christian  missions  upon  the  non-Christian  world  more  power- 
ful? How  could  they  bring  their  united  influence  to  bear  on 
the  securing  of  international  brotherhood?  What  could  they 
do  to  arouse  the  conscience  of  the  nation  to  a  generosity 
adequate  to  feed  starving  millions  in  Central  Europe,  the  Near 
East  and  in  China?  How  could  they  promote  fraternity  and 
justice  in  inter-racial  relations  in  our  land?  What  was  need- 
ful in  order  to  make  all  the  resources  of  Christian  education 
more  efficient  and  to  suffuse  public  education  with  the  Christian 
ideal?  How  could  the  local  churches,  whether  in  the  rural 
field  or  in  the  great  city,  be  organized  for  larger  service  to  the 
needs  of  the  community?  These  were  the  stirring  problems 
that  were  considered  by  those  Christians  of  diverse  names, 
and  in  the  face  of  the  overwhelming  forces  of  selfishness  and 
evil  to  which  they  were  opposed,  the  underlying  unity  of  pur- 
pose and  ideal  pushed  differences  out  of  sight.  They  knew 
themselves  to  be  one  in  all  the  essentials  of  the  Christian  faith. 
The  inevitableness  of  cooperation  stood  out  in  stronger  light. 
Denominational  isolation  was  seen  to  be  impossible.  Many 
questions  as  to  method  of  cooperation  were  still  to  be  solved, 
but  united  they  must  be  in  the  service  of  Christ  that  His  King- 
dom might  more  fully  come  upon  the  earth. 

The  deepening  realization  of  this  truth  led  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil at  this  Quadrennial  Meeting  to  plan  for  a  progressive 
enlargement  of  its  work,  as  available  resources  make  it  prac- 
ticable. What  is  contemplated  and  the  spirit  and  method  in 
which  the  tasks  are  approached  are  set  forth  in  the  report 
of  the  Committee  on  Methods  of  Cooperation,  which  was 
adopted  with  enthusiastic  unanimity.  That  report,  recognized 
an  "unmistakable  and  resolute  intention  of  the  churches  which 
compose  the  Federal  Council  to  maintain  and  enlarge  a  spirit 
of  acquaintance  and  common  purpose"  which  "has  been  grow- 
ing for  years"  and  is  "an  outstanding  and  indisputable  fact." 
It  recorded  itself  as  convinced  that  the  present  "increased 
consciousness  and  eflfectiveness  of  denominational  action  is  not 
hostile  to  the  general  spirit  of  cooperation  and  unity"  but  that 
"they  welcome  and  support  each  other,"  since  "the  whole  is 
stronger  for  the  strength  of  its  parts"  and  "each  part  stronger 
for  the  strength  of  the  whole."  It  was  candidly  recognized, 
however,  that  although  the  Federal  Council  has  already  ren- 
dered invaluable  pioneer  service,  adequate  coordination  of 
denominational  forces  is  still  an  ideal  to  be  attained  rather  than 
a  present  fact.    Definite  forward  steps  the  representatives  of 


18  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

the  churches  recorded  themselves  as  now  ready  to  take.  To 
develop  more  adequately  the  lines  of  effort  in  which  it  is  now 
engaged, — evangelism,  Christian  education,  social  service,  the 
developing  of  international  brotherhood — ^to  serve  the  churches 
as  an  agency  for  carrying  on  needed  cooperative  work  for 
which  provision  is  not  now  made,^  to  relate  itself  more  inti- 
mately to  the  other  interdenominational  agencies  representing 
the  missionary  and  educational  boards,  and  throughout  its 
whole  organization  to  become  more  fully  and  officially  repre- 
sentative of,  and  responsible  to,  the  denominations  that  created 
it,  this  was  the  task  which  was  seen  as  lying  before  the  Coun- 
cil in  the  years  immediately  ahead.  And  underlying  all  the 
specific  tasks  or  methods  of  organization  was  clearly  discerned 
the  fundamental  goal  of  achieving  "a  richer  form  of  expres- 
sion of  that  'spirit  of  fellowship,  service  and  cooperation'  in 
which  the  Federal  Council  began  and  which  is  its  duty  and  its 
joy  to  promote." 

Samuel  McCrea  Cavert. 


^  See  pages   19-28  of  this  volume  for  the  report  referred 


THE   PRESENT   INTERDENOMINATIONAL 
SITUATION 


Report  of  Committee  on  Methods  of  Cooperation 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  in  St.  Louis,  in  1916, 
a  Committee  of  Five  was  appointed  on  Constitutional  Changes 
and  Codification.  At  the  meeting  in  Cleveland,  in  1919,  a 
Committee  of  Thirteen  was  appointed  to  take  action  on  a  re- 
port presented  to  that  meeting  on  the  Constitution  and  Organi- 
zation of  the  Federal  Council,  with  instructions  to  report  to 
the  next  meeting  of  the  Council  and  to  recommend  any  neces- 
sary amendments  to  the  Constitution  and  By-laws.  At  this 
same  meeting  in  Cleveland  the  Administrative  Committee  was 
instructed  to  appoint  a  Special  Committee  of  Ten  "to  make 
a  study  of  the  principles  of  ecclesiastical  cooperation  in  these 
four  areas:  1.  Of  the  local  community;  2.  Within  the  circle 
of  the  agencies  of  a  single  denomination;  3.  Between  denomi- 
nations ;  4.  Between  the  denominations  and  specialized  agen- 
cies." 

The  work  of  the  first  of  these  three  committees  has  been 
done,  so  far  as  it  consisted  of  codifying  the  changes  already 
made  in  the  Constitution  and  By-laws  and  printing  a  revised 
edition.  As  soon  as  the  two  other  committees  began  to  give 
attention  to  their  tasks  it  became  evident  that  their  functions 
and  any  function  of  the  first  committee  with  regard  to  the 
constitution  and  activity  of  the  Federal  Council  overlapped. 
At  its  meeting  on  October  22,  1920,  accordingly,  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  consolidated  these 
three  committees  into  one,  to  be  known,  as  the  action  of  the 
Administrative  Committee  specified,  "as  the  Committee  on 
Methods  of  Cooperation,  its  duties  to  include  a  review  of  the 
cooperative  situation,  with  such  recommendations  as  may  be 
brought  before  the  Quadrennial  Council  in  the  light  of  that 
review,  and  suggesting  such  changes  as  may  be  needed  in  the 
constitution  and  organization  of  the  Federal  Council  in  order 
that  the  Council  may  meet  its  place  in  it."  The  proposal  to 
appoint  this  committee  had  been  previously  submitted  to  the 
constituent  bodies  of  the  Council,  and  had  received  general 
approval. 

This  new  committee  herewith  presents  its  report. 


We  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  enter  into  any  extensive 
"review  of  the  cooperative  situation."  This  work  has  been 
done  thoroughly  by  another  committee  which  is  to  report  to 
the  Federal  Council.    This  other  committee  is  the  Committee 

19 


20  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook.  It  is  an  independent 
committee  originally  constituted  by  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee of  the  Council  and  by  the  General  War  Time  Commis- 
sion of  the  Churches  to  study  the  lessons  of  the  war  and  the 
war  experience  for  the  Christian  Church.  Among  the  reports 
of  this  committee  is  one  now  in  press  dealing  at  great  length 
with  the  very  problems  referred  to  the  Special  Committee  of 
Ten  which  the  meeting  at  Cleveland  instructed  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee  to  appoint  and  which  is  now  consolidated 
with  our  committee.  This  report  provides  a  sufficient  review 
of  the  existing  situation  in  the  field  of  local  and  also  of  denomi- 
national and  interdenominational  cooperation.  We  need  not 
cover  that  ground.  We  do  deem  it  desirable,  however,  to  set 
forth  as  clearly  and  yet  as  briefly  as  possible  five  aspects  of 
the  cooperative  situation  which  we  face  and  then  to  go  on  to 
consider  the  duty  of  the  Federal  Council  in  the  light  of  these 
facts. 

1.  The  first  fact  is  the  unmistakable  and  resolute  intention 
of  the  churches  which  compose  the  Federal  Council  to  maintain 
and  enlarge  a  spirit  of  acquaintance  and  understanding  arid 
common  purpose.  This  spirit  has  been  growing  for  years. 
It  has  been  strengthened  by  many  processes,  by  common  tasks 
and  dangers,  by  the  increasing  sense  of  commimity  of  funda- 
mental convictions,  by  ever-multiplying  personal  friendships, 
by  common  traditions,  by  common  ends,  most  of  all  by  the 
unity  of  the  one  Divine  Spirit  and  the  one  Divine  Lord.  We 
have  been  shown  clearly  that  the  spirit  of  fellowship  and  com- 
mon purpose  is  indestructible.  It  is  an  outstanding  and  in- 
disputable fact. 

2.  The  second  fact  is  the  vivifying  of  the  consciousness  of 
denominational  personality.  Many  reasons  lie  back  of  this. 
Among  the  most  notable,  no  doubt,  are  the  educational  eflfects 
of  the  effort  of  the  churches  to  care  for  their  own  sons  and  to 
fulfil  their  own  clear  duties  in  the  war  time;  the  brotherly 
and  mutually  respectful  efforts  of  the  churches  to  apportion 
among  them  the  great  task  of  the  whole  Church  so  that  each 
part  may  do  its  full  share  worthily;  the  growing  intimacy  of 
acquaintance  within  each  denomination  keeping  pace  with 
growing  interdenominational  acquaintance;  the  desire  to  get 
our  Lord's  work  done  in  the  most  efficient  and  simple  and 
conscientious  ways.  The  happy  fact  is  that  this  increased  con- 
sciousness and  effectiveness  of  denominational  action  is  not 
hostile  to  the  general  spirit  of  cooperation  and  unity.  On  the 
contrary,  they  welcome  and  support  each  other.  The  whole  is 
stronger  for  the  strength  of  its  parts.  Each  part  is  stronger 
for  the  strength  of  the  whole. 

3.  Thirdly,  it  seems  clear  that  these  two  facts  have  not  yet 
been  satisfactorily  coordinated.    In  form  the  Federal  Council 


PRESENT    INTERDENOMINATIONAL   SITUATION  21 

appears  to  be  such  a  coordination  as  ought  to  be  satisfactory. 
It  expresses  our  community  of  spiritual  purpose  and  it  recog- 
nizes and  safeguards  the  autonomy  and  personality  of  its 
constituent  bodies.  It  has  rendered  manifest  and  invaluable 
service.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  the  churches  could  have 
done  without  it,  during  the  last  decade.  Indeed,  they  could  not 
have  done  without  it,  or  some  kindred  agency  which  they  would 
have  been  obliged  to  set  up  in  its  place.  At  the  same  time, 
from  .whatever  reason,  whether  from  lack  of  sufficient  per- 
sonnel or  of  financial  support,  or  from  inability  to  command 
the  assent  of  the  churches  to  the  exercise  of  its  full  functions, 
it  is  clear  that  while  apparently  adapted  in  form  to  serve  the 
churches  in  conducting  or  coordinating  their  cooperative  work, 
the  situation  has  been  too  complicated  and  confused  to  allow 
the  adequate  cooperative  service  required.  Much  pioneer  work 
has  been  done.  We  must  now  ask  whether  another  step  for- 
ward may  not  be  taken.  We  believe  the  present  situation  and 
our  war  experience  have  prepared  the  way  for  this  and  make 
the  demand  for  it. 

4.  In  the  fourth  place  we  have  to  consider  with  as  great 
care  and  detachment  as  we  can  the  lessons  from  the  experience 
of  the  churches  during  the  last  few  years  in  the  field  of  co- 
operative endeavor.  Without  attempting  now  to  examine  or 
appraise  this  experience  in  detail,  three  things  are  clear  as 
bearing  on  our  present  problem.  (1)  First,  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  would  not  have  been  possible  if  there  had 
not  been  a  great  body  of  people  in  the  churches  who  were 
ready  for  and  who  craved  a  fuller  experience  of  the  spirit  of 
cooperation  in  action  than  had  been  supplied.  How  large  a 
proportion  of  the  churches  this  body  comprised  there  is  no 
means  of  telling.  Neither  is  there  any  way  of  knowing  how 
far  those  who  were  opposed  to  the  movement  would  have  been 
opposed  also  to  a  cooperative  movement  free  from  those  char- 
acteristics of  the  Interchurch  Movement  which  they  disap- 
proved. On  the  whole  we  are  convinced  that  the  great  body, 
if  not  practically  the  whole  body  of  the  Christian  people  in 
the  churches  constituting  the  Federal  Council,  are  desirous 
of  a  far  larger  measure  of  common  and  cooperative  action  if 
carried  forward  with  wisdom  and  care  and  within  right  Chris- 
tian methods.  (2)  That  some  way  must  be  found  to  coordi- 
nate the  cooperative  missionary  and  educational  organizations 
of  the  churches  with  one  another  and  to  relate  these  to  some 
cooperative  organization  representing  the  churches  functioning 
in  their  denominational  personality  or  ecclesiastical  authority. 
These  two  problems  were  faced  in  the  Interchurch  Movement 
and  have  not  been  solved  there.  They  are  met  and  must  be 
solved  in  our  present  cooperative  situation.  What  light  does 
the  experience  of  the  churches  in  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  throw  upon  them?     This, — that  an  adequate  and 


22  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

satisfactory  cooperative  movement  must  be  officially  repre- 
sentative of  the  churches  ecclesiastically;  that  it  must  be  re- 
lated satisfactorily  also  to  the  cooperative  bodies  of  the  active 
missionary  and  educational  agencies  of  the  churches  which 
administer  the  churches'  aggressive  work ;  that  it  must  secure 
the  full  freedom  both  of  the  cooperating  denominations  and 
of  these  cooperative  interdenominational  bodies  at  the  same 
time  that  it  furnishes  the  church  as  a  whole  with  the  instru- 
mentalities for  effective  cooperative  action. 

(3)  A  committee  was  appointed  by  the  General  Committee 
of  the  Interchurch  Movement  to  recommend  to  it  the  wise 
course  of  action  to  conserve  any  values  in  the  Movement,  and 
to  provide  for  the  carrying  forward  of  those  portions  of  its 
work  which  the  churches  desire  to  have  continued.  This  com- 
mittee after  three  days  of  conference  with  representatives  of 
some  of  the  churches,  and  of  the  six  cooperative  bodies  rep- 
resenting the  missionary  and  educational  agencies  of  the 
churches,  adopted  on  November  5,  1920,  the  following  resolu- 
tion, which  we  herewith  report  to  the  Federal  Council : 

"It  was  moved  that  in  bringing  about  the  future  conser- 
vation of  the  values  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
we  request  the  Federal  Council  to  call  a  thoroughly  repre- 
sentative conference  of  the  following  agencies  in  the 
month  of  December  if  possible,  or  in  early  January,  to 
work  out  the  best  plan  for  bringing  about  the  mutually 
most  helpful  working  relationships  and  arrangements  on 
their  part.    The  agencies  are: 

The  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
The  Reorganization    Committee    of    the    Interchurch 
World  Movement 

The  Home  Missions  Council 
The  Foreign  Missions  Conference 
The  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 
The  Federation  of  Women's  Boards  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. 

The  Sunday-School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denomina- 
tions 

The  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 
the  personnel,  program  and  all  other  arrangements  of  the 
conference  to  be  determined  by  the  chairman  and  general 
secretary  (or  other  two  officials)  of  each  of  the  foregoing 
agencies  in  consultation." 

5.  The  fifth  aspect  of  this  situation  with  which  your  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  deal  is  the  spirit  and  disposition  of 
the  Federal  Council  itself,  as  illustrated  especially  in  the  re- 
port which  was  presented  at  Qeveland  on  the  Constitution 
and  Organization  of  the  Federal  Council.     That  report  was 


PRESENT    INTERDENOMINATIONAL    SITUATION  23 

approved  by  the  Cleveland  meeting  so  far  as  its  recommenda- 
tions could  be  carried  out  "under  the  Constitution,  By-laws, 
or  previous  action  of  the  Council,"  any  further  "recommenda- 
tions and  suggested  constitutional  changes  covering  the  ques- 
tions in  hand"  to  be  presented  to  this  meeting  of  the  Council 
now  assembled  in  Boston.  This  Cleveland  report  conceived 
the  Federal  Council  as  "an  instrument  of  service"  and  sought 
for  it  "such  form  and  use"  as  would  enable  it  to  do  whatever 
God  had  appointed  for  it.  No  other  conception  is  entertain- 
able.  The  Federal  Council  exists  for  the  service  of  the  church 
and  the  work  of  the  church,  and  it  is  for  the  representatives 
of  the  churches  composing  it  to  determine  here  what  they  wish 
it  to  do  and  what  responsibilities  they  wish  to  lay  upon  it.  It 
can  be  whatever  they  choose  to  make  it.  It  is  the  only  agency 
in  America  formally  established  and  constituted  by  the  evan- 
gelical churches.  Its  unalterable  preamble  states  securely  the 
rock  on  which  they  stand: 

"In  the  providence  of  God,  the  time  has  come  when  it 
seems  fitting  more  fully  to  manifest  the  essential  oneness 
of  the  Christian  churches  of  America  in  Jesus  Christ  as 
their  divine  Lord  and  Saviour,  and  to  promote  the  spirit 
of  fellowship,  service,  and  cooperation  among  them." 

Its  fundamental  plan  sets  forth  a  field  of  action  inclusive 
of  all  that  the  present  situation  calls  us  to  do  together.  It 
declares  that  the  Council  is  established  "for  the  prosecution 
of  work  that  can  be  better  done  in  union  than  in  separation" 
and  defines  its  object  to  be: 

I.  To  express  the  fellowship  and  catholic  unity  of  the 
Christian  Church. 

II.  To  bring  the  Christian  bodies  of  America  into  united 
service  for  Christ  and  the  world. 

III.  To  encourage  devotional  fellowship  and  mutual 
counsel  concerning  the  spiritual  life  and  religious  activities 
of  the  churches. 

IV.  To  secure  a  larger  combined  influence  for  the 
churches  of  Christ  in  all  matters  affecting  the  moral  and 
social  condition  of  the  people,  so  as  to  promote  the  applica- 
tion of  the  law  of  Christ  in  every  relation  of  human  life. 

V.  To  assist  in  the  organization  of  local  branches  of  the 
Federal  Council  to  promote  its  aims  in  their  communities. 

It  would  seem  to  be  clear  that  in  form  at  least  the  churches 
have  in  the  Federal  Council  an  instrumentality  adequate  in  its 
constitutional  authority  to  serve  them  as  they  please  in  the  field 
of  cooperative  service.  For  reasons  already  suggested  the 
Federal  Council  may  not  have  adequately  occupied  this  field. 
Should  it  now  move  forward  to  do  so? 


24  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

II 

The  second  charge  laid  upon  our  committee  was  to  make 
any  recommendation  and  to  suggest  any  constitutional  changes 
we  might  deem  desirable. 

1.  We  desire  to  set  forth  first  our  clear  and  positive  con- 
viction that  there  is  work  to  be  done  in  the  name  and  for  the 
sake  of  the  churches  which  it  is  the  legitimate  business  and 
the  duty  of  the  Federal  Council  to  do.  There  is  no  other 
agency  representing  the  churches  to  do  it. 

We  have  in  mind  the  forms  of  service  presented  in  the 
report  at  Qeveland. 

"To  provide  points  of  contact  between  the  denomina- 
tions through  their  recognized  representatives,  in  order  to 
facilitate  understanding  and  sympathy  between  them; 

"To  study  the  program  of  cooperative  tasks,  suggesting 
measures  and  methods  by  which  such  tasks  can  be  done 
effectively;  and  undertake  whatever  work  properly  falls 
within  its  sphere; 

"To  speak  with  care  and  a  due  sense  of  responsibility 
for  the  churches  on  those  matters  on  which  there  is  a 
general  agreement; 

"To  serve  as  a  clearing  house  of  information  about 
those  things  that  are  being  done  by  its  constituent  bodies 
and  other  organizations  affiliated  or  cooperating  with  it ; 

"To  be  an  organ  of  publicity  through  which  that  which 
is  of  interest  to  all  may  be  effectively  conveyed  to  each  and 
to  the  public; 

To  function  in  other  forms  of  cooperative  work  for 
which  there  may  be  no  adequate  provision." 

These  are  real  and  sober  tasks. 

We  have  in  mind  also  the  tasks  which  are  included  in  the 
framework  of  the  existing  commissions  of  the  Council.  But 
this  framework  needs  to  be  filled  out  at  many  points.  There 
are  some  nine  or  ten  of  these  commissions  now,  with  several 
additional  committees.  Without  disparagement  of  the  others, 
especially  those  dealing  with  social  questions,  we  desire  to  lay 
all  the  emphasis  we  can  command  on  two  of  them — the  Com- 
mission on  Evangelism  and  the  Commission  on  Christian 
Education.  These  are  two  problems  on  which  our  churches 
for  their  very  life's  sake  must  work  unitedly.  We  must  set 
flowing  a  new  and  deep  tide  both  of  individual  and  of  social 
evangelism.  And  we  must  deal  steadily  and  constructively 
with  the  threefold  educational  problem:  first,  of  recovering 
their  place  in  higher  education  for  the  spiritual  ideas  essential 
to  the  very  existence  of  the  Christian  view ;  second,  of  supple- 


PRESENT    INTERDENOMINATIONAL    SITUATION  25 

meriting  our  secular  public  education  by  religious  teaching; 
and,  thirdly,  of  maintaining  and  elevating  religious  education 
in  the  Christian  home  and  church.  And  it  is  here  in  the  field 
of  education  where  cooperation  is  most  obviously  necessary 
that  it  has  thus  far  been  found  most  difficult  to  bring  together 
the  forces  which  must  be  made  one. 

And  there  are  also  other  concrete  needs  not  now  provided 
for  in  the  Council's  agencies  which  in  our  judgment  call  for 
some  provision,  either  directly  by  the  Federal  Council  or  in- 
directly through  it  by  related  cooperative  agencies.  These 
include  (1)  the  friendly  and  mutually  assisting  integration  of 
the  denominational  promotional  or  forward  movements,  (2) 
the  provision  of  some  board  or  committee  of  forethought  and 
outlook  which  will  study  and  plan  for  us  all,  with  no  adminis- 
trative authority,  but  to  suggest  approaching  needs  and  the 
requisite  preparations  to  meet  them.  (3)  Some  adequate 
arrangement  for  supplying  information  and  interpretation  re- 
garding the  work  and  activity  of  the  churches.  (4)  An  ade- 
?uate,  continuous,  and  wisely  directed  endeavor  of  all  our 
orces  in  behalf  of  a  more  general  acceptance  of  true  prin- 
ciples of  stewardship  both  of  money  and  of  life.  (5)  Some 
facilities  for  the  general  relationship  of  all  the  Christian  or- 
ganizations and  activities  of  women  which  would  provide  them 
with  a  common  meeting  ground  and  clearing  house  and  make 
the  facts  of  their  work  and  relationships  accessible  to  the 
churches.  (6)  Some  central  study  of  the  problem  of  lay 
activities  in  the  churches  and  some  helpful  interrelation  of 
the  denominational  efforts  to  deal  with  this  problem.  (7) 
The  promotion  of  "works  of  serving  love,"  of  those  deeds  of 
mercy  and  benevolence  in  which  Christians  unite  and  which 
powerfully  express  their  common  faith.  Many  other  sugges- 
tions have  been  made  to  us,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  show 
the  wide  field  of  need  and  opportunity  before  the  cooperative 
agency  which  the  churches  have  created  and  may  now  use. 

2.  We  do  not  believe  that  it  is  necessary  for  any  amend- 
ments of  the  Constitution  to  be  made  at  this  meeting  to  enable 
the  Federal  Council  to  do  this  work  or  any  other  work  which 
the  churches  need  to  have  done  in  the  present  emergency.  If 
any  such  amendment  is  necessary  it  can  be  easily  accomplished. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  refer  it  to  all  the  separate  church  courts. 
The  Federal  Council  itself  can  make  any  amendment  desired 
in  its  Constitution  "by  a  majority  vote  of  the  members  (i.e., 
the  denominational  representatives  present  at  the  quadrennial 
meeting)  followed  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  representatives 
of  the  several  constituent  bodies,  each  voting  separately."  The 
By-laws  can  be  amended  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the  Council 
by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present.  There  are  some 
minor  verbal  changes  which  might  well  be  made,  but  these  are 
not  important ;  and  while  we  shall  be  glad  to  propose  them  if 


26  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

desired,  and  while,  later,  changes  in  the  Constitution  may  be 
deemed  desirable,  it  seems  to  us  that  it  will  be  better  to  focus 
all  our  discussion  at  present  on  the  more  vital  question :  Do 
the  churches  want  the  Federal  Council  to  take  up  a  larger 
measure  of  actual  cooperative  work  in  their  name  and  under 
their  authority?  If  so,  what  do  they  want  it  to  do?  And  are 
they  prepared  to  provide  for  the  doing  of  it?  The  difficulty 
in  the  way  of  adequate  service  in  the  past  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  Council  has  not  lain  in  any  limitations  of  its  Consti- 
tution. This  is  surprisingly  broad  and  comprehensive.  It 
has  been  due  to  three  things:  first,  doubt  as  to  the  scope  of 
action  on  the  part  of  the  Council  which  the  churches  would 
approve ;  second,  inadequate  staff  and  personnel ;  and  third, 
inadequate  financial  support.  Other  limitations  also  have  arisen 
from  the  latter.  We  desire  to  place  this  matter  before  the 
Council  stripped  of  all  unreality  and  illusion.  Are  the  churches 
prepared  to  deal  adequately  with  these  three  matters?  Will 
they  support  a  policy  of  courageous  and  progressive  service? 
Will  they  supply  the  men  who  are  required  for  such  service 
and  leadership?  Will  they  contribute  the  necessary  funds? 
The  changed  conditions  of  church  life  and  work  today  make 
it  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  finance  such  a  movement  by 
independent  financial  solicitation.  Moreover,  it  is  a  movement 
of  cooperation.  Individuals  reply  to  requests  for  help :  "We 
wish  to  give  all  we  have  to  our  denominational  agencies  and 
to  leave  it  to  them  to  give  what  they  deem  wise  to  the  neces- 
sary interdenominational  and  cooperative  machinery."  Will 
the  churches  agree  to  provide  now  a  budget  of  $300,000  per 
annum  and  to  increase  it  as  may  be  required  from  year  to  year  ? 
We  urge  that  this  Council  give  an  affirmative  answer  to  these 
questions,  so  far  as  it  may  be  competent  to  do  so,  and  that 
we  all  seek  to  secure  supporting  action  from  our  respective 
denominations  or  their  agencies. 

3.  The  Council  has  already  been  authorized  by  many  of  its 
constituent  bodies  to  enter  into  conference  with  other  interde- 
nominational organizations.  We  believe,  therefore,  that  it 
should  now  call  the  suggested  conference  of  the  various  inter- 
board  agencies.  It  is  clear  that  there  should  be  the  fullest  and 
most  brotherly  and  trustful  discussion  of  the  present  problems 
in  the  field  of  our  cooperative  relationships.  There  are  diffi- 
culties in  the  form  of  the  proposed  conference,  and  many 
problems  will  be  sure  to  arise  in  it  and  from  it,  but  these  are 
slight  in  comparison  with  the  harm  which  might  ensue  if 
Christian  men  did  not  meet  now  for  the  fullest  study  of  this 
vitally  important  issue.  The  delegates  to  this  conference  will, 
of  necessity,  have  to  carry  back  any  proposals  springing  from 
it  to  the  bodies  which  sent  them,  and  any  new  general  plan 
of  cooperation  involving  the  churches  should  be  submitted  to 
the  denominational  courts  or  other  authorities. 


PRESENT    INTERDENOMINATIONAL    SITUATION  27 

4.  As  we  survey  the  present  situation  it  seems  to  us  desirable 
that  the  Federal  Council  should  make  its  own  position  and 
attitude  unmistakably  clear.  We  believe  that  it  should  declare 
its  readiness  to  make  any  changes  or  reorganization  or  adjust- 
ment whatsoever  within  its  constitutional  character  and  its 
responsibility  to  the  constituent  churches  that  may  be  necessary 
to  enable  it  to  render  any  service  required  by  the  churches 
in  their  cooperative  work,  which  cannot  be  better  provided 
otherwise;  as  through  such  agencies  as  the  Foreign  Missions 
Conference,  Home  Missions  Council,  etc. ;  that  it  is  ready  to 
enter  into  any  relationship  with  the  inter-board  bodies  which 
are  or  may  be  affiliated  or  coordinated  with  it  which  will  enable 
them  all  better  to  serve  one  another  and  the  church  and  will 
secure  the  two  desired  ends  of  freedom  and  union;  that  in 
any  closer  coordination  of  the  Council  and  the  inter-board 
bodies  there  should  be  such  careful  adjustment  of  spheres  as 
to  avoid  all  waste  of  effort  and  to  secure  the  fullest  unity  of 
counsel  and  of  action ;  that  the  Council  should  be  prepared 
to  provide  such  committee  arrangements  in  the  matter  of  ad- 
ministration and  coordination  as  would  promote  both  liberty 
and  order.  We  have  said  that  we  did  not  see  that  any  changes 
in  the  Constitution  of  the  Council  are  necessary  at  present  to 
enable  the  Council  flexibly  to  meet  the  present  situation.  We 
would,  however,  recommend  that  Article  VII  of  the  By-laws, 
relating  to  the  Commissions  of  the  Council,  be  referred  to  the 
Executive  or  Administrative  Committee,  with  power  to  modify 
this  paragraph,  and  also  to  make  any  changes  in  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee  or  the  commission  and  committee  organiza- 
tions of  the  Council  which  it  may  deem  wise,  the  Constitution 
and  all  other  provisions  of  the  By-laws  being  left  untouched 
until  the  next  quadrennial  meeting  of  the  Council,  or,  if  need 
be,  until  a  special  meeting. 

To  bring  the  matter  before  the  Federal  Council  in  con- 
venient form  for  action  we  recommend: 

1.  The  Council  believes  that  the  time  has  come  for  fuller 
action  on  its  part  in  the  fulfilment  of  the  purpose  of  its  estab- 
lishment "for  the  prosecution  of  work  that  can  be  better  done 
in  union  than  in  separation."  The  Council  instructs  the 
Executive  and  Administrative  Committees  to  plan  the  work 
of  the  Council  in  accordance  with  this  view,  ever  having  in 
mind  its  duly  defined  field  of  constitutional  action  and  taking 
such  steps  as  will  maintain  the  closest  possible  relationships 
between  it  and  the  constituent  denominations. 

2.  The  Council  authorizes  the  Executive  Committee,  as 
assured  resources  may  warrant,  to  strengthen  the  Secretarial 
Staff  of  the  Council  by  the  appointment  of  such  additional 
secretaries  as  it  may  deem  necessary  to  enable  the  Council  to 


28  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

carry  forward  a  larger  work  with  the  confidence  and  support 
of  the  churches. 

3.  The  Council  requests  the  constituent  bodies  to  provide 
for  the  support  of  the  Council  and  its  work  on  the  scale  of 
$300,000  per  annum  for  the  next  two  years,  and  it  asks  these 
bodies  to  accept  their  equitable  apportionment  of  this  amount, 
as  may  be  suggested  by  the  Administrative  Committee. 

4.  The  Council  authorizes  such  a  conference  with  the  inter- 
board  agencies  as  has  been  suggested,  for  the  purposes 
specified,  with  the  understanding  that  any  general  plan  of 
cooperation  involving  the  denominations  in  any  way  not  al- 
ready approved  by  them  in  connection  with  the  Federal 
Council  or  the  inter-board  bodies  must  be  referred  to  the 
denominational  courts  or  other  authorities. 

5.  The  Council  approves  the  statement  of  the  Committee  on 
Methods  of  Cooperation  with  regard  to  the  readiness  of  the 
Council  to  adjust  its  organization,  within  its  constitutional 
character  and  responsibility  to  the  churches,  in  any  way  that 
may  be  necessary  to  enable  it  to  be  of  service  to  the  churches 
or  to  any  of  their  agencies. 

6.  The  Council  refers  to  the  Executive  Committee  with 
power  the  article  numbered  eight,  of  the  By-laws,  with  regard 
to  the  Commissions  of  the  council,  and  authorizes  it  to  make 
any  ad  interim  changes  which  it  may  deem  wise  in  the  com- 
mission and  committee  organization  (including  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee)  and  to  report  to  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Council  the  appropriate  wording  of  by-law  eight. 

7.  The  Council  expresses  the  conviction  that  out  of  the  ex- 
periences and  discussions  of  the  present  time  there  shall  come 
the  achievement  of  a  richer  form  of  expression  of  that  "spirit 
of  fellowship,  service,  and  cooperation"  in  which  the  Federal 
Council  began  and  which  it  is  its  duty  and  its  joy  to  promote. 

Peter  Ainslie  Albert  G.  Lawson 

Alfred  Williams  Anthony  John  A.  Marquis 

R.  F.  Campbell  Shailer  Mathews 

James  Cannon,  Jr.  William  F.  McDowell 

Charles  F.  Carter  q^^^  g   Milliken 

^"""^^Z   r        ''''  Frank  Mason  North 

John  M.  Glenn  ^            ,,r  -o  ^„ ^ 

Isaac  W.  Gowen  George  W.  Richards 

Howard  B.  Grose  ^0^^^^  E.  Speer 

William  I.  Haven  J-  Ross  Stevenson 

Orrin  R.  Judd  James  I.  Vance 

Henry  Churchill  King  Charles  L.  White 

Frederick  H.  Knubel  Luther  B.  Wilson 

Committee  on  Methods  of  Cooperation. 

Note  :  The  above  recommendations  are  here  printed  in  their  final  form 
as  amended  at  a  few  points  when  adopted  by  the  Council. 


THE  PRESENT  ORGANIZATION  AND  PLAN  OF 
THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL 


Report  Presented  to  the  Executive  Committee,  January  21,  1921 

(Adopted  with  amendments  indicated  in  footnotes) 


At  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  held  in  Boston 
immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the  Council,  the  Ad- 
ministrative Committee  was  instructed  to  prepare  and  to  pre- 
sent at  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  on  January 
21st  suggestions  with  regard  to  the  work  and  organization  of 
the  Committees  and  Commissions  of  the  Council  for  the 
coming  year.  The  Administrative  Committee  appointed  this 
Committee  to  draw  up  such  a  report.  The  Secretarial  Council, 
composed  of  the  President,  the  Chairman  of  the  Administrative 
Committee  and  the  Secretaries  of  the  Council  and  its  Com- 
missions, have  spent  many  hours  in  the  consideration  of  this 
matter  and  our  Committee  has  had  before  it  their  recom- 
mendations. 

1.  First  of  all,  it  seems  to  us  of  the  greatest  importance  that 
the  consciousness  and  sense  of  responsibility  of  the  Federal 
Council  itself  as  the  representative  agency  of  the  churches 
should  be  strengthened  in  every  way  possible.  We  should  not 
be  satisfied  to  conceive  of  the  Council  simply  as  a  quadrennial 
meeting  of  the  members  appointed  by  the  churches  who  at- 
tend that  meeting  and  for  the  rest  of  the  quadrennium  have  no 
relation  to  any  of  the  things  done  in  their  name.  The  Coimcil 
is  a  representative  body  chosen  by  the  Churches  for  real 
service  for  a  period  of  four  years.  In  two  ways  it  might  be 
possible  for  the  Council  itself  to  guide  its  work  more  directly. 
In  the  first  place  it  might  be  wise  to  provide  (a)  that  any 
formal  deliverance  which  is  to  be  put  forth  in  the  name  of 
the  Council  should  be  first  submitted  to  all  the  members  of  the 
large  Executive  Committee  of  the  Council  with  the  under- 
stan<iing  that  all  replies  shall  be  returned  within  a  fortnight ;  ^ 
(b)  that  a  semi-annual  report  of  work  done  or  in  contemr 
plation  should  be  sent  to  each  member  of  the  Council  in  addi- 
tion to  the  Federal  Council  Bulletin,  with  a  request  for  sug- 
gestions as  to  the  Council's  policies  and  plans,  and  (c)  that 
the  minutes  of  the  monthly  meetings  of  the  Administrative 
Committee,  which  are  now  sent  to  all  members  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  should  go  also  to  the  full  membership  of  the 

*  As  adopted,  this  recommendation  includes  the  following  further  clauses: 
"and  what  constitutes  'a  formal  deliverance'  shall  be  determined  by  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee,  provided,  however,  in  cases  of  urgency  the  Secretarial  Council 
shall  have  authority  to  refer  directly  to  the  Executive  Committee  for  approval 
any  statement  which  they  wish  to  have  i§gu?d  as  a  formal  deliverance  of  the 
Council." 

29 


30  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Council.^  In  the  second  place  the  utmost  importance  should 
be  attached  to  the  annual  meetings  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
which  according  to  the  Constitution  has  "authority  to  attend 
to  all  business  of  the  Federal  Council  in  the  intervals  of  its 
meetings."  The  Constituent  Churches  should  provide  for  the 
expenses  of  the  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  in  at- 
tending its  annual  meetings.  All  larger  questions  of  policy  and 
program  should  be  presented  to  it  for  its  determination  and 
it  should  especially  give  directions  to  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee and  to  the  Commissions  and  Secretaries  of  the  Council 
w^ith  regard  to  the  problems  of  emphasis  and  proportion  and 
the  proper  functions  of  the  Council  and  its  agencies,  and  the 
appropriate  field  of  their  action. 

2.  The  meeting  of  the  Council  in  Boston  referred  "to  the 
Executive  Committee  v^ith  power  the  article  numbered  eight, 
of  the  By-laws,  with  regard  to  the  Commissions  of  the  Council, 
and  authorizes  it  to  make  any  ad  interim  changes  which  it  may 
deem  wise  in  the  commission  and  committee  organization 
(including  the  Administrative  Committee),  and  to  report  to 
the  next  meeting  of  the  Council  the  appropriate  wording  of 
by-law  eight." 

With  regard  to  the  Administrative  Committee,  we  think  the 
wise  course  is  to  continue  for  the  present  the  plan  approved 
by  the  Council  at  its  special  meeting  in  Cleveland,  May  6-8, 
1919,  as  follows : 

"In  its  constitution  this  Committee  shall  be  thoroughly  representative 
of  all  forms  of  organized  Christianity,  both  denominational  and  inter- 
denominational, related  to  the  Federal  Council.  In  this  Committee 
every  related  denominational  body  shall  have  the  right  to  have  an 
authorized  representative.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  appoint 
the  denominational  representatives  after  consultation  with  the  denomi- 
national representatives  present.  It  shall  also  include  the  chairmen 
and  secretaries  of  the  Commissions  of  the  Council;  and  every  interde- 
nominational body  affiliated  with  the  Council  may  have  an  authorized 
representative  in  the  Administrative  Committee  chosen  by  the  body 
itself.    Additional  members  may  be  appointed  by  the  Committee. ^ 

The  primary  function  of  this  Committee  is  to  carry  out  the  policies 
determined  by  the  Federal  Council.     All  matters  of  importance  shall 


*  Item  (c)  was  not  adopted  by  the  Executive  Committee,  it  being  held  that 
the  sending  of  the  Federal  Council  Bulletin  to  all  members  of  the  Council  is 
sufficient  to  keep  them  in   touch  with   its  work. 

'  The  following  explanatory  statement  was  adopted  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee  in   connection    with   this   section: 

"1.  That  the  Administrative  Committee  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Executive 
Committee  after  consultation  with  the  bodies  represented  except  when  such 
bodies   shall   choose  to   appoint   their   own    representatives. 

2.  The  Administrative  Committee  shall  be  constituted  as  follows: 

(a)  One    representative    from    each    of   the   various  ecclesiastical   bodies    repre- 

sented   in    the    Federal    Council. 

(b)  Representatives  of  such  other  agencies  of  organized  Christianity  as  may 

become   officially   related   to   the   Council. 

(c)  Chairmen    of    the    Commissions    and    Secretaries    of    the    Council    and    of 

the   Commissions   of  the   Council. 

(d)  Members  at   large,   not   to  exceed   fifteen   in   number." 


PRESENT   ORGANIZATION    AND    PLAN  31 

be  referred  to  it  by  the  Secretarial  Council  for  their  final  determina- 
tion. 

It  shall  maintain  the  closest  possible  relations  between  the  Federal 
Council  and  the  other  interdenominational  agencies  representing  the 
churches  and  their  boards. 

It  shall  be  the  agency  by  which  the  representatives  of  the  various 
denominations  should  be  kept  in  touch  with  the  Council  and  the  Com- 
missions of  the  Council  and  the  agency  by  which  the  Council  and  its 
Commissions  should  be  kept  in  touch  with  each  other. 

The  Administrative  Committee  shall  meet  monthly,  with  provision 
for  special  meetings." 

The  present  period  is  a  time  of  transition  and  change  in 
the  field  of  cooperative  work.  The  conference  of  representa- 
tives of  the  Federal  Council  and  of  the  other  interdenomina- 
tional agencies  w^hich  met  on  December  13th  in  accordance 
with  the  action  of  the  Council  in  Boston  illustrates  this.  That 
Conference  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  Consultative  Com- 
mittee made  up  of  representatives  of  the  inter-Board  agencies 
and  of  the  Federal  Council  to  study  the  question  of  cooperative 
relations  and  report  at  a  later  conference,  but  it  also  wisely 
held  that  in  the  new  experiments  which  may  be  made  no  results 
already  won  from  past  experience  should  be  imperilled  and 
that  the  existing  agencies  of  the  churches  should  "maintain 
and  utilize  the  relations  of  consultation  and  afifiliation  through 
the  Federal  Council  which  have  been  established." 

We  believe  accordingly  that  such  an  agency  of  the  Council 
as  the  Administrative  Committee  now  is  and  may  be  made,  is 
indispensable  to  the  wise  direction  of  the  work.  Any  changes 
that  should  be  made  in  it  will  be  clearer  by  the  time  of  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  by  the  time  of  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Council  such  a  by-law  can  be  framed 
as  the  Council  in  Boston  contemplated. 

3.  A  third  problem,  and  perhaps  the  most  perplexing  of  all, 
is  the  right  organization  of  the  commissions  of  the  Council 
and  their  relations  to  the  Executive  and  Administrative  Com- 
mittees. Originally  it  appears  to  have  been  the  plan  to  have 
only  an  Executive  Committee  with  the  Commissions  subject 
directly  to  it.  Experience  has  clearly  demonstrated  that  a 
Committee  like  the  Administrative  Committee,  meeting  fre- 
quently and  acting  ad  interim  for  the  Executive  Committee 
and  subject  to  it,  is  necessary  for  the  business  of  the  Council, 
for  the  correlation  of  the  Commissions  and  for  the  proper 
relation  of  the  Council  to  other  activities  of  the  churches  in 
the  field  of  cooperation.  It  seems  clear  to  us  that  the  right 
conception  of  the  Commissions  is  as  Committees  of  the  Coun- 
cil, correlating  and  acting  with  and  for  the  agencies  of  the 
denominations  in  the  field  of  the  Commission  concerned,  or 
rendering  cooperative  service  in  some  field  where  the  denomi- 
nations are  not  acting  or  where  they  need  some  supplemental 
instrumentality  to  their  activity.     As   such   Committees,  the 


32  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES  OF   CHRIST 

Commissions  are  related  to  the  Council  and  to  the  Administra- 
tive Committee,  in  the  interval  between  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee meetings,  and  their  work  is  held  in  proper  unity  and 
in  faithful  accord  with  the  policies  of  the  Council  by  means 
of  regular  secretarial  conferences  which  prepare  the  recom- 
mendations and  plans  of  the  Commissions  for  consideration 
by  the  Administrative  Committee.  This  is  not  a  proposal  of 
new  centralization.  The  widest  possible  distribution  of  re- 
sponsibility is  to  be  desired  and  the  Commissions,  especially 
such  as  are  made  up  of  denominational  agencies  and  their 
representatives,  should  have  as  large  a  measure  of  freedom 
of  action  as  possible.  Our  proposal  is  simply  a  statement  of 
what  has  now  developed  in  the  normal  growth  of  the  work, 
namely  a  common  clearing  house  and  method  of  coordination 
by  means  (a)  of  frequent  periodic  conferences  of  all  the 
secretaries  of  the  Council  and  of  its  Commissions  and  (b)  of 
monthly  meetings  of  the  Administrative  Committee.^ 

If  this  is  the  right  view  of  the  nature  and  relation  of  the 
Commissions  the  question  remains  as  to  the  membership  and 
organization  of  each  Commission  separately  and  as  to  the 
number,  classification  and  relations  of  the  whole  body  of 
commissions. 

(1)  As  to  membership  and  organization,  the  Commissions 
vary,  and  we  think  that  it  is  wise  to  recognize  the  need  of 
freedom  and  variety  in  their  formation,  subject  in  each  case 
to  the  approval  of  the  Administrative  Committee. 

(2)  There  are  at  present  ten  Commissions  and  eight  or  ten 
committees.  It  seems  to  us  that  for  the  present  year  and 
until  the  next  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  the  follow- 
ing Commissions  and  Committees  are  needed,  which  may  be 
classified  and  presented  in  the  following  simple  scheme: 

I.     General  Administrative  and   Cooperative  instrumen- 
talities. 

1.  Advisory  Committee  on  Forethought  and  Outlook. 

2.  The  Federal  Council's  Participation  in  the  Consultative  Committee 

of  Interdenominational  and  Inter-Board  agencies. 

3.  Committee  of  Conference  of  Denominational  Forward  Movements. 

4.  Washington  Committee  and  Committee  on  Chaplains. 

5.  Chicago  Committee. 

6.  Committee  on  Interpretation  and  Publicity. 

II.     The  Commission  on  Evangelism  and  Life  Service. 

III.  The  Commission  on  Christian  Education. 

IV.  The  Commissions  of  Social  Welfare. 

a.  The    Commission   on   the   Church   and    Social    Service — including 

works  of  Benevolence  and  Mercy  in  our  own  country  and  the 
questions  of  Country  Life  so  far  as  the  Federal  Council  is  properly 
related  to  them. 

b.  The  Commission  on  Temperance. 

^  The  question  of  a  more  thorough  statement  of  the  relation  of  the  work  of 
the  Commissions  to  the  Administrative  Committee  was  referred  to  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee  to  report  to  the  next  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee. 


PRESENT    ORGANIZATION    AND    PLAN  33 

V.     The  Commissions  on  International  Relations. 

a.  The  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill — including 
works  of  Benevolence  and  Mercy  abroad  and  the  questions  of 
Relations  with  the  Orient  and  Latin   America.^ 

b.  The  Commission  on  Aid  to  the  Churches  of  France  and  Belgium. 

c.  The  Commission  on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe. 

VI.     The  Commission  on  Councils  of  Churches  (State  and 
Local ) . 
VII.     The  Commission  on  Negro  Churches  and  Inter-Racial 
Relations. 

This  scheme  drops  the  Committees  on  Home  and  Foreign 
Missions,  recognizing  that  these  two  great  fields  of  the 
Church's  work  are  covered  by  the  Home  Missions  Council 
and  Foreign  Missions  Conference  and  that  any  questions  of 
relationship  between  the  Federal  Council  and  these  two  bodies 
are  provided  for,  first,  by  the  representation  of  these  two 
bodies  in  the  Administrative  Committee  and,  secondly,  by  the 
proposed  Committee  on  Consultation  recommended  by  the 
Conference  on  December  13th. 

This  scheme  also  omits  some  other  committees  which  should 
be  considered  Committees  of  the  Council  under  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee,  such  as  the  Committee  on  Religious  Work 
in  the  Canal  Zone,  or  temporary  committees  for  special  pur- 
poses. 

We  have  sought  to  omit  whatever  can  be  left  out  and  not 
to  promote  unnecessary  or  superfluous  arrangements.  We 
believe  that  the  Federal  Council  should  stand  ready  for  any 
service  desired  of  it,  and  that  by  such  service  wisely  and  un- 
selfishly rendered  it  will  be  more  and  more  securely  established 
in  the  confidence  of  the  churches  and  their  various  agencies, 
and  will  be  ever  more  and  more  clearly  recognized  as  a  neces- 
sary instrument  of  cooperative  and  common  endeavor. 

4.  We  think  it  would  be  well  if  there  might  be  at  this  meet- 
ing of  the  Executive  Committee  a  free  discussion  of  the 
principles  which  should  control  the  work  of  the  Council  and 
of  some  of  the  present  problems — such  as  these : 

(1)  Where  should  the  main  emphasis  be  laid  in  the  work  of  the 

agencies  of  the  Council? 

(2)  How  can  a  new  and  common  evangelistic  impulse  be  given  to 

all  our  churches? 

(3)  How  can  an  adequate  supply  of  men  for  the  ministry  and  mis- 

sions be  secured? 

(4)  What  are  the  right  principles  and  limits  of  effort  in  the  matter 

of  expression  of  opinion  and  action  on  the  part  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  on  economic  and  industrial  issues? 

(5)  How  can  all  our  educational  forces  and  organizations  be  assisted 

in  a  common  effort  in  behalf  of  all  that  is  included  in  the  ideal 
of  "Christian  education?" 


1  It   was   understood,    however,   that   for   the    present    the    Commission    on    Rela- 
tions with   the   Orient  might   continue   separately. 


34  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

(6)  What  is  the  right  place  of  the  Federal  Council  as  representa- 

tive of  the  churches  in  matters  of  international  church  rela- 
tionships and  of  international  problems,  social,  political  or 
moral,  which  affect  the  life  and  work  of  the  churches? 

(7)  How  can  adequate  financial  support  of  the  Council  and  its  work 

for  1921  be  secured? 

Finally,  we  see  clearly  the  difficult  task  now  before  the 
Council.  There  are  some  who  wish  it  to  press  forward  ag- 
gressively and  lead  the  churches  out  into  new  fields.  There 
are  others  who  dread  any  new  effort  and  who  would  like  to 
see  the  Council  hardly  more  than  an  agency  for  occasional 
consultation.  And  even  those  who  favor  some  middle  way 
do  not  realize  the  difficulty  of  the  financial  problem.  Amid 
all  perplexities,  however,  our  course  is  plain.  It  is  to  seek 
the  path  of  duty,  of  the  right  and  necessary  cooperative  action, 
never  more  demanded  than  now,  and  quietly,  without  the 
publication  of  programs  or  the  advertisement  of  proposed 
effort,  to  render  service  as  means  for  it  are  provided. 

Alfred  Williams  Anthony, 
Edward  D.  Eaton, 
John  M.  Glenn, 
Howard  B.  Grose, 
Charles  S.  Macfarland, 
John  A.  Marquis, 
Frank  Mason  North, 
Robert  E.  Speer. 


THE    CHURCH    FACING   THE    FUTURE 


Report  of  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious 

Outlook 


I.     The  Committee  and  Its  Work 

1.  What  the  Committee  is,  and  How  it  Came  to  Be 
The  pages  which  follow  tell  the  story  of  a  piece  of  collec- 
tive thinking.  They  attempt  to  compress  within  a  brief  com- 
pass the  main  results  of  a  piece  of  work  which  has  been 
carried  on  cooperatively  by  a  large  number  of  different  indi- 
viduals during  a  period  of  nearly  two  and  a  half  years,  and 
which  is  not  yet  completely  finished.  While  we  were  still  at 
war,  it  became  clear  to  those  who  had  been  engaged  in  the 
war  work  of  the  churches  that  when  peace  came  the  church 
would  be  faced  with  a  number  of  problems  no  less  insistent 
and  no  less  perplexing  than  those  which  she  had  confronted 
in  war,  and  that  if  she  was  to  meet  them  adequately  she  must 
begin  to  prepare  at  once.  The  result  was  the  appointment  of 
the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook. 

This  was  an  interdenominational  Committee,  including  in 
its  membership  representatives  of  the  larger  Protestant 
churches  as  well  as  of  the  two  Christian  Associations.  It  was 
constituted  on  April  2,  1918,  by  the  joint  action  of  the  Fed- 
eral Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  and  the 
General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches.  Its  purpose, 
as  defined  at  the  time  of  its  appointment,  was  "to  consider  the 
state  of  religion  as  revealed  or  affected  by  the  war,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  duty  and  opportunity  of  the  churches, 
and  to  prepare  these  findings  for  submission  to  the  churches." 
Conceived  under  the  shadow  of  war  strain  and  of  war  respon- 
sibility, and  beginning  its  work  while  the  armistice  was  still 
in  the  indefinite  future,  it  has  continued  its  studies  during 
two  years  of  reconstruction,  and  found  the  reasons  which  at 
first  sight  seemed  to  justify  its  appointment  reinforced  by  a 
closer  acquaintance  with  the  new  conditions  under  which  the 
major  part  of  its  work  has  been  done.  Indeed,  if  the  Com- 
mittee rightly  interprets  the  significance  of  its  work,  it  is  to 
be  understood  less  as  a  contribution  to  a  passing  emergency 
than  as  a  new  method  of  approach  to  problems  which  are 
always  with  us — an  experiment  in  cooperative  thinking  which, 
if  it  has  any  measure  of  success,  will  warrant  its  repetition  or 
continuance. 

2.  Its  Organization  and  Method  of  Procedure 

While  created  by  the  initiative  of  the  Federal  Council  and 
the  General  War-Time  Commission  as  a  result  of  their  con- 

35 


36  FEDERAL   COUNCIL    OF    THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

viction  that  the  war  had  laid  upon  the  churches  the  duty  of 
the  most  thorough  self-examination,  the  Committee  was  given 
entire  freedom  to  act  according  to  its  own  judgment  as  to 
method  of  procedure,  subjects  to  be  studied  and  persons  to 
be  associated  in  the  work.  Originally  consisting  of  nine  mem- 
bers, it  has  added  to  its  number  until  its  present  membership 
consists  of  twenty-eight,  representing  nine  different  churches, 
as  well  as  the  two  Christian  Associations.  In  addition,  a 
large  number  of  other  persons  (123)  have  served  on  its  sub- 
committees, and  to  a  still  larger  number  it  is  indebted  for 
active  assistance  and  helpful  suggestions/ 

The  Committee  was  financed  by  a  fund  of  $20,000,  provided 
by  the  Interchurch  Emergency  Campaign  as  part  of  a  larger 
fund  of  some  $200,000  which  it  raised  on  behalf  of  the  coop- 
erating churches  for  the  work  of  the  General  War-Time  Com- 
mission and  its  affiliated  committees.  In  addition,  during  the 
formative  period  of  its  work,  the  Committee  was  much  as- 
sisted by  special  contributions  from  the  Trustees  of  Oberlin 
College  and  the  Directors  of  the  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
Through  an  arrangement  with  Association  Press,  to  which 
we  desire  here  to  make  grateful  acknowledgment,  it  was  pos- 
sible for  the  Committee  to  issue  its  publications  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Bibliography  on  the  War  and  Religion)  without 
financial  risk,  and  the  funds  at  its  disposal  were  available  for 
the  expenses  of  the  central  office,  of  the  preliminary  studies 
which  were  necessary,  of  the  conferences  that  it  was  found 
advisable  to  hold,  and  for  the  promotion  and  distribution  of 
the  material  issued.  With  the  exception  of  the  Secretaries 
and  of  the  office  staff,  and  a  few  small  payments  for  pieces 
of  necessary  investigation  on  the  part  of  men  who  gave  up 
other  remunerative  work  for  this  purpose,  the  services  ren- 
dered by  the  officers  and  members  were  entirely  voluntary, 
and  for  this  service,  as  well  as  for  the  generous  contribution 
made  by  many  who  were  not  members,  the  Committee  would 
here  express  its  sincere  appreciation. 

3.  A  Bird*s-eye  View  of  the  Committee's  Work 

It  was  the  original  expectation  of  the  Committee  to  issue 
a  single  report  covering  the  entire  field  of  the  church's  duty 


*  President  Henry  Churchill  King  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Central  Com- 
mittee and  Professor  William  Adams  Brown  Vice-Chairman.  On  account  of 
prolonged  absence  in  Europe,  President  King  was  compelled  to  resign  the  chair- 
manship in  the  spring  of  1919  and  Professor  Brown  became  the  Chairman  of  the 
group,  with  President  King  and  the  Reverend  Charles  W.  Gilkey  as  Vice-Chair- 
men.  Reverend  Samuel  McCrea  Cavert  was  chosen  Secretary  of  the  Committee 
in  February,  1919,  and  during  a  part  of  the  time  the  Reverend  Angus  Dun 
served  as  Associate  Secretary.  During  the  interval  before  Mr.  Cavert  assumed 
his  duties,  the  Reverend  Marion  J.  Bradshaw  served  as  Acting  Secretary  of 
the  Committee. 


THE    CHURCH    FACING    THE    FUTURE  37 

and  responsibility,  but  as  they  proceeded  with  their  studies  it 
became  clear  that  it  would  not  be  possible  adequately  to  treat 
within  a  single  volume  some  of  the  most  important  topics 
needing  consideration.  It  was  decided,  therefore,  to  issue  a 
series  of  reports,  each  dealing  with  a  special  field  of  investi- 
gation, and  in  the  meantime,  to  meet  the  need  of  the  churches 
for  inspiration  and  guidance  in  subjects  of  pressing  impor- 
tance, a  series  of  pamphlets  was  prepared  on  the  larger  aspects* 
of  the  church's  duty  and  responsibility. 

Four  reports  have  either  appeared  or  are  in  press  dealing 
respectively  with  the  following  subjects:  Religion  Among 
American  Men:  As  Revealed  by  a  Study  of  Conditions  in 
the  Army ;  the  Missionary  Outlook  in  the  Light  of  the  War ; 
the  Church  and  Industrial  Reconstruction ;  Christian  Unity : 
its  Principles  and  Possibilities.  A  fifth  on  the  Teaching  Work 
of  the  Church  will  follow  shortly. 

Earlier  preliminary  publications  of  the  Committee  consisted 
of  a  comprehensive  bibliography  on  "The  War  and  Religion," 
giving  the  literature  up  to  January  1,  1919,  and  the  series  of 
pamphlets  already  referred  to,  which  were  published  under 
the  general  heading  "The  Religious  Outlook."  The  first  of 
these,  by  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer,  on  "The  War  and  the  Religious 
Outlook,"  gives  a  general  survey  of  the  conditions  which  faced 
the  church  at  the  coming  of  peace,  and  points  out  the  more 
important  tasks  to  which  it  must  address  itself.  Later  pam- 
phlets in  the  series  were  the  following: 

"Christian  Principles  Essential  to  a  New  World  Order,"  by  Presi- 
dent W.  H.  P.  Faunce. 

"The  Church's  Message  to  the  Nation,"  by  Professor  Harry  Emer- 
son Fosdick, 

"Christian    Principles   and   Industrial    Reconstruction,"   by   Bishop 
Francis  J.  McConnell. 

"The    Church    and    Religious    Education,"    by    President    William 
Douglas  Mackenzie. 

"The   New   Home   Mission  of  the   Church,"   by   Dr.   William   P. 
Shriver. 

"Christian    Aspects    of    Economic    Reconstruction,"    by    Professor 
Herbert  N.  Shenton. 

"The  War  and  the  Woman  Point  of  View,"  by  Rhoda  E.  McCul- 
loch. 

The  Local  Church  After  the  War,"  by  Dr.  Charles  W.  Gilkey. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  final  pamphlet  to  give  some  account 
of  the  reasons  which  have  led  to  the  choice  of  the  special 
topics  and  to  sum  up  the  general  conclusions  to  which  the 
Committee's  studies  have  led. 


38  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

II.     The  Church  and  Its  Task 


1.  The  Background 

Two  contrasted  attitudes  toward  the  church  are  much  in 
evidence  today.  According  to  one  of  these,  the  church  is  an 
outworn  institution.  It  has  had  its  chance  of  leadership  and 
has  failed  to  make  use  of  it,  and  the  magnitude  of  the  failure 
can  be  measured  only  by  the  magnitude  of  the  profession 
which  it  belies.  Declaring  itself  to  be  the  moral  and  spiritual 
leader  of  mankind,  the  church,  so  we  are  told,  has  squandered 
its  energies  in  trifling  matters  and  the  great  issues  of  the  time 
have  found  it  silent  or,  if  speaking,  with  such  divided  and 
uncertain  voice  as  to  carry  no  conviction.  For  the  leadership 
of  the  future,  therefore,  those  who  take  this  view  of  the 
church  would  have  us  look  to  other  interests,  the  university, 
the  state,  the  industrial  or  economic  group. 

This  exaggerated  criticism  has  called  forth  a  correspond- 
ingly exaggerated  reaction.  Where  some  despair  of  any  help 
from  the  church,  others  would  make  her  a  kind  of  maid  of  all 
work  for  society.  Scanning  the  horizon  for  possible  help  in 
this  time  of  moral  distress,  they  fail  to  see  in  other  institutions 
the  moral  leadership  the  age  needs.  When  it  comes  to  the 
deeper  issues  of  life,  science  and  statecraft  alike  seem  help- 
less, and  in  the  industrial  sphere,  the  storm  center  of  the 
present  conflict,  unity  of  counsel  and  spiritual  sympathy  seem 
more  remote  than  ever.  In  such  a  crisis  there  seems  no  help 
but  in  religion,  and  where  look  for  such  help  if  not  to  the 
institution  of  religion,  the  church?  So  we  find  coming  to  the 
church  from  the  most  unexpected  quarters,  the  sanctum  of 
the  editor,  the  platform  of  the  politician,  and  even  the  office 
of  the  business  man,  the  Macedonian  cry,  "Come  over  and 
help  us." 

Underlying  both  these  attitudes  and  in  part  explaining  them 
is  the  vaguest  possible  conception  of  what  the  church  is  and 
what  it  can  rightly  be  expected  to  do.  To  judge  whether  the 
church  has  succeeded  or  failed,  still  more  to  determine  what 
it  is  reasonable  to  anticipate  as  to  its  future  success  or  failure, 
we  must  first  be  clear  as  to  the  standard  by  which  success  or 
failure  is  to  be  judged.  But  this  requires  us  to  be  clear  as 
to  two  things :  first,  what  the  church  ought  to  do ;  second,  how 
she  can  do  it.  Yet  how  few  of  the  church's  critics  can  give 
an  intelligent  answer  to  these  two  questions.  Indeed,  how 
few  have  ever  definitely  raised  them  in  their  own  minds. 

Nor  is  this  uncertainty  as  to  the  church's  function  confined 
to  those  outside  the  church.  Among  church  members  also  we 
find  the  widest  possible  divergence  of  opinion  as  to  what  func- 
tion the  church  should  fulfil  in  the  life  of  our  time.     The 


THE   CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  39 

views  held  range  all  the  way  from  the  pre-millenarian's  con- 
ception of  the  church  as  concerned  solely  with  the  witness  to 
individuals  of  the  impending  Advent,  to  that  which  gives  the 
church  wide  social  responsibility  and  believes  that  it  should 
actively  and  directly  undertake  work  for  the  reformation  and 
even  for  the  reconstruction  of  society. 

And  as  Christians  differ  as  to  their  view  of  the  function  of 
the  church,  so  they  differ  as  to  their  view  of  the  way  in  which 
that  function  should  be  discharged.  Some  who  hold  what  is 
called  the  social  Gospel  believe  that  the  church's  primary  re- 
sponsibility is  to  proclaim  the  Christian  ideal  and  to  inspire 
the  men  and  women  who  in  their  several  walks  of  life  and 
through  the  different  institutions  of  society  shall  bring  this 
ideal  to  prevail.  Others  believe  that  the  church  as  an  institu- 
tion is  directly  responsible  for  social  betterment  and  should 
herself  undertake  as  an  organized  body  the  work  of  charity, 
of  education,  of  healing,  of  economic  and  industrial  reform, 
which  are  now  largely  in  the  hands  of  other  agencies. 

2.  The  Attitude  of  the  Committee 

Against  this  background  the  work  of  the  Committee  is  to 
be  understood.  While  no  formal  statement  of  principles  has 
been  adopted  by  its  members,  certain  common  convictions 
have  united  them  which  have  determined  the  scope  and  method 
of  their  study.  We  have  been  at  one  in  believing  that  the 
primary  function  of  the  church  is  to  witness  to  the  reality  of 
God  as  He  has  revealed  Himself  to  mankind  in  redemptive 
activity  through  our  Lord  and  Saviour,  Jesus  Christ.  As  the 
institution  of  the  Christian  religion,  we  conceive  it  to  be  the 
duty  of  the  church  to  preach  the  Gospel  of  salvation  through 
Christ,  to  provide  the  opportunity  of  worship  through  the 
word  and  the  sacraments,  to  train  its  members  in  the  meaning 
and  the  responsibility  of  Christian  discipleship,  and  to  win  to 
the  allegiance  of  Christ  by  missionary  activity  all  those  every- 
where whom  it  is  possible  to  reach  by  the  Gospel. 

We  believe  further  that  the  field  of  this  witness  should  be 
as  wide  as  human  life.  The  Gospel  we  proclaim  has  a  mes- 
sage both  for  the  individual  and  for  society.  To  the  indi- 
vidual it  brings  the  promise  of  personal  salvation  and  sum- 
mons to  the  ministry  of  Christian  love.  For  society  it  holds 
out  the  hope  of  a  new  social  order  which  our  Master  called  the 
Kingdom  of  God,  a  society  in  which  the  principles  of  love 
and  service  which  He  exemplified  in  His  own  life  shall  become 
the  law  of  all  life  everywhere,  and  the  relationships  of  trust 
and  mutual  helpfulness  which  now  unite  parents  and  children, 
husbands  and  wives,  brothers  and  sisters  in  the  family  shall 
determine  the  relations  of  men  in  society  as  a  whole  and  in 
all  its  parts.    We  conceive  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  church  to 


40  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

point  out  wherein  human  life  as  at  present  organized  falls 
short  of  this  ideal  and  fails  to  apply  these  principles  and  what 
changes  need  to  be  made,  both  in  our  attitude  and  in  our  con- 
duct, to  make  it  conform  more  perfectly  to  the  mind  of  Christ. 
The  present  group  of  studies  was  undertaken  in  order  to 
furnish  information  which  shall  help  to  make  this  ministry  at 
once  more  intelligent  and  more  effective. 

In  particular  we  find  three  points  at  which  our  failure  to 
realize  the  Christian  ideal  is  most  pronounced.  The  first  is 
in  the  relation  of  nations  to  one  another;  the  second,  in  the 
attitude  of  races  to  other  races,  and  the  third,  in  the  rivalry 
of  individuals  and  of  classes  for  power,  wealth  and  prestige. 
Here  we  are  faced  not  simply  with  a  failure  to  attain  the 
Christian  standard,  but  with  the  denial  that  such  a  standard 
exists  or  that  if  it  exists  it  is  applicable  to  such  a  sphere. 
Here,  therefore,  the  church  faces  a  manifest  duty  at  once  of 
criticism  and  of  remedy. 

This  failure  to  apply  Christian  principles  to  politics,  to  race 
relationships  and  to  business  was  indeed  apparent  long  before 
the  war,  but  the  extent  and  appalling  character  of  its  conse- 
quences were  revealed  only  when  the  war  came.  Then  for 
the  first  time  we  realized  what  was  the  alternative  to  Christi- 
anity, a  world  in  chaos,  with  every  man's  hand  against  his 
neighbor  and  no  firm  foundation  on  which  to  base  our  con- 
fidence in  the  social  reconstruction  in  the  necessity  of  which 
every  one  professed  to  believe. 

But  the  war  revealed  to  us  more  than  this.  It  showed  us 
how  indissolubly  the  social  failures  of  which  we  have  been 
speaking  were  interwoven  with  failure  in  the  individual  men 
and  women  who  make  up  society.  It  was  because  human 
beings  cherished  unchristian  ideals,  worked  for  selfish  and 
narrow  purposes  and  doubted  the  possibility  of  realizing  the 
aims  which  Jesus  Christ  proposed  for  His  disciples  that  this 
unspeakable  calamity  has  befallen  the  world.  Our  study  has 
confirmed  our  belief  that  apart  from  Christian  individuals 
there  can  be  no  Christian  society,  and  that  the  duty  of  the 
church  is  to  train  the  former  for  the  service  of  the  latter. 

This  general  view  of  the  situation  has  determined  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Committee's  studies.  First  of  all,  it  was  necessary 
to  take  account  of  the  present  situation  and  to  learn,  as  far 
as  it  was  possible  to  do  so,  what  was  the  attitude  of  the  aver- 
age man  and  woman  to  the  Christian  religion  and  what  help 
could  be  counted  on  from  him  in  the  solution  of  the  larger 
problems  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made.  In  the 
second  place,  it  was  necessary  to  study  more  in  detail  the  par- 
ticular problems  with  which  the  church  is  concerned  as  it 
faces  the  deepseated  social  evils  and  failures  which  the  war 
has  revealed.     Finally,  it  was  necessary  to  consider  how  the 


THE    CHURCH    FACING    THE    FUTURE  41 

church  was  meeting  these  problems,  and  in  particular  how  it 
was  possible  to  unify  her  activities  and  agencies  for  more 
effective  service. 


3.  The  Religion  of  the  Average  American 

The  first  of  these  topics  is  dealt  with  in  part  in  the  first  of 
the  studies  published  by  the  Committee,  "Religion  Among 
American  Men :  As  Revealed  by  a  Study  of  Conditions  in  the 
Army."  This,  as  the  name  implies,  is  a  study  of  the  attitude 
toward  religion  and  the  church  of  the  men  in  the  American 
army.  These  men,  taken  as  they  were  indiscriminately  from 
all  parts  of  the  country  by  the  military  draft,  constituted  a 
cross  section  of  our  American  manhood.  Their  opinions, 
therefore,  as  to  the  Christian  religion  and  their  religious  habits 
and  life  give  us  an  interesting  side-light  as  to  what  young  men 
in  general  are  thinking  about  religion  and  as  to  the  character 
of  the  men  with  whom  the  church  has  to  deal. 

It  is  true  that  it  would  be  misleading  without  further  quali- 
fication to  take  the  experience  of  these  young  men  as  typical 
of  the  country  at  large.  The  conditions  under  which  they 
were  living  were  abnormal,  and  what  was  true  of  them  then 
would  not  necessarily  have  been  true  or  at  least  equally  true 
under  other  conditions.  They  had  been  suddenly  taken  from 
home  and  plunged  into  unfamiliar  surroundings.  They  were 
deprived  of  natural  contacts  with  persons  of  other  ages  and 
of  different  sex.  They  were  faced  with  a  crisis  which  de- 
manded the  sacrifice  of  all  that  they  held  dear,  even  life  itself. 
To  draw  conclusions  from  what  they  experienced  then  as  to 
conditions  which  obtained  before  the  war  is  to  indulge  in 
reasoning  which  is  at  least  of  doubtful  validity. 

Moreover,  even  within  the  Army  itself  conditions  varied 
greatly.  The  situation  in  the  home  camps  differed  widely  from 
that  across  the  sea,  and  in  the  Army  overseas  conditions  at 
the  front  differed  from  those  which  obtained  in  the  supply 
service  and  the  reserve  sectors.  Moreover,  all  observers  agree 
that  with  the  armistice  there  came  a  moral  slump,  and  the 
uplift  of  war  enthusiasm  gave  way  to  a  backwater  of  slug- 
gishness and  of  indifference.  Nevertheless,  when  all  is  said, 
the  fact  remains  that  the  war  gave  us  a  unique  opportunity  to 
learn  what  the  young  manhood  of  America  believes  about  re- 
ligion, and  the  church  which  desires  to  do  its  duty  to  the 
young  men  of  tomorrow  will  do  well  to  lay  its  lessons  to  heart. 

In  the  study  which  the  Committee  has  undertaken  every 
effort  has  been  made  to  guard  g.gainst  preventable  mistakes 
and  to  confine  the  conclusions  drawn  to  the  realm  of  what  is 
reasonably  certain.  The  report  distinguishes  between  the  kind 
of  religion  which  the  men  brought  with  them  to  the  Army  and 


42  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

the  effects  which  were  produced  upon  that  reHgion  by  the  ex- 
periences through  which  they  passed.  It  distinguishes  further 
between  the  faith  of  the  majority  and  the  conditions  which 
obtained  in  smaller  exceptional  groups.  In  studying  the  faith 
of  the  majority  the  attempt  was  made  to  distinguish  between 
their  attitude  toward  religion  and  morals  in  general  and  their 
attitude  toward  the  church  and  its  teachings  in  particular. 
Above  all,  the  Committee  never  forgot  that  these  young  men, 
even  supposing  their  experience  to  be  typical  of  young  man- 
hood as  a  whole,  represented  only  a  section  of  the  population 
and  a  limited,  even  if  important,  phase  of  experience,  and 
that  the  findings  of  a  study  based  upon  such  evidence  needed 
to  be  supplemented  and  corrected  by  evidence  drawn  from 
other  sources  and  based  upon  a  wider  induction.  There  were 
in  particular  two  further  groups  which  needed  to  be  studied 
before  we  could  hope  to  obtain  a  trustworthy  impression  of 
the  state  of  religion  in  the  country  in  general.  These  were 
the  women  and  that  large  body  of  men  who  remained  at  home 
and  carried  on  their  old  work.  An  attempt  to  interpret  the 
experience  of  these  important  groups  is  made  by  Miss  Mc- 
Culloch  in  her  pamphlet  on  "The  War  and  the  Woman  Point 
of  View"  and  by  Dr.  Gilkey  in  his  pamphlet  on  "The  Local 
Church  After  the  War." 

Miss  McCulloch  points  out  that  the  war  brought  to  women 
an  enlarging  experience  of  service  and  a  deepening  instinct  for 
freedom,  and  asks  what  use  the  church  proposes  to  make  of 
"this  fresh  young  force,  the  power  of  the  women  of  the  world." 
She  calls  for  a  new  definition  of  the  Gospel,  one  that  shall 
emphasize  its  positive  rather  than  its  negative  features,  and 
shall  bring  to  a  world  that  is  tired,  perplexed,  bewildered  in 
its  search  after  God  a  new  interpretation  of  goodness,  one 
which  shall  make  it  "synonymous  with  initiative,  aspiration, 
courage,  the  right  to  look  for  fulfilment  of  life." 

Dr.  Gilkey  gives  the  reasons  for  believing  that  the  effects 
of  the  war  experience  may  have  been  even  deeper  and  more 
far-reaching  upon  those  who  stayed  at  home  than  upon  those 
who  went,  and  tries  to  analyze  what  the  nature  of  these  effects 
has  been.  He  speaks  of  the  influence  of  the  war  upon  per- 
sonal religious  experience,  notably  in  connection  with  the  re- 
vival of  the  habit  of  prayer,  of  its  effect  upon  Christian  serv- 
ice, and  of  its  implications  for  the  corporate  life  of  the  church. 
He  shows  how  the  church  has  been  made  conscious  in  new 
ways  of  its  responsibility  for  the  life  of  the  community  in 
which  it  is  located  and  how  this  consciousness  is  leading  it 
to  redefine  its  task  in  broader  and  more  comprehensive  terms. 
But  he  points  out  that  it  can  fulfil  its  function  most  effectively 
only  in  the  measure  that  it  holds  itself  true  to  its  time  honored 
responsibility  of  dealing  with  individual  men  and  women  and 


THE    CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  43 

giving  them  that  first  hand  experimental  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  religion,  the  lack  of  which  our  study  of  the  army 
conditions  has  so  strikingly  revealed. 

4.  The  Church  and  the  World  Gospel 

But  the  question  as  to  the  state  of  religion  in  our  own  coun- 
try is  itself  but  a  part  of  a  much  larger  question,  that  of  the 
state  of  religion  in  the  world.  What  eflFect  did  the  war  have 
upon  the  missionary  enterprise  of  Christianity  in  the  largest 
sense?  In  particular,  what  was  the  relation  of  the  men  and 
women  in  the  different  non-Christian  countries  to  the  spec- 
tacle presented  by  a  Christendom  engaged  in  internecine 
struggle?  Has  the  war  dealt  a  death  blow  to  Christian  mis- 
sions or  are  the  forces  which  inspired  this  most  Christ-like 
of  all  the  church's  enterprises  still  operative,  and  may  we 
hope  to  see  in  the  near  future  a  revival  of  the  church's  mis- 
sionary activity  at  home  and  abroad? 

This  question  forms  the  subject  of  the  second  of  the  Com- 
mittee's reports,  that  of  "The  Missionary  Outlook  in  the  Light 
of  the  War."  This  calls  attention  to  the  enhanced  significance 
and  urgency  of  foreign  missions  in  the  light  of  the  war,  gives 
a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  effects  of  the  war  on  the  religious 
outlook  in  various  lands,  and  concludes  by  a  brief  survey  of 
missionary  principles  and  policies  in  the  light  of  the  war.  It 
is  a  composite  study  undertaken  by  more  than  sixty  of  the 
leading  missionaries  and  secretaries  of  foreign  boards,  and  gives 
what  is  perhaps  the  most  authoritative  account  of  present 
conditions  on  the  mission  field.  Such  a  method  of  compo- 
sition has  its  disadvantages,  but  it  is  more  than  counterbalanced 
in  the  present  case  by  the  impression  of  unity  and  strength 
in  the  outcome.  One  feels  that  he  is  dealing  with  men  of 
wide  vision,  schooled  by  long  experience  of  large  affairs  to 
express  judgments  which  are  worthy  of  serious  consideration 
and  who,  in  this  time  of  world  disintegration  and  uncertainty, 
possess  just  that  knowledge  of  the  forces  which  are  operating 
in  the  different  peoples  to  form  the  basis  of  an  enlightened 
policy  for  the  future.  Mr.  Zangwill  recently  expressed  his 
surprise,  on  receiving  by  mistake  a  number  of  *'The  Interna- 
tional Review  of  Missions,"  at  the  broad  outlook  and  human 
interest  shown  by  the  writers  of  its  articles.  This  impression 
would  have  been  confirmed  by  a  reading  of  this  report.  In 
an  age  which  has  witnessed  the  most  gigantic  war  which  his- 
tory records,  a  war  in  which  Christendom  itself  has  been 
divided  into  hostile  camps,  each  bent  upon  the  other's  destruc- 
tion, here  are  a  group  of  men  who  not  only  believe  in  theory 
in  the  unity  of  mankind,  but  have  dared  to  live  according  to 
the  faith  they  profess  and  whose  venture  has  succeeded  to  a 
degree  which  a  few  years  ago  would  have  seemed  incredible. 


44  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

In  modern  missions  we  are  dealing  with  a  world  movement 
of  an  extent  and  momentum  which  must  arrest  the  attention 
of  anyone  who  desires  to  understand  the  age  in  which  he  lives. 

Scarcely  less  impressive  than  the  extent  of  the  field  is  the 
number  and  variety  of  the  interests  represented  within  it.  All 
kinds  of  questions  confront  the  modern  missionary,  questions 
educational,  political  and  economic,  as  well  as  religious,  and 
to  each  we  find  Christian  missions  making  its  contribution. 
There  is  no  phase  of  the  life  of  the  peoples  to  whom  the 
modern  missionary  goes  with  which  he  is  not  at  some  point 
or  other  concerned. 

This  wide  range  of  interest  is  reflected  in  the  present  re- 
port. It  deals  with  such  topics  as  the  new  internationalism, 
the  League  of  Nations,  the  rise  of  democracy,  the  emancipa- 
tion of  women,  the  revival  of  nationalism  and  its  perils  to 
world  peace,  and  the  relation  of  missions  to  international 
politics  and  big  business.  In  reading  it  we  are  brought  face 
to  face  with  all  three  of  the  major  problems  to  which  I  have 
already  referred — that  of  race,  that  of  industry,  that  of  inter- 
national relationships. 

5.  Unsolved  Problems 

To  the  first  of  these  problems — that  of  race — ^the  Committee 
have  not  been  able  to  give  the  attention  which  its  importance 
deserves.  The  church  touches  this  most  intimately  in  connec- 
tion with  the  foreign  missionary  enterprise.  But  it  touches 
it  no  less  and  in  ways  even  more  baffling  and  perplexing  in 
connection  with  the  different  racial  groups  which  may  be  living 
under  a  single  government.  Our  own  negro  question  is  a  case 
in  point  and  the  question  raised  by  the  groups  of  different 
nationality  and  foreign  speech  living  together  in  the  congested 
quarters  of  our  great  cities.  The  latter  aspect  of  the  problem 
is  briefly  referred  to  in  Mr.  Shriver's  pamphlet  on  "The  New 
Home  Mission  of  the  Church,"  but  it  has  not  been  possible 
for  us  to  give  the  former  the  detailed  treatment  which  its  im- 
portance deserves.  The  Committee  felt  strongly  the  need  of 
a  special  study  of  the  church's  duty  to  our  own  colored  popu- 
lation in  the  light  of  the  new  and  perplexing  questions  which 
the  war  has  raised.  Much  interesting  information  was  brought 
to  our  attention  which  it  seemed  to  us  important  to  make 
accessible  to  the  wider  public  and  many  problems  emerged 
which  needed  just  such  impartial  and  objective  study  as  it  was 
the  purpose  of  this  Committee  to  undertake;  but  time  and 
strength  are  limited,  and  with  the  force  at  our  disposal  it  did 
not  seem  possible  for  us  at  this  time  to  undertake  this  par- 
ticular piece  of  work.  This  study,  therefore,  with  others 
which  we  shall  presently  name,  remains  a  desideratum  for  the 
future. 


THE    CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  45 

Scarcely  less  baffling  than  the  problem  of  race  is  the  group 
of  questions  which  grow  out  of  the  economic  and  industrial 
situation,  the  questions  which  have  to  do  with  man's  need  of 
food  and  shelter  and  clothing,  his  right  to  work  and  to 
the  equitable  distribution  of  the  products  of  his  work,  and, 
above  all,  a  voice  in  determining  the  conditions  under  which 
that  work  shall  be  done.  In  countries  like  the  United  States, 
which  have  developed  a  highly  organized  industrial  system, 
such  questions  occupy  an  increasing  share  of  men's  attention 
and  determine  their  attitude  toward  questions  of  national  poli- 
tics, of  international  policy  and  of  race  relationship.  To  these 
questions,  therefore,  the  Committee  has  given  a  considerable 
amount  of  its  time  and  strength.  They  are  the  subject  of  one 
report,^  and  of  two  pamphlets.^  In  these  studies  we  have 
tried  to  determine  what  Christian  principles  really  require  of 
the  church  as  it  faces  the  problems  of  industrial  reconstruc- 
tion and  in  what  ways  this  duty  can  best  be  met  under  existing 
conditions. 

In  entering  upon  a  study  of  the  relation  of  the  Church  to 
the  problems  of  industrial  reconstruction  the  Committee  has 
been  under  no  illusions  as  to  the  difficulty  or  the  delicacy  of 
the  undertaking.  Two  dangers  were  to  be  avoided :  the  danger 
of  uttering  pious  platitudes  which  nobody  would  deny  because 
they  were  not  related  to  any  definite  proposals  for  action ;  the 
danger,  on  the  other  hand,  of  taking  sides  on  some  disputed 
issue  as  to  which  men,  equally  intelligent  and  equally  Chris- 
tian, might  honestly  differ. 

Examples  were  not  lacking  to  point  the  warning.  Of  the 
many  recent  pronouncements  of  Christian  bodies  on  the  in- 
dustrial question  the  great  majority  were  of  the  former  kind. 
They  set  forth  the  duty  of  Christians  to  apply  Christian  prin- 
ciples to  economic  and  industrial  problems  but  they  did  not 
attempt  to  show  in  detail  how  this  is  to  be  done.  This  is 
true  of  even  so  excellent  a  document  as  the  Archbishop's  re- 
port on  Christianity  and  Industrial  problems.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  report  of  the  committee  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  on  the  steel  strike  deals  with  a  highly  controversial 
subject  which  must  inevitably  lead  to  sharp  criticism  on  the 
part  of  those  who  differ  from  the  conclusions  reached. 

Nevertheless,  it  did  not  seem  to  the  Committee  that  we 
could  avoid  the  responsibility  of  making  the  attempt.  The 
more  difficult  the  subject,  the  more  important  it  seemed  that 
it  should  be  approached  with  intelligence,  candor  and  good 
judgment.  If  the  Church  is  responsible  for  applying  the 
principles  of  her  Master  to  the  existing  social  and  industrial 


^  The    Church    and    Industrial    Reconstruction. 

*  "Christian  Principles  and  Industrial  Reconstruction,"  by  Bishop  Francis  J. 
McConnell  and  "Christian  Aspects  of  Economic  Reconstruction,"  by  Professor 
Herbert  N.  Shenton. 


46  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

situation,  then  it  must  be  possible  to  state  the  method  and 
limits  within  which  this  application  should  take  place.  The 
Committee,  therefore,  requested  Dr.  Faunce  to  call  together 
a  group  of  men  representing  different  interests  and  different 
branches  of  the  Church  to  consider  the  principles  which  should 
determine  the  Committee's  procedure  and  outline  the  subject 
matter  to  be  covered.  This  sub-committee  held  a  number  of 
meetings,  called  a  number  of  persons  into  conference  and 
made  a  thorough  study  of  the  available  material.  The  report 
on  "The  Church  and  Industrial  Reconstruction"  is  the  result. 

At  the  outset  certain  principles  were  agreed  upon  as  deter- 
mining the  method  of  procedure.  It  was  agreed  that  the 
point  of  departure  must  be  the  Christian  Gospel.  Instead  of 
inquiring  "what  social  reforms  were  practicable  and  after- 
wards giving  them  the  sanction  of  a  Christian  label,"  the  Com- 
mittee proposed  to  inquire  what  the  Christian  Gospel  de- 
manded of  and  for  men  and  to  make  this  demand  its  standard 
for  judging  the  existing  order.  In  the  second  place,  the  Com- 
mittee were  clear  that  this  standard  must  be  applied  to  con- 
ditions in  the  real  world.  "Our  aim  must  be  to  discover  what 
a  genuine  application  of  Christian  principles  to  our  industrial 
life  would  require."  Finally,  the  conclusions  reached  should 
be  embodied  in  definite  suggestions  which  should  serve  to 
guide  those  who  desire  help  as  to  their  personal  duty. 

The  Committee  were  assisted  in  their  studies  by  two  pam- 
phlets prepared  by  members  of  the  group,  one  by  Bishop  Mc- 
Connell  on  "Christian  Principles  and  Industrial  Reconstruc- 
tion"; the  second,  by  Professor  Shenton,  on  "Christian  As- 
pects of  Economic  Reconstruction."  The  first  of  these  set 
forth  some  of  the  elementary  moral  and  spiritual  principles 
which  Christian  men  bring  with  them  to  their  study  of  the 
industrial  situation.  The  other  analyzes  the  different  elements 
in  the  situation  to  which  these  principles  must  be  applied. 

In  approaching  the  subject  of  their  study,  the  Committee 
found  it  important  to  make  certain  distinctions  which  are  often 
overlooked  or  at  least  imperfectly  recognized  in  similar  dis- 
cussions. In  the  first  place,  the  distinction  between  the  ideal 
and  the  method  of  realizing  it.  Each  constitutes  a  separate 
problem,  and  to  each  the  Gospel  has  a  definite  contribution  to 
make ;  but  the  contribution  is  a  different  one  in  each  case,  and 
the  obstacles  to  be  met  in  applying  it  are  different.  Again,  in 
considering  the  method  of  applying  Christian  principles,  we 
found  it  necessary  to  distingush  between  the  nearer  and  the 
longer  future.  Some  things  are  immediately  practicable  but  for 
others  a  long  process  of  education  is  necessary.  Still  further,  it 
was  necessary  to  distinguish  between  what  can  be  expected  of 
individual  Christians  and  what  can  rightly  be  asked  of  the 
Church  as  an  organized  body.    Finally,  we  must  never  forget 


THE   CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  47 

that  we  live  in  a  world  where  not  all  men  accept  the  Christian 
standard.  It  makes  a  difference,  therefore,  in  our  attitude 
toward  contemporary  problems  whether  we  are  dealing  with 
men  with  whom  we  can  cooperate  in  whole  or  in  part  or  whom 
we  must  uncompromisingly  oppose. 

In  considering  these  and  other  similar  questions,  the  Com- 
mittee has  made  every  effort  to  distinguish  between  those  clear 
matters  of  principle  as  to  which  we  have  a  right  to  expect 
agreement  among  Christians  and  those  more  difficult  questions 
of  interpretation  or  application  as  to  which  men,  equally  hon- 
est and  sincere,  may  differ.  We  recognize  that  we  are  living 
under  a  law  of  change  and  progress;  and,  as  the  passage  of 
time  has  brought  us  light  on  many  questions  as  to  which  our 
fathers  were  in  the  dark,  so  we  must  pass  over  questions  to 
our  children  for  their  answer  in  the  light  of  the  fuller  knowl- 
edge of  the  future. 

The  questions  of  race  and  of  industry  bring  us  face  to  face 
with  a  third  question,  no  less  perplexing,  namely  that  of  gov- 
ernment. The  Committee  met  it  in  connection  with  its  study 
of  conditions  in  the  Army.  That  study  was  a  study  of  re- 
ligion as  it  was  experienced  by  men  who  were  in  the  service 
of  the  Government  and  under  its  control.  It  was  made  by 
men  who,  though  ministers  and  priests  of  Christian  churches, 
were  themselves  commissioned  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment as  chaplains  to  minister  to  the  religious  needs  of  the 
soldiers.  Here  we  find  the  Government,  which  represents  all 
the  people,  recognizing  religion  as  a  need  so  important  that 
it  was  legitimate  for  the  Government  to  use  the  people's  funds 
in  providing  for  its  satisfaction.  What  does  this  imply  for 
the  future  as  to  the  relation  between  state  and  church?  To 
what  extent  may  the  Government  of  the  United  States  take 
account  of  the  religious  needs  and  convictions  of  its  citizens, 
and,  conversely,  in  what  way  and  to  what  extent,  in  a  country 
where  religion  is  free  and  the  church  financially  independent 
of  the  state,  is  the  church  responsible  for  seeing  to  it  that  the 
state  expresses  in  its  policies,  both  national  and  international, 
ideals  which  are  Christian?  This  is  a  question  as  to  which 
there  is  still  wide  difference  of  opinion  among  Christians  and 
as  to  which  in  the  interests  of  effective  action  a  common 
understanding  is  desirable. 

The  Committee  met  the  question  on  a  larger  scale  in  its 
study  of  the  foreign  missionary  situation.  Much  of  the  dis- 
cussion as  to  the  future  of  missions  dealt  necessarily  with  the 
prospects  of  the  League  of  Nations.  What  ought  to  be  the 
attitude  of  the  churches  to  such  a  proposal  and  in  what  way 
and  to  what  extent  may  they  rightly  commit  themselves  to  its 
support?  To  very  many  American  Christians,  if  we  may 
judge  by  the  declarations  of  the  official  bodies  which  represent 


48  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

them,  the  League  has  seemed  to  present  a  moral  issue  with 
which  the  churches  as  churches  could  rightly  concern  them- 
selves. As  the  servant  of  the  Prince  of  Peace,  the  Church  of 
Christ  is  committed  to  the  ideal  of  international  brotherhood 
and  peace.  But  this  ideal  can  only  be  realized  by  the  action  of 
governments  as  well  as  of  the  individuals  who  compose  them. 
Here  again,  as  in  the  case  of  religion  in  the  Army,  church 
and  state  are  brought  face  to  face,  and  the  definition  of  the 
principles  which  determine  the  right  relation  between  them 
becomes  of  very  real  importance.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church 
has  a  very  definite  theory  of  the  relation  which  it  believes 
should  obtain  between  church  and  state  which  it  has  developed 
in  an  extensive  literature.  The  Protestant  churches  in  their 
reaction  from  the  Catholic  position  have  emphasized  the  sepa- 
ration of  state  and  church.  They  have  not  yet  adequately 
developed  a  positive  doctrine  of  the  true  relation  that  should 
obtain  between  them. 

Two  reasons  have  deterred  the  Committee  from  undertaking 
a  special  study  of  this  important  and  difficult  subject:  One 
was  the  intricacy  and  delicacy  of  the  questions  involved,  which 
would  have  required  a  longer  and  more  detailed  study  than 
it  was  possible  for  the  Committee  to  give  in  the  limited  time 
at  its  disposal,  but  even  more  important  was  the  fact  that  a 
right  treatment  of  this  subject  was  dependent  upon  other  and 
preliminary  studies  which  needed  to  be  completed  first.  These 
preliminary  questions  the  Committee  has  considered  in  other 
reports.  The  general  principles  involved  are  briefly  outlined 
by  Dr.  Faunce  in  his  pamphlet  on  "Christian  Principles  Essen- 
tial to  a  New  World  Order"  and  by  Dr.  Fosdick  in  his  pam- 
phlet on  "The  Church's  Message  to  the  Nation."  The  fuller 
treatment  which  is  needed  must  wait  for  a  later  and  more 
favorable  opportunity. 

Yet,  though  we  have  not  been  able  to  give  any  full  discus- 
sion of  the  League  of  Nations,  our  studies  have  not  been  with- 
out their  indirect  contribution  toward  this  most  important 
theme.  It  is  one  thing  to  formulate  the  essential  principles 
on  which  a  Christian  League  must  be  based,  as  President 
Faunce  has  done.  It  is  another  to  give  a  concrete  illustration 
of  the  operation  of  these  principles  in  the  lives  of  living  men. 
This  illustration  foreign  missions  has  been  giving  us.  Its 
contribution  to  the  coming  League  is  summed  up  by  the  writers 
of  the  report  as  follows:  First,  it  is  developing  a  body  of 
people  committed  to  the  idea  of  brotherhood ;  second,  it  is 
stimulating  the  spiritual  forces  of  service  and  sacrifice,  on 
which  alone  the  effectiveness  of  the  League  will  finally  de- 
pend; third,  it  is  creating  the  faith  which  is  indispensable  to 
so  great  a  venture;  fourth,  it  is  developing  a  spirit  of  mutual 
understanding  and  so  encouraging  rational  methods  of  deal- 


THE   CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  49 

ing  with  the  differences  between  human  beings ;  finally,  by 
providing  a  common  religion,  it  is  furnishing  the  common  in- 
terest without  which  a  full  and  permanent  brotherhood  is  im- 
possible. 

6.  The  Church  Facing  Its  Task 

But  all  these  questions  of  race,  of  industry  and  of  govern- 
ment force  us  back  to  a  deeper  and  a  more  fundamental  ques- 
tion still,  namely,  that  of  the  nature  and  function  of  the  church 
in  modern  society.  What  is  this  church  which  is  to  represent 
the  Christian  attitude  and  in  what  way  may  the  principles 
which  it  professes  be  expressed  in  its  own  organization  and 
life?  This  central  problem  forms  the  subject  of  the  Com- 
mittee's report  on  ''Christian  Principles :  Its  Principles  and 
Possibilities,"  as  well  as  of  Mr.  Shriver's  pamphlet  on  "The 
New  Home  Mission  of  the  Church." 

Mr.  Shriver's  approach  is  a  practical  one.  Surveying  the 
field  as  a  whole  in  its  many-sided  demands  upon  the  church, 
he  asks  what  the  church  is  doing  to  adjust  its  methods  to  the 
new  situation.  How  far  is  it  acting  intelligently,  courageously, 
but,  above  all,  unitedly? 

This  at  least  can  be  said  of  the  answer  at  the  outset,  that 
it  is  a  report  of  progress.  At  all  three  points  at  which  we  can 
test  the  home  missionary  enterprise,  the  field,  the  objective, 
the  method,  we  see  an  expansion  and  an  intensification  of  the 
ideal. 

We  see  it  in  the  definition  of  the  field.  The  new  home  mis- 
sions is  not  content  to  confine  itself  to  the  frontier  as  it  did 
a  generation  ago.  Its  field  is  America  as  a  whole.  East  as 
well  as  West,  city  as  well  as  country,  rich  as  well  as  poor, 
the  intelligent  as  well  as  the  ignorant.  Its  aim  is  to  Christian- 
ize America,  and  it  will  not  do  this  until  it  has  reached  all 
the  men  and  women  in  it. 

But  it  is  not  individuals  only  that  it  has  in  mind  but  indi- 
viduals in  their  relations.  The  new  home  missions,  as  Mr. 
Shriver  defines  it,  sets  for  its  goal  "the  redemption  of  the 
community  and  the  establishing  here  and  now  of  a  Christian 
social  order."  It  faces  the  old  problems  of  race  and  of  class 
to  which  we  have  already  referred,  and  it  asks  what  Christi- 
anity has  to  offer  which  will  help  in  their  solution.  It  deals 
with  the  immigrants  crowded  together  in  the  congested  quar- 
ters of  our  great  cities,  with  the  workmen  facing  low  wages, 
unemployment,  unsanitary  conditions,  the  denial  of  a  voice  as 
to  the  conditions  under  which  they  work,  and  it  regards  these 
questions  as  legitimately  falling  within  the  scope  of  its  activity. 
It  is  not  content  to  heal  men  who  are  sick.  It  wants  to  keep 
men  well,  using  that  term  in  the  large  social  sense  of  the  word, 
which  implies  the  ability  to  function  effectively  in  a  normal 


50  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

environment.  How  this  ministry  is  to  be  rendered  may  not 
yet  be  clear,  but  as  to  the  church's  obligation  to  make  the  at- 
tempt there  is  increasing  agreement.  The  words  of  the  Social 
Service  Commission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  commend- 
ing to  the  General  Assembly  "that  the  work  of  the  Commission 
be  hereafter  placed  under  the  Board  of  Home  Missions"  are 
a  case  in  point.  "There  is  not  now  so  much  need  to  make 
sentiment  in  favor  of  social  service  as  there  is  to  show  how 
the  churches  may  definitely  render  the  kind  of  service  to  the 
community  which  the  community  expects." 

This  broader  conception  of  the  field  and  of  the  aim  of  mis- 
sions reacts  upon  the  view  of  its  method.  It  must  be  a  method 
of  unity.  It  is  only  as  the  church  as  a  whole  faces  the  task 
as  a  whole  that  we  can  hope  for  success.  Accordingly,  we 
find  the  new  home  missions  studying  the  field  in  detail,  in- 
quiring as  to  the  special  needs  to  be  met  in  each  locality, 
devising  new  methods  which  are  adapted  to  meet  these  new 
needs  and,  above  all,  seeking  to  mobilize  all  the  forces  of  the 
churches  and  to  correlate  all  their  existing  agencies  so  that 
they  shall  work  together  intelligently  and  effectively. 

But  here  again  we  meet  the  old  difficulty  that  the  churches 
are  not  organized  for  such  united  action,  that  they  are  not 
familiar  enough  with  what  needs  to  be  done  to  make  such 
action  possible,  and,  above  all,  that  the  sentiment  for  unity  on 
the  part  of  the  individual  churches  and  denominations  is  not 
yet  sufficiently  developed  to  overcome  the  obstacles  presented 
by  the  old  habits  of  independent  action.  It  is  clear  that  be- 
fore these  obstacles  can  be  overcome  and  a  common  agreement 
reached,  which  will  make  it  possible  to  conform  the  practice 
of  the  church  to  its  ideal,  a  process  of  education  must  be  car- 
ried on  as  to  the  nature  of  church  unity  and  the  methods  by 
which  it  is  to  be  realized. 

With  the  subject  of  church  unity  we  reach  the  very  heart 
of  our  problem,  for  it  brings  us  face  to  face  with  the  nature 
of  the  church  itself.  What  is  this  church  which  is  to  do  all 
these  things  of  which  we  have  been  speaking?  Where  is  it 
to  be  found  and  how  is  it  to  function?  When  we  turn  for 
an  answer  to  these  questions  we  find  no  single  voice  which  is 
qualified  to  speak.  What  we  see  is  not  the  church,  but 
churches,  each  with  its  own  independent  history  and  tradi- 
tions, each  facing  its  own  part  of  the  common  task  in  greater 
or  less  independence  of  its  sister  churches.  It  is  clear  that  if 
the  church  is  to  recover  its  rightful  place  in  the  life  of  our 
time  and  to  render  the  service  which  is  imperatively  demanded 
of  it,  this  state  of  things  must  cease. 

This  recognition  of  the  need  of  a  united  church  is  one  of 
the  outstanding  features  of  our  present  day  Christianity.  It 
is  forced  upon  us  as  we  have  seen  by  the  practical  exigencies 


THE   CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  51 

of  the  case.  At  each  of  the  points  of  our  previous  survey  we 
have  met  it,  in  connection  with  our  study  of  conditions  in  the 
Army,  in  our  survey  of  the  foreign  field,  in  our  review  of  the 
new  home  missions,  in  our  attempt  to  define  the  duty  of  the 
church  to  the  social  and  economic  issues  of  the  day.  These 
are  issues  that  transcend  present  ecclesiastical  divisions.  They 
require  a  united  approach. 

As  a  result  of  this  situation  we  find  a  variety  of  movements 
for  Christian  unity  which  have  taken  form  in  definite  organi- 
zations. There  are  federations  of  local  churches  expressing 
Christian  unity  in  the  community;  there  are  organizations  of 
church  boards  in  such  bodies  as  the  Home  Missions  Council, 
the  Foreign  Missions  Conference,  the  Sunday  School  Coun- 
cil, the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education,  and  the 
like.  The  Christian  Associations  of  men  and  women  bring 
together  large  numbers  of  Christians  of  the  different  com- 
munions in  nation-wide  organizations  for  specialized  work 
for  men  and  women.  The  denominations  themselves  are 
united  in  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches,  and  in  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement  we  have  just  witnessed  the 
most  ambitious  of  all  attempts  to  organize  the  existing  Chris- 
tian forces  for  practical  work. 

But  the  impulse  to  Christian  union  is  more  deep-seated  and 
fundamental  than  this.  It  is  found  in  the  very  nature  of  the 
Christian  religion  itself,  with  its  doctrine  of  the  Fatherhood  of 
God  and  of  the  brotherhood  of  man.  Jesus  Christ  came  into 
the  world,  so  Christians  believe,  to  establish  the  Kingdom  of 
God  and  charged  His  disciples  to  preach  the  Gospel  to  every 
creature.  The  salvation  which  He  brought  was  a  salvation 
for  the  whole  world  and  united  in  a  single  spiritual  union  all 
those  who  own  Him  as  Master  and  Lord.  To  those  who  hold 
such  a  conception  of  Christianity,  a  divided  Christendom  is  a 
contradiction  of  terms.  There  can  be  but  one  church  in  the 
nature  of  the  case  and  the  inner  unity  which  the  Christian 
conscience  affirms  craves  outward  expression. 

Yet  the  very  intensity  of  this  motive  to  Christian  union 
creates  an  obstacle  in  the  way  of  its  own  fulfilment.  For 
men  differ  in  their  views  of  what  Christ  has  brought  to  the 
world  and  what  He  requires  of  His  church.  In  the  measure 
of  one's  conviction  of  the  all  importance  of  the  Christian 
Gospel  must  be  his  desire  that  that  Gospel  should  find  com- 
plete and  adequate  expression  and  his  unwillingness  to  be 
satisfied  with  any  incomplete  and  partial  formulation  of  it. 
Thus  in  the  interest  of  the  unity  of  the  church  we  find  Chris- 
tians breaking  away  from  their  fellow-Christians  lest  thgy 
should  sacrifice  something  of  the  trust  which  they  believe  that 
Christ  has  committed  to  their  church. 

In  view  of  this  situation,  the  importance  of  the  subject  to 


52  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

which  we  have  devoted  our  fourth  report  can  hardly  be  exag- 
gerated. It  might  indeed  be  objected  that  in  a  field  where 
interest  is  so  great  and  literature  so  comprehensive  there  is 
little  need  of  adding  a  new  study.  But  the  significant  thing 
about  the  movement  for  Christian  unity  is  that  it  has  developed 
from  many  different  centers  and  is  fostered  by  people  who 
are  working  more  or  less  independently.  So  much  is  this  the 
case  that  it  has  been  said  in  all  seriousness  that  we  need  a 
new  movement  for  Christian  unity  to  unify  the  existing  move- 
ments for  unity. 

There  would  seem,  therefore,  to  be  room  for  a  fresh  study 
which  shall  cover  the  entire  field  and  endeavor  to  set  these 
different  independent  movements  in  their  true  place  and  rela- 
tionships. It  is  as  a  contribution  to  such  a  study  that  the 
Committee  offers  its  report  on  "Christian  Unity :  Its  Principles 
and  Possibilities."  As  compared  with  previous  studies  it  has 
these  characteristics:  first,  that  it  is  based  upon  a  compre- 
hensive survey  of  the  entire  field;  secondly,  that  it  puts  the 
present  movements  for  unity  in  their  historical  setting  as  part 
of  a  larger  and  older  movement ;  thirdly,  that  it  points  out  and 
endeavors  to  illustrate  in  detail  the  fact  that  the  problem  of 
unity  is  one  which  affects  the  parts  as  well  as  the  whole  and 
that  no  comprehensive  plan  of  unity  can  hope  to  be  successful 
which  does  not  at  the  same  time  provide  for  securing  an 
effective  unity  within  each  of  the  cooperating  bodies ;  finally, 
the  report  makes  a  clear  distinction  between  the  nature  of  the 
unity  to  be  sought  and  the  method  by  which  it  is  to  be  attained, 
and  tries  to  point  out  certain  practicable  steps  which  can  be 
taken  in  the  near  future. 

It  would  be  impracticable  within  the  brief  compass  of  this 
pamphlet  to  traverse  in  detail  the  ground  covered  by  the  Com- 
mittee's studies  or  to  anticipate  the  conclusions  to  which  they 
point.  But  one  factor  in  the  situation  deserves  special  em- 
phasis, and  that  is  the  importance  of  the  time  element. 
Whether  in  church  or  in  state,  governments  are  in  large  part 
what  the  people  will  let  them  be,  but  what  the  people  will  let 
them  be  is  determined  in  its  turn  by  education.  If  the  church 
has  failed  to  realize  its  own  ideal,  as  we  are  constrained  to 
believe  that  it  has  failed,  it  is  in  large  measure  because  that 
ideal  has  not  yet  been  brought  home  to  the  minds  and  con- 
science of  Christians  at  large  by  the  processes  of  religious 
education. 

This  subject,  then,  forms  the  theme  of  the  last  of  the  Com- 
mittee's studies,  that  on  "The  Teaching  Work  of  the  Church," 
as  well  as  of  a  pamphlet  on  "The  Church  and  Religious  Edu- 
cation," by  the  Chairman  of  the  Sub-committee,  Dr.  Macken- 
zie. In  this  report  the  Committee  is  now  making  a  survey  of 
the  modern  task  of  religious  education,  of  the  agencies  which 


THE   CHURCH    FACING   THE   FUTURE  53 

are  now  engaged  in  performing  it  and  of  the  steps  which  must 
be  taken  in  the  immediate  future  to  increase  the  efficiency  of 
these  agencies  and  to  unite  them  in  a  common  program. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  work  of  this  sub-committee  is 
still  in  course  of  preparation,  it  would  be  premature  for  me  in 
this  place  to  anticipate  its  results.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  say 
that  it  is  the  hope  of  the  Committee  to  give  a  comprehensive 
survey  of  the  whole  field  of  religious  education  in  the  light  of 
the  problems  and  possibilities  which  have  already  been  re- 
viewed in  the  preceding  pages.  Three  problems  in  particular 
face  the  church  today  as  a  teaching  body:  first,  the  task  of 
training  individual  Christians  in  the  meaning  of  the  Christian 
Gospel ;  secondly,  the  task  of  interpreting  Christianity  to  those 
who  are  not  Christians  so  that  they  will  understand  its  sig- 
nificance not  only  for  their  own  lives,  but  for  that  of  the  world 
in  which  they  live,  and  finally,  that  of  training  leaders  for 
this  work  of  teaching  and  of  interpretation. 

For  the  successful  discharge  of  this  task  it  is  necessary  first 
to  have  a  clear  vision  of  the  goal  to  be  reached  and,  secondly, 
to  correlate  all  the  different  agencies  which  are  now  at  work 
in  that  field  so  that  they  shall  work  harmoniously  and  effec- 
tively. 

It  is  as  a  contribution  to  this  work  of  coordination  in  the 
field  of  education  that  the  work  of  the  Committee  on  the  War 
and  the  Religious  Outlook  is  to  be  understood.  As  explained 
at  the  outset,  it  was  an  attempt  to  do  in  the  name  of  the  church 
as  a  whole  a  piece  of  collective  thinking,  and  the  success  or 
failure  of  the  attempt  is  to  be  tested  not  simply  by  the  use- 
fulness of  the  immediate  results  attained  but  by  the  adapta- 
bility of  the  method  to  new  uses  and  to  new  conditions. 

Three  things  especially  are  to  be  noted  about  the  work  of 
the  Committee.  In  the  first  place,  it  was  a  Committee  for 
study.  That  was  our  primary  task.  It  was  not  our  responsi- 
bility to  put  into  practice  the  conclusions  to  which  our  studies 
led,  but  to  furnish  the  materials  which  could  be  used  to  guide 
the  thinking  of  those  who  were  responsible  for  action.  This 
made  it  possible  for  the  Committee  to  avoid  the  sense  of  pres- 
sure under  which  those  must  work  who  face  immediate  ex- 
igencies, and  made  possible  a  certain  width  of  outlook  which 
would  otherwise  have  been  difficult  to  attain. 

In  the  second  place,  this  study  was  undertaken  on  behalf 
of  the  church  as  a  whole.  It  was  the  outcome  of  the  con- 
certed work  done  by  the  churches  during  the  war  and  financed 
by  funds  which  they  provided.  On  the  Committee  were  rep- 
resentative members  of  all  the  larger  Protestant  churches,  and 
the  work  that  was  done  by  each  sub-committee  was  done  with 
the  consciousness  of  serving  the  whole.  It  would  be  too  much 
to  expect  that  mistakes  have  been  avoided,  whether  of  fact  or 


54  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

of  judgment,  but  this  at  least  can  be  said,  that  an  earnest 
effort  has  been  made  by  all  those  who  have  taken  part  in 
these  studies  to  put  aside  their  personal  predispositions,  to 
seek  the  truth  and  the  truth  only. 

But  there  is  one  thing  more  that  needs  to  be  said.  We 
have  tried  to  speak  the  truth,  but  we  have  tried  to  speak  the 
truth  in  love.  Face  to  face  with  questions  of  unexampled 
difficulty  and  delicacy,  where  men  of  equal  honesty  may  and 
do  differ  widely,  we  have  sought  to  enter  sympathetically  into 
the  points  of  view  of  those  from  whom  we  differed  in  order 
that  if  possible  under  the  shell  of  difference  we  might  pene- 
trate to  the  kernel  of  common  truth. 

For  of  this  we  are  well  assured,  that  however  widely 
Christians  may  differ  and  however  important  it  may  be  that 
they  should  respect  one  another's  honest  differences,  it  is  yet 
true  that  the  things  which  unite  us  are  incomparably  more 
important  than  those  which  divide,  and  that  it  is  only  as  we 
fix  our  eyes  upon  these  central  principles  and  truths  which 
we  hold  in  common  that  we  can  develop  that  consciousness 
of  unity  which  will  make  possible  the  solution  of  our  practical 
problems.  If  through  the  studies  of  this  Committee  any  con- 
tribution has  been  made  to  the  creation  of  such  a  consciousness 
of  unity,  its  members  will  feel  more  than  repaid. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  brief  survey  of  the  Committee's  work 
without  a  renewed  word  of  appreciation  to  the  many  friends 
whose  cheerful  cooperation  has  made  possible  the  appearance 
of  the  studies  thus  briefly  described.  To  mention  them  all 
by  name  would  be  impossible,  for  they  run  up  into  the  hun- 
dreds. But  this  can  truly  be  said,  that  wherever  the  Commit- 
tee has  turned  for  help  in  any  of  the  subjects  of  its  study, 
it  has  met  prompt  and  cheerful  response  on  the  part  of 
those  who  were  in  possession  of  the  facts.  It  is  this  prompt 
response  of  many  minds  to  an  invitation  to  think  in  common 
which  justifies  our  hope  that  these  studies  on  the  Religious 
Outlook  may  help  to  form  that  wider  public  opinion  by  the 
help  of  which  alone  the  church  can  face  the  problems  of  the 
immediate  future  with  the  unity  and  assurance  which  are 
essential  to  success. 

William  Adams  Brown, 

Chairman 


PART  II. 


THE    WORK    OF    THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL 
FROM    1916    TO    1920 


THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL'S    SERVICE 
DURING    THE    QUADRENNIUM 


Report  of  the  Executive  Committee 


Had  the  Federal  Council  not  been  in  existence  four  years 
ago,  it  would  have  been  necessary  for  the  churches  to  devise 
with  haste  some  agency  that  could  organize  their  plans 
and  influence  in  a  united  way.  It  would  not  have  been 
possible  for  us  to  have  gotten  through  the  war,  and  met 
and  mastered  the  peculiar  and  intricate  problems  suddenly 
thrust  upon  us,  without  working  together. 

The  Government  oftentimes  was  asking,  not  what  is  the 
opinion  of  a  particular  Christian  denomination,  but  what  is 
the  Christian  sentiment  of  this  nation,  what  do  the  churches 
of  America  want  done,  and  how  can  they  be  reached  in  a 
united  way?  In  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  the  govern- 
ment could  not  adapt  its  policies  to  a  denominational  or 
sectarian  plan ;  but  when  a  body  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  the  evangelical  churches,  and  constituted  in  such 
a  way  as  to  function  for  the  Protestant  Christians  of  the 
United  States,  made  its  approach  and  appeal,  there  was 
an  organization  with  which  the  Government  could  deal. 

The  service  the  Federal  Council  has  been  able  to  render, 
through  the  General  War-Time  Commission  and  the  Gen- 
eral Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  and  in  many 
other  ways  with  which  we  are  familiar,  has  been  important 
and  far-reaching.  In  doing  this,  there  has  been  every  effort 
to  guard  jealously  the  position  of  the  churches  with  regard 
to  the  separation  of  church  and  state,  and  also  not  to  com- 
mit the  churches  beyond  their  own  expressed  desires  and 
convictions.  In  the  comple^  situations  arising,  this  was 
not  always  easy  to  do,  and  yet  the  churches  must  credit 
the  Council  with  sincere  and  earnest  endeavors  in  this 
direction. 

The  result  has  been,  we  may  safely  say  without  boast- 
ing, that  the  Council  emerges  from  this  crucial  period, 
during  which  its  responsibilities  were  vastly  increased  and 
its  form  of  organization  severely  tested,  stronger  in  the 
confidence  of  the  churches  than  it  has  ever  been. 

The  development  of  the  idea  of  federated  Christianity 
during  the  twelve  years  of  the  existence  of  the  Council  has 

57 


58  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

been  steady  and  sustained.  The  Council  has  become  indis- 
pensable. The  Protestant  churches  of  America  cannot  get 
along  without  an  institution  that  enables  them  to  do  team- 
work. The  Council  provides  this ;  and  the  increase  in  the 
number  of  things  we  find  that  we  can  not  only  do  together, 
but  do  better  together  than  apart,  has  greatly  multiplied. 

The  need  for  just  such  an  organization  as  the  Federal 
Council  is  more  widely  recognized,  the  value  of  the  work 
it  is  doing  is  increasingly  conspicuous,  the  approval  of  the 
constituent  bodies  is  hearty  and  the  endorsements  given 
the  work  by  their  highest  judicatories  cheering.  The  Coun- 
cil is  finding  it  easier  to  secure  cooperation.  Some  churches 
that  in  former  days  were  critical  have  become  outspoken 
in  their  expressions  of  confidence.  The  immediate  tasks 
confronting  the  Council  are  pressing  and  momentous  in 
their  far-reaching  possibilities  for  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord. 

The  Council  has  come  to  a  supreme  hour  of  responsibility 
and  opportunity.  Not  only  the  churches  in  America,  but 
especially  the  Protestant  cause  in  the  war-devastated  areas 
of  Europe,  are  vitally  interested  in  maintaining,  at  the  maxi- 
mum of  its  efficiency,  the  Federal  Council. 

The  Council  is  from  time  to  time  called  upon  by  practical 
necessities  to  express  its  constructive  attitude  towards  other 
than  Protestant  bodies.  On  more  than  one  occasion  it  has 
cooperated  with  other  organizations  in  appealing  for  justice 
and  righteousness  for  the  oppressed  peoples  of  the  Hebrew 
race.  In  its  war  relief  campaigns  no  question  as  to  the 
religious  convictions  of  the  recipients  of  this  aid  has  ever 
been  raised.  The  constructive  attitude  of  the  Council  may, 
perhaps,  be  indicated  by  two  practical  questions  which  have 
recently  arisen.  One  was  a  protest  from  representatives 
of  the  Central  Conference  of  American  Rabbis,  because  of 
the  use  of  the  word  "Americanization"  when  "Christianiza- 
tion"  was  really  meant.  A  conference  of  representatives  of 
the  Federal  Council,  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the 
Central  Conference  of  American  Rabbis  was  able  to  take 
action  conserving  the  principles  and  the  rights  and  interests  of 
all  concerned.  The  second  had  to  do  with  the  Catholic  Church. 
Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  our  work  of  relief  for  the 
French  Churches,  certain  Roman  Catholics  made  a  bitter 
attack  in  the  public  press  against  our  proposals  to  help 
reconstruct  the  Protestant  institutions  and  forces  in  France. 
The  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium 
issued  a  reply  which  will  bear  reading  on  behalf  of  the 
members  of  the  Council,  as  indicating  the  manner  by  which 
the  principles  of  our  own  religious  institutions  are  guarded 
while,  at  the  same  time,  our  attitude  is  kept  wholly  affirm- 
ative and  constructive. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  59 

The  Report  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  the  review 
prepared  by  the  General  Secretary  are  herewith  combined 
in  one  report,  in  the  interest  of  economy.  This  report, 
moreover,  consists  of  a  general  summary  of  the  work  of  the 
Quadrennium  and  does  not  go  into  the  former  detail  because 
the  work  of  the  Council  has  so  expanded  that  to  present 
these  matters  fully  would  involve  several  volumes. 

The  Council  is,  therefore,  referred  for  explicit  informa- 
tion to  the  following  reports : 

The  annual  reviews  presented  to  the  Executive  Committee  by  the 
General  Secretary; 

The  annual  reports  of  the  Administrative  Committee  to  the  Execu- 
tive Committee; 

The  records  of  the  meetings  of  the  Executive  Committee; 

Reports  of  the  special  meetings  of  the  Council  at  Washington  in 
1917  and  at  Cleveland  in  1919; 

The  reports  and  volumes  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
and  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook; 

The  files  of  the  Federal  Council  Bulletin. 

Relationship  with  the  Constituent  Bodies 

Close  relationship  with  the  constituent  bodies  has  been 
cultivated  through  constant  conference  with  their  official 
representatives,  by  visitations  to  the  denominational  assem- 
blies and  conferences  on  the  part  of  the  secretaries  and 
other  officials  of  the  Council,  and  by  pastors  drawn  upon 
for  this  service. 

The  Mennonite  General  Conference,  in  1917,  withdrew 
from  the  Council  largely  on  account  of  the  action  of  the 
Washington  meeting  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  and  the 
failure  of  the  Council  to  express  the  mind  of  the  Mennonite 
Conference  in  protest  against  secret  societies. 

At  the  special  meeting  of  the  Council  in  Cleveland  two 
bodies,  upon  their  request,  were  admitted  to  membership: 
the  Christian  Reformed  Church  in  North  America  and  the 
Churches  of  God  in  North  America  (General  Eldership). 

The  Lutheran  General  Synod  has  been  merged  with  other 
Lutheran  bodies  in  the  United  Lutheran  Church. 

The  Welsh  Presbyterian  Church  has  been  merged  with 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

We  believe  that  there  has  been  great  advance  during 
the  Quadrennium  in  the  relationships  of  our  constituent 
bodies  with  each  other  and  to  the  Federal  Council.  One 
of  our  greatest  needs  is  to  get  the  local  churches  and  pastors 
in  touch  with  and  acquainted  with  the  Council,  its  work 


60  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

and  the  national  scope  of  the  entire  cooperative  movement. 
This  acquaintanceship  of  the  local  church  has,  of  course, 
been  greatly  facilitated  in  the  communities  where  local  fed- 
erations have  been  organized.  The  question  of  extending 
this  knowledge  to  the  churches  at  large  is  a  very  difficult 
one.  One  measure  by  which  we  are  attempting  to  meet 
it  is  by  suggesting  the  introduction  into  the  courses  of  theo- 
logical seminaries  of  information  and  instruction  relative  to 
the  entire  movement  for  Christian  cooperation. 

Each  year,  at  the  time  of  the  assemblies,  or  meetings 
of  the  executive  committees  of  the  constituent  denomina- 
tions, the  volume  of  annual  reports  is  conveyed  to  each, 
accompanied  by  a  summary,  together  with  such  specific 
recommendations  as  need  to  be  proposed  to  the  constituent 
denominations.  We  believe  it  advisable  to  indicate  to  the 
Council  the  care  which  has  been  taken  to  report  carefully 
to  our  constituent  bodies  by  printing  herewith  the  last  an- 
nual statement  made  to  these  bodies  (omitting  here,  how- 
ever, the  section  dealing  with  the  "Area  of  Service,"  since 
it  is  covered  elsewhere  in  the  present  report)  : 


To  the  Constituent  Bodies  of  the  Federal  Council 
of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America: 

The  progress  of  cooperation  and  federation  on  the  part  of  the 
Protestant  churches  has  been  greater  during  the  past  three  years  than 
during  all  the  preceding  period  of  the  existence  of  the  Federal  Council. 
The  activities  necessitated  by  the  war  have  contributed  to  this  end. 
While  due  to  special  exigencies,  they  were  carried  on  by  normal  proc- 
esses and  thus  have  assumed  permanent  form  and  existence.  The 
General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches,  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer,  adopted  policies  and  measures  with  the 
deliberate  intention  of  such  conservation.  Its  work  was  not  performed 
in  an  independent  manner,  but,  in  accordance  with  the  prevailing  policy 
of  the  Council,  through  the  denominational  commissions  working  in 
close  cooperation.  Perhaps  it  is  for  this  reason  that  the  magnitude 
of  the  work  has  not  been  adequately  estimated.  It  appears  in  the 
volume  issued  recently,  entitled  "War-Time  Agencies  of  the  Churches," 
which  is  hereby  submitted  as  a  part  of  this  report,  and  will  appear  still 
more  fully  in  the  final  report  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
soon  to  be  issued. 

The  work  of  the  Commission  was  prosecuted  in  such  cooperative 
relations  with  the  other  departments  of  the  Federal  Council  that,  when 
the  war  was  ended,  the  Commission  was  ready  to  dissolve  and  leave 
the  conservation  of  its  work  to  the  permanent  body.  It  had  created 
no  superfluous  machinery.  The  carrying  on  of  the  service  thus  inher- 
ited from  the  War-Time  Commission  necessitated  some  reorganization 
in  the  administration  of  the  Council  and  also  a  greatly  increased 
budget. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  61 

The  enlarging  area  of  cooperation  has  so  extended  the  relationships 
of  the  Council,  and  its  increasing  responsibilities  have  necessitated  such 
immediate  action  on  important  measures,  that  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee has  been  reconstituted,  by  authorization  of  the  special  meeting 
of  the  Council  held  in  Cleveland  in  May,  1919.  It  had  become  obvious 
that  many  important  subjects  could  not  await  reference  to  an  Execu- 
tive Committee,  meeting  annually,  and  yet  ought  not  to  be  dealt  with 
by  a  sub-committee  of  the  Executive  Committee.  It  seemed  clear, 
therefore,  that  the  Administrative  Committee,  which  meets  each  month, 
should  consist  of  direct  representatives  of  the  constituent  denomina- 
tions. It  was  equally  apparent  that,  in  the  interest  of  effectiveness 
and  the  avoidance  of  duplication,  various  other  bodies,  notably  the 
Home  Missions  Council,  should  be  in  constant  conference  with  the 
Administrative  Committee. 

That  Committee  has,  therefore,  been  reconstituted  in  such  a  way 
that  it  now  includes  direct  representatives  officially  designated  by  the 
appointing  powers  of  the  constituent  denominations  and  of  represen- 
tatives, as  affiliated  bodies,  of  the  Home  Missions  Council,  the  Council 
of  Church  Boards  of  Education,  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangel- 
ical Denominations,  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions and  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions. 

Increasing  cooperation  has  also  developed  with  other  bodies  not 
officially  constituted  by  the  churches  and  yet  approved  by  them,  and 
therefore  representatives  of  the  American  Bible  Society,  the  Interna- 
tional Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  and  the 
National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations  have 
been  added  to  the  Administrative  Committee.  Representatives  of  two 
other  bodies  have  been  made  consultative  members:  the  Committee 
of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of 
North  America  and  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America. 
The  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  is,  therefore, 
now  a  body  genuinely  representative  and  democratically  and  effectively 
constituted  to  consider  our  entire  range  of  Protestant  interests. 

The  various  commissions  and  other  committees  of  the  Council  are 
being  similarly  reconstituted  to  the  end  that  they  may  directly  represent 
the  constituent  bodies.  The  commissions  of  the  Council  are  of  two 
kinds — those  which  coordinate  the  activities  of  existing  denominational 
?.q:encies  and  those  which  carry  out  tasks  not  now  undertaken  by  other 
agencies.  The  Commission  on  Evangelism,  for  example,  is  of  the  first 
type,  being  organized  to  bring  together  for  more  united  and  effective 
action  the  official  representatives  of  the  committees  on  evangelism 
appointed  by  the  various  denominations.  The  Commission  on  Relations 
with  the  Orient  is  an  illustration  of  the  second  type,  dealing,  as  it  does, 
with  a  sphere  of  Christian  interest  for  which  special  denominational 
ac^encies  do  not  exist.  In  the  case  of  commissions  of  this  latter  kind, 
where  there  are  no  corresponding  denominational  departments  to  be 
represented,  it  is  none  the  less  the  avowed  policy  of  the  Council  to 
nake  the  Commission  genuinely  representative  of  the  whole  con- 
stituency. 

It  cannot  be  said  as  yet  that  the  cooperative  relationships  thus  pro- 
vided for  have  been  fully  established  in  practice.  This  cooperation  is, 
however,  proceeding  in  an  increasing  degree  as  concrete  questions 
arise,  and  the  Federal  Council  may  readily  be  made  a  body  fully  ade- 
quate to  all  of  the  interests  concerned  as  rapidly  as  the  constituent 
elements,  denominational  and  interdenominational,  may  find  it  de- 
sirable. 

The  whole  movement  for  Christian  cooperation  is  in  some  peril  at 
the  present  moment  on  account  of  confusion  resulting  from  the  many 


62  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

diflFerent  and  generally  unrelated  movements  in  its  interest.  The  sense 
of  denominational  responsibility  in  the  constituent  bodies  of  the  Federal 
Council  has  seldom,  if  ever,  been  so  strong  as  at  the  present  moment 
and  it  is  rapidly  deepening.  At  the  same  time,  there  is  a  general  and 
genuine  spirit  of  cooperation.  In  this  situation,  characterized  by  more 
or  less  confusion  resulting  from  the  fact  of  various  interdenomina- 
tional and  union  movements,  the  Federal  Council  holds  a  strategic 
position.  It  is  a  clearly  defined,  solidly  constituted  organization  which 
directly  represents  the  denominations  themselves.  For  the  fullest  and 
most  responsible  cooperation  such  a  representation  of  the  denomina- 
tions as  corporate  entities  is  essential.  Upon  the  life  and  vigor  of  the 
Federal  Council,  therefore,  the  entire  cooperative  movement  seems 
largely  to  depend.  What  the  Council  has  achieved  during  the  past 
decade  has  been  the  chief  factor  in  making  possible  other  cooperative 
movements,  and  it  continues  to  be  an  important  factor  in  conserving 
the  work  of  those  movements.  It  is,  as  our  religious  institutions  are 
now  constituted,  the  backbone  of  the  whole  cooperative  undertaking. 
Its  solid  foundation,  laid  by  the  official  action  of  the  denominations 
themselves,  and  its  steady  development,  puts  it  in  a  position  to  make 
particularly  important  contributions  in  the  interest  of  permanent  sta- 
bility. This  being  so,  the  immediate  future  of  the  Federal  Council 
is  of  the  highest  significance  to  the  Christian  world  at  large. 

Structurally  and  constitutionally  the  Council  is  thoroughly  represen- 
tative of  the  denominational  bodies.  Its  powers  are  determined  by  the 
denominations  themselves.  So  far  as  they  are  willing  to  delegate  to 
their  Council  additional  powers  or  responsibilities  it  is  in  a  position  to 
advance  into  expanding  spheres  of  service.  It  would  seem,  therefore, 
that  it  should  be,  in  the  last  analysis,  the  body  to  which  the  churches 
should  look  for  permanent,  substantial  and  wisely  considered  cooper- 
ation. 

Hence  the  strengthening  of  their  Federal  Council  would  seem  to  be 
one  of  the  most  important  tasks  today  before  the  constituent  bodies; 
and  the  proper  relationship  between  the  Council  and  the  other  perma- 
nent and  established  interdenominational  organizations  affiliated  and 
cooperating  with  it,  or  which  should  be  affiliated  and  cooperating  with 
it,  is  one  of  the  most  important  considerations  before  the  entire  group 
of  interdenominational  bodies. 

The  chief  need  at  the  present  moment  is  for  an  actual  intimacy 
of  relationship  between  the  denominations  and  their  Council  and, 
through  the  Council,  between  the  higher  governing  bodies  of  the 
denominations  themselves,  such  as  has  been  provided  for  under  the 
present  administrative  arrangements  of  the  Council. 

In  order  to  provide  for  the  expansion  of  this  common  work,  the 
Council  is  increasing  the  executive  staff  as  rapidly  as  the  resources 
will  warrant  and  the  right  men  are  found.  Up  to  the  present  the 
work  has  been  accomplished  by  a  very  small  secretarial  force.  It  is 
expected  that  in  the  near  future  more  adequate  executive  organization 
will  be  provided,  to  consist  of  additional  general  secretaries  and  of 
secretaries  for  certain  of  the  commissions  not  now  adequately  pro- 
vided for. 

The  recent  experience  through  which  the  nations  of  the  world  have 
passed  has  emphasized  the  necessity  of  cooperation  not  only  in  national 
affairs  but  also  in  international  relationships  in  every  sphere  of  human 
activity.  This  should  be  true  of  the  Churches  above  all  other  institu- 
tions. In  the  face  of  the  new  situation  the  Federal  Council  has 
entered  into  fraternal  and  practical  relations  with  similar  federated 
Church  bodies  in  European  countries.  The  cooperation  thus  far  un- 
dertaken has  already  revealed  the  significance  of  the  Federal  Council, 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  63 

as  representative  of  the  Protestant  forces  of  America,  not  only  in  the 
religious  life  of  our  own  land  but  in  relation  to  the  Christian  forces 
of  the  world.  The  present  international  contacts,  developed  largely- 
through  sympathetic  response  to  expressed  needs  of  our  sister  churches 
in  Europe,  clearly  indicate  the  importance  of  an  external  expression 
of  the  spiritual  oneness  of  the  Church  universal. 


Financial  Resources 

The  Federal  Council  finds  itself  under  obligation  to  call  to  the  atten- 
tion of  its  constituent  bodies  the  necessity  for  permanent  financial 
support. 

The  present  denominational  apportionments,  amounting  to  a  total 
of  about  $12,000  a  year,  were  determined  upon  when  the  total  budget 
of  the  Council  was  about  $20,000. 

The  budget  for  the  present  year  is  a  little  over  $300,000,  of  which 
about  $50,000  is  practically  assured  from  contributions  on  the  part  of 
constituent  and  cooperating  bodies. 

The  increase  in  the  budget  has  been  partly  due  to  normal  expansion 
and  partly  to  the  permanent  activities  developed  during  the  war.  The 
General  War-Time  Commission  turned  over  to  the  Council  and  its 
other  Commissions  a  large  amount  of  work  which  required  permanent 
activity,  without,  however,  being  able  to  hand  over  the  necessary  re- 
sources beyond  those  required  to  complete  obligations  incurred  and 
finish  work  which  belonged  to  it,  because  the  War-Time  Commission 
itself  had  been  largely  supported  from  the  denominational  commissions 
which  themselves  went  out  of  existence. 

The  funds,  other  than  the  small  denominational  apportionments,  have 
been  secured  in  the  main  from  personal  contributions  from  about  ten 
thousand  individuals  interested  in  the  work  of  the  Council. 

The  situation  has  been  complicated  by  the  denominational  campaigns 
associated  in  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  because  our  individual 
givers  have  assumed  that  these  campaigns  were  covering  the  whole 
field  of  both  denominational  and  interdenominational  work.  The  fol- 
lowing action  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  points  out  the  difficulty: 

"The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
recognizes  the  difficulty  caused  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 
of  Christ  in  America  by  the  financial  campaign.  Near  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Movement  the  following  article  in  a  mutually  accepted 
statement  of  cooperative  principles  was  agreed  upon: 

Tn  its  financial  campaign  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 
should  take  into  account  its  effect  on  the  financial  support  of  the 
Federal  Council  and  arrangements  should  be  made  whereby  the 
Federal  Council  should  be  protected.* 

"The  Executive  Committee  regrets  that  under  the  limitations 
specified  by  some  of  the  denominational  bodies,  no  provision  could 
be  made  for  this  important  matter  by  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment itself  and  that  no  specific  or  adequate  provision  was  made  in 
the  denominational  budgets,  with  one  or  two  exceptions. 

"The  support  of  the  Federal  Council  is  almost  entirely  by  indi- 
vidual   subscriptions,   and   it   was    inevitable   that   a    considerable 


64  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

amount  hitherto  contributed  to  the  Federal  Council  should  be 
absorbed  into  the  funds  raised  by  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment campaign.     Experience  proves  this  to  be  the  case. 

"The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
therefore,  requests  the  constituent  denominations  of  the  Federal 
Council,  the  denominational  campaign  committees  and  the  individual 
supporters  of  the  Federal  Council  to  assist  in  adjusting  this  matter 
for  the  present  year.  The  Executive  Committee  itself  will  do 
whatever  may  be  recommended  by  the  denominational  assemblies. 

"The  foregoing  action  is  taken  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement  with  double  readiness,  because  it 
recognizes  the  effective  and  hearty  cooperation  of  the  Federal 
Council,  as  well  as  its  staff,  and  because  it  fully  recognizes  the 
necessity  of  making  adequate  provision  for  the  carrying  on  of  the 
work  of  the  Federal  Council  which  has  been  approved  by  the 
churches  and  which  is  indispensable  to  their  interests." 

This  matter  has  been  taken  up  with  the  denominational  representa- 
tives on  the  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Council,  who  have  been 
requested  to  make  it  the  subject  of  consultation  with  the  constituent 
bodies. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  portion  of  the  budget  covering  the 
Central  Department,  the  Washington  Office  and  the  Religious  Pub- 
licity Service,  amounting  to  about  $150,000,  be  supplied,  so  far  as 
possible,  by  denominational  apportionment,  leaving  the  work  of  the 
Commissions  to  be  provided  for  by  apportionments  of  the  correspond- 
ing denominational  organizations  when  possible  and  by  personal  contri- 
butions to  be  secured  by  the  Administrative  Committee. 

We  recognize  that  the  denominational  bodies  vary  in  the  amount 
of  their  resources  to  an  extent  that  does  not  altogether  accord  with 
the  size  of  their  membership,  and  will  therefore  endeavor  to  adjust 
the  situation  in  accordance  with  whatever  action  the  several  constituent 
bodies  may  be  able  to  take. 

It  is  our  belief  that  a  much  larger  share  of  the  budget  ought  to  be 
provided  by  apportionment,  especially  in  view  of  the  situation  created 
by  the  present  denominational  campaigns  associated  with  the  Inter- 
church World  Movement.  Arrangements  might  be  made  whereby 
denominational  budgets  should  include  an  item  for  interdenominational 
obligations,  out  of  which  apportionments  to  the  Federal  Council  could 
be  made. 

We  trust,  however,  that  for  the  present  year  1920,  owing  to  the 
unusual  situation  created  by  the  denominational  campaigns  in  the 
Interchurch  World  Movement,  such  response  will  be  made  as  will 
tide  over  the  present  emergency. 


Relations  with  Other  Cooperative  Movements 

Since  the  last  report  of  the  Federal  Council  to  its  constituent  bodies, 
the  Interchurch  World  Movement  has  developed,  growing  out  of  a 
practical  emergency  largely  occasioned  by  the  several  denominational 
forward  movements,  to  survey  their  fields  and  to  secure  the  resources 
necessary  to  an  occupation  of  them. 

There  has  been  more  or  less  constant  consultation  between  the  official 
representatives  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  and  the  Federal 
Council,  and  more  particularly  between  the  General  Secretaries  of 
the  Movement  and  of  the  Council.    The  Council's  staff  of  secretaries 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  65 

and  its  machinery  have  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  in  hearty  good-will,  in  all  those  matters  authorized 
by  constituent  denominations  of  the  Council. 

While  there  has  thus  been  as  much  consultation  as  the  pressing 
immediateness  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  would  permit, 
and  while  there  has  been,  we  think,  the  fullest  possible  cooperation 
on  the  part  of  the  Federal  Council,  it  would  not  be  true  to  say  that 
there  has  been  no  duplication  either  of  organization  or  of  practical 
work. 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement  arose  out  of  a  special  exigency, 
to  meet  special  conditions  and  to  do  a  particular  task.  It  is  now  highly 
essential  that  wise  provision  should  be  made  for  the  conservation  of 
all  permanent  results. 

Another  movement  that  has  appeared  since  the  last  report  of  the 
Federal  Council  is  the  proposal  of  the  Ad  Interim  Committee  of  the 
Interchurch  Council  on  Organic  Union. 

Your  Administrative  Committee  fully  recognizes  that  the  Federal 
Council  is  concerned  solely  with  denominational  cooperation  and  has 
no  warrant  to  take  up  the  question  of  organic  union  unless  authorized 
to  do  so  by  the  constituent  bodies.  Inasmuch  as  the  proposals  of  the 
Ad  Interim  Committee  have  been  brought  before  the  Federal  Council 
they  are  referred  to  you  for  careful  consideration  as  to  how  they 
may  best  be  treated  in  the  light  of  all  the  interests  concerned. 

We  should  assume  that,  if  certain  of  our  constituent  bodies  should 
choose  to  enter  into  organic  union  or  unions,  the  newly  formed  bodv 
or  bodies  would  continue  to  be  constituents  of  the  Federal  Council, 
in  order  to  preserve  relationship  with  the  other  evangelical  bodies 
which  may  not  elect  to  adopt  the  principles  of  organic  union. 

In  the  midst  of  this  situation,  when  so  much  careful  thought  is  neces- 
sary, we  would  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  there  are  two 
committees  giving  earnest  study  to  the  whole  question  of  the  future 
of  Christian  cooperation — a  committee  appointed  by  the  Committee  on 
the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook,  independent  of  relations  to  the 
Federal  Council  or  other  organizations,  composed  of  a  few  represen- 
tative men  in  whom  the  various  churches  repose  confidence,  to  deal 
with  the  underlying  principles;  and  a  committee  appointed  by  order 
of  the  Federal  Council  to  consider  particularly  the  practical  steps  that 
the  existing  situation  demands.  The  Committee  on  the  War  and  the 
Religious  Outlook  is  expected  to  submit  its  report  by  the  end  of  the 
summer.  The  committee  of  the  Federal  Council  is  to  report  at  the 
Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Council  in  December. 


In  concluding  this  report  we  would  make  certain  suggestions  for 
definite  action  by  the  constituent  bodies. 

I.  We  urge  that  in  filling  vacancies  or  electing  new  members  to 
the  Federal  Council  due  thought  be  given  to  the  selection  of  members 
who  will  be  sure  of  attending  the  important  Quadrennial  Meeting  in 
December  and  who  will  be  thoroughly  representative  of  all  the  great 
interests  concerned. 

II.  Since  these  interests  are  not  only  nation-wide  but  of  world-wide 
significance,  we  invite  your  special  interest  in  the  proposed  Ecumenical 
Conference.  In  appointing  the  preliminary  Committee  on  the  Confer- 
ence, authorization  was  asked  of  such  appointing  bodies  as  were  avail- 
able. We  now  ask  that  our  constituent  bodies  definitely  appoint  either 
the  present  members  or  others,  in  order  that,  after  the  proposed  pre- 


(^  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

liminary  conference  at  Geneva,  that  committee  may  be  in  a  position  to 
report  back  the  findings  to  our  constituent  bodies  for  approval. 

III.  We  request  your  careful  consideration  of  an  increased  financial 
apportionment  to  the  Federal  Council  in  view  of  its  increased  respon- 
sibilities. 

IV.  We  recommend  that  you  authorize  the  Federal  Council  to 
appoint  a  committee  which  shall  be  fully  representative  of  its  con- 
stituent bodies  and  whose  members  shall  be  selected  with  the  approval 
of  their  appointing  powers,  to  enter  into  conference  with  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  and  to  hold  such  other 
conferences  as  may  be  found  necessary,  with  a  view  to  recommending 
the  wisest  procedure  in  the  interest  of  the  cooperative  movement  as 
a  whole.  ", 

For  the  sake  of  making  the  largest  impact  upon  our  American  life 
and  for  the  sake  of  joining  with  Christians  of  other  lands  in  the  world 
task  of  the  whole  Church,  the  cooperative  relationships  of  the  churches 
must  be  brought  to  the  point  of  maximum  effectiveness.  This,  we 
believe,  can  be  brought  about  only  as  the  churches  are  themselves 
represented  in  a  democratic  way  in  such  a  body  as  the  Federal  Council 
which  they  have  created.  In  its  coming  into  being,  in  its  increasing 
development,  in  its  potential  significance  for  the  future,  we  see  the 
Spirit  of  the  Living  God  at  work  in  His  Church. 

In  all  these  matters  that  affect  our  interdenominational  life  we 
are,  however,  not  concerned  with  organizations  in  themselves  or  with 
questions  of  priority  and  prerogative.  The  organization  is  only  a 
means  to  an  end.  Our  sole  concern  is  for  the  fullest  possible  cooper- 
ation, and  for  that  only  because  we  regard  it  as  absolutely  indispen- 
sable to  the  progress  of  the  Kingdom  of  God.  To  feel  the  continued 
guidance  of  His  Spirit  in  all  the  problems  and  tasks  that  lie  ahead 
is  our  one  great  and  constant  need. 

By  order  of  the  Administrative  Committee, 

Howard    B.    Grose     (Baptist  William  H.  Roberts   (Presbyter- 
Churches,  North)  ian  CHiurch  in  the  U.  S.  A.) 

W.  H.  Jemagin   (National  Bap-  Albert  S.  Johnson   (Presbyterian 

tist  Convention)  Church  in  the  U.  S.) 

Rivington  D.  Lord  (Free  Baptist  E.  Humphries  (Primitive  Metho- 

Convention)  dist  Church) 

F,  G.  Cofllin  (Christian  Church)  John  M.  Glenn  (Protestant  Epis- 
Henry  Beets  (Christian  Reformed  copal  Commission  on  Christian 

Church  in  North  America)  Unity) 

William  Harris  Guyer  (Churches  I.  W.  (^wen  (Reformed  Church 

of  God  in  North  America  ((jen-  in  America) 

eral  Eldership)  R^fug  ^^  ^^^Xtx  (Reformed 
Harry  R.  Miles  (Congregational  Church  in  the  U.  S.) 

Churches)  Robt.  L.  Rudolph  (Reformed 
Finis    S.   Idleman    (Disciples   of  Episcopal  (Thurch) 

^"st)  S.  C.  Breyfogel  (Evangelical  As- 
Errol  D.  Peckham  (Friends)  sociation) 

William  E.  Bourquin   (Evangeli-  Luther    B.    Wilson     (Methodist 

cal  Synod  of  North  America)  Episcopal  Church) 

Lyman  E.  Davis  (Methodist  Prot-  Frank    M.    Thomas     (Methodist 

estant  Church)  Episcopal  Church,  South) 

Harry    E.     Stocker     (Moravian  John  Hurst   (African  Methodist 

Church)  Episcopal  Church) 


REPORTS    OF   COMMISSIONS    AND    COMMITTEES  67 

Henry  J.  Callis  (African  Metho-  George     M.     Mathews     (United 

dist  Episcopal  Zion  Church)  Brethren  Church) 

N.  C.  Cleaves    (Colored  Metho-  U.  F.  Swengel  (United  Evangeli- 

dist  Episcopal  Church)  cal  Church) 

L.  A.  Benson  (Reformed  Presby-  R.  A.  Hutchison    (United  Pres- 

terian  Church,  General  Synod)  byterian  Church) 

George  B.   Shaw    (Seventh  Day  R.  E.  Williams   (Welsh  Presby- 

Baptist  Church)  terian  Church) 

Denominational  Representatives  of  the  Administrative  Committee 

Albert  G.  Lawson,  Chairman 
George  U.  Wenner,  Vice-Chairman 
Robert  E.  Speer,  Vice-Chairman 

Frank  Mason  North,  President 

James  I.  Vance,  Chairman  Executive  Committee  ■ 

May  1,  1920. 


Important  Meetings  During  the  Quadrennium 

The  more  important  meetings,  other  than  the  regular 
meetings  of  the  Administrative  and  Executive  Committees 
and  the  Commissions,  have  been  as  follows: 

The  Washington  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  in  May,  1917. 

Congress  on  Purpose  and  Methods  of  Interchurch  Federations, 
Pittsburgh,  October,  1917. 

First  meeting  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  September, 
1917. 

General  War-Time  Commission,  New  York,  February,  1918. 

Conference  of  the  World  Alliance  for  Promoting  International 
Friendship  Through  the  Churches  and  the  Commission  on  Interna- 
tional Justice  and  Good-will,  New  York,  April,  1918. 

Annual  Meeting  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  Washington, 
September,  1918. 

Conference  of  Executive  Secretaries  of  Local  Federations,  CHiicagG, 
September,  1918. 

Interdenominational  Conference  on  Work  in  France,  Yonkers,  New 
York,  October,  1918. 

Conference  of  Interchurch  Leaders,  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey, 
December,  1918. 

Final  meeting  of  the  General  War-Time   Commission,  April,  1919. 

Special  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council,  Cleveland,  May,  1919. 

Council  of  Church  Federation  Executive  Secretaries,  Pittsburgh, 
September,  1919. 

International  Committee  of  the  World  Alliance  for  International 
Friendship,  The  Hague,  Holland,  October,  1919. 

Conference  of  the  International  Committee  of  the  World  Alliance 
for  Promoting  International  Friendship  through  the  Churches,  St. 
Beatenberg,  Switzerland,  August,  1920. 


68  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Church  and  Community  Convention,  Cleveland,  June,  1920. 

Preliminary  meeting  to  consider  a  Universal  Conference  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  on  Life  and  Work,  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Au- 
gust, 1920. 

In  addition  to  these  more  outstanding  gatherings  there 
have  been  constant  meetings  and  conferences  called  from 
time  to  time  upon  matters  of  immediate  importance,  all  of 
which  have  been  recorded  in  the  annual  records  of  the 
Executive  Committee. 

Messages  to  the  Churches 

Immediately  following  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  1916, 
cable  communications,  followed  by  written  messages,  were 
sent  to  the  churches  of  all  the  nations  in  Europe,  to  which 
the  replies  were  appreciative  and  gratifying. 

The  Council  has  continued  to  fulfil  its  function  in  issuing 
messages  and  calls  to  the  churches  upon  matters  of  com- 
mon interest.  Sunday,  February  18,  1917,  was  designated 
as  a  national  day  of  prayer  and  in  November  of  the  same 
year  a  special  call  for  Thanksgiving  services  was  issued 
by  the  General  War-Time  Commission.  A  call  for  united 
prayer  during  the  month  of  March,  1918,  was  also  issued 
by  this  Commission  and  another,  relative  to  the  appropriate 
observance  of  Memorial  Day.  Another  joint  message  on 
the  part  of  the  Council  and  the  Commission  was  issued 
in  August  relative  to  the  opening  of  the  fifth  year  of  the 
war. 

A  message  was  sent  to  all  the  pastors  from  the  Wash- 
ington meeting  in  1917  and  following  the  Cleveland  meet- 
ing a  call  to  the  churches  was  issued  entitled  "From  World 
War  to  World  Brotherhood." 

The  Week  of  Prayer 

Messages  to  the  churches,  together  with  subjects,  have 
been  sent  out  each  year  for  the  week  of  prayer  in  January 
and  also  for  the  Easter  week  of  prayer. 

Memorials  and  Petitions  of  the  Council 

The  Council  has,  as  occasion  seemed  to  call  for  it,  issued 
memorials  expressing  the  mind  and  the  spirit  of  the 
churches  upon  national  and  international  matters. 

In  September,  1917,  such  a  memorial  was  conveyed  to 
the  President  and  Congress  relative  to  the  interests  of  the 
army  and  navy  chaplains.  Various  similar  messages  were 
issued  by  order  of  the  special  meetings  of  the  Council  at 
Washington  and  Cleveland. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  69 

A  message  was  sent  to  the  President  and  Congress  in 
March,  1918,  urging  war  prohibition.  Memorials  were  con- 
veyed to  the  Churches,  conveying  actions  taken  by  the 
Council  relative  to  religious  belief  and  racial  equality  and 
for  adequate  protection  for  the  lives  and  property  of  aliens. 

In  addition  to  these  more  general  matters  the  Council 
has  been  called  upon  from  time  to  time  to  give  its  support 
to  many  causes  approved  by  the  churches.  In  issuing  such 
memorials  the  Council  has  either  secured  the  approval  of 
the  official  representatives  or  ad  interim  committees  of  its 
constituent  bodies  or  has  taken  other  means  of  ascertain- 
ing the  mind  of  the  churches,  expressing  itself  on  those 
matters  in  which  the  churches  were  clearly  of  a  common 
mind. 

The  varied  nature  of  these  memorials  and  petitions,  many 
of  which  were  conveyed  by  commissioners,  may  be  indi- 
cated by  the  following: 

A  message  to  President  Wilson  in  December,  1918,  conveying  the 
action  of  the  Council  approving  the  formation  of  a  League  of  Nations. 

A  message  conveyed  by  a  special  delegation  to  the  American  repre- 
sentatives at  the  Peace  Conference  in  Paris,  urging  that  the  granting 
of  religious  liberty  be  agreed  to  by  all  nations  becoming  members  of 
the  League  of  Nations.  The  message  was  signed  by  officials  of  all  the 
constituent  denominations. 

A  message,  personally  delivered  to  the  American  representatives  in 
the  Peace  Conference,  relative  to  the  granting  of  freedom  in  mission- 
ary work. 

A  message  to  the  Peace  Council,  urging  that  no  ecclesiastical  body 
be  included  in  the  League  of  Nations. 

A  memorial  to  the  authorities  at  Washington  relative  to  the  con* 
tinned  power  of  the  Turk  and  Turkish  rule  in  Europe. 

During  the  time  of  disquietude  in  connection  with  our 
relations  with  Mexico,  communications  were  submitted  to 
the  authorities  in  Washington,  presenting  those  principles 
of  the  churches  underlying  these  international  relationships, 
and  our  Committee  on  Mexico  had  several  conferences  with 
the  newly  appointed  ambassador  to  Mexico  and  with  offi- 
cials of  the  State  Department. 

Messages  to  the  various  churches  in  Europe  will  be  re- 
corded in  the  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with 
the  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe. 

Occasion  has  been  taken  from  time  to  time  to  express 
the  good-will  of  the  churches  to  representative  visitors  to 
our  nation,  including  King  Albert  and  Queen  Elizabeth  of 
Belgium. 


70  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

A  message  to  the  Christian  people  of  America  is  now  be- 
ing issued  in  behalf  of  the  European  Relief  Council. 

We  believe  that  the  Federal  Council  has  become  a  voice  to 
the  people,  not  without  power  and  influence. 

The  Commissions  of  the  Council 

These  Commissions  will  present  their  reports  directly  to 
the  Council.  The  Executive  Committee  has  received  re- 
ports from  the  Commissions  at  its  annual  meetings  and  the 
Administrative  Committee  has  kept  in  close  relationship 
with  them  and  their  executive  staffs. 

The  relationships  between  the  several  Commissions  and 
the  corresponding  boards  or  committees  in  the  denomina- 
tions have  become  very  much  closer  than  formerly  so  that 
they  have  become  more  thoroughly  representative  of  the 
denominations  in  the  matters  with  which  they  are  called  to 
deal.  There  is  the  general  feeling  that  our  departments 
should  be  so  constituted  and  organized  that  they  will  rep- 
resent not  only  the  Federal  Council  but  equally  the  corre- 
sponding departments  of  the  constituent  bodies  of  the 
Council. 

Three  new  Commissions  have  been  authorized  by  the 
Executive  Committee  as  ad  interim  Commissions,  subject 
to  the  final  action  of  the  Council,  namely,  the  Commission 
on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium,  the  Commission 
on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  and  the  Edi- 
torial Council  of  the  Religious  Press.  The  Executive  Com- 
mittee recommends  that  the  Council  approve  the  continu- 
ance of  these  Commissions  or  that  the  work  undertaken  by 
them  be  otherwise  provided  for. 

Local  Federations  of  Churches,  through  the  Commission  on 
Interchurch  Federations,  have  multiplied  and  developed  dur- 
ing the  Quadrennium  so  that  whereas  four  years  ago  there 
were  only  twelve  cities  with  substantial  federations  and  em- 
ployed executive  secretaries,  today  there  are  more  than  forty 
cities  with  substantial  federations,  with  executive  secretaries. 
State  federations  have  likewise  developed  so  that  today  there 
are  five  which  are  organized  with  employed  secretaries. 

The  procedure  of  the  officers  of  this  Commission  has  strik- 
ingly illustrated  the  method  by  which  the  cooperative  move- 
ment must  be  developed.  They  have  by  conference,  corre- 
spondence and  personal  visitation  awakened  a  local  interest  in 
cooperation  before  attempting  to  organize  federations.     They 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  71 

have  not  left  these  federations  upon  the  adoption  of  a  consti- 
tution but  have  stayed  by  them  until  their  budgets  were  raised 
and  then  have  helped  them  to  secure  their  secretaries  and 
inaugurate  their  work. 

The  two  Community  Conventions  held  by  this  Commission 
during  the  Quadrennium  were  perhaps  the  outstanding  meet- 
ings during  that  time  in  the  interest  of  the  cooperative  move- 
ment. The  Executive  Committee  is  especially  appreciative  of 
the  voluntary  service  of  the  Chairman  of  this  Commission  and 
is  happy  to  learn  that  he  expresses  the  hope  that  his  entire 
time  in  the  future  may  be  available  for  this  important  work. 

In  the  Commission  on  Evangelism  we  have  in  a  real  sense 
the  center,  the  power-house  and  the  circumference  of  our 
work.  While  sympathetic  to  vocational  evangelism,  the  Com- 
mission has  rightly,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, placed  its  emphasis  on  pastoral  and  personal  evangel- 
ism. Its  service  in  presenting  its  claims  upon  theological 
schools  and  colleges,  its  federated  and  simultaneous  evangelism 
in  cities  and  towns,  its  conferences  with  both  pastors  and  lay- 
men all  over  the  country,  have  greatly  stimulated  and  clarified 
the  work  of  the  churches  in  this  field. 

Your  Committee  notes  with  gratitude  and  appreciation  the 
thorough-going  cooperation  and  unity  between  the  denomina- 
tional commissions  and  their  officers  with  the  Council's  Com- 
mission. The  recent  meetings  in  a  considerable  number  of 
large  cities  where  the  denominational  and  interdenominational 
work  were  both  given  adequate  attention  are,  in  our  judgment, 
evidences  of  the  manner  in  which  a  Commission  of  the  Council 
may  at  one  and  the  same  time  stress  its  own  particular  work, 
and  serve  the  interests  of  Christian  cooperation  and  of  the 
denominations  themselves. 

One  of  the  earliest  undertakings  of  the  Council,  because  it 
was  a  matter  on  which  the  churches  were  more  ready  to  unite, 
was  that  of  the  Commission  on  The  Church  and  Social  Service. 
During  the  past  Quadrennium  it  rendered  high  service  in 
connection  with  the  war,  its  staff  having  been  designated  by 
the  Administrative  Committee  to  take  up  the  organization  of 
the  war  work  at  Washington.  Later  on  the  same  staff  carried 
on  the  general  war  work  until  the  General  War-Time  Com- 
mission was  appointed. 

The  cooperation  of  the  Commission  with  the  General  War- 
Time  Commission,  in  its  service  for  the  American  Red  Cross 


72  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

and  its  cooperative  work  with  the  Home  Missions  Council  in 
the  Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Communities,  was 
of  the  highest  value.  All  this  did  not  hinder  its  regular  work, 
which  included  the  organization  of  an  important  department 
of  research  which  has  since  become  a  thoroughly  cooperative 
organization  on  the  part  of  the  denominational  departments. 

The  more  recent  work  of  this  Commission  in  establishing 
conferences  for  employers  and  workers  to  get  together  on 
their  mutual  problems  in  the  light  of  the  teachings  of  Chris- 
tianity is,  we  believe,  of  unique  value  and  will  do  more  than 
we  can  measure  to  establish  the  social  order  on  principles  of 
righteousness  and  justice  by  which  alone  industrial  peace  can 
be  secured. 

The  leadership  of  this  Commission  in  molding  public  opinion 
is,  we  believe,  indispensable  to  the  churches.  The  Committee 
is  gratified  to  receive  wide  testimony  from  both  workers  and 
employers  that  it  has  gained  and  held,  for  the  most  part,  the 
confidence  of  men  and  women  of  good-will  among  all  classes. 

Our  rural  communities  occupy  a  large  and  much  neglected 
area  of  the  work  of  the  churches.  During  the  war  the  work 
of  the  Commission  on  The  Church  and  Country  Life  was  prac- 
tically merged  with  that  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  War  Pro- 
duction Communities.  Its  staff  was  released  for  the  direction 
of  the  Rural  Survey  begun  by  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment and  is  now  continuing  that  work  in  connection  with  the 
Home  Missions  Council. 

The  pioneer  leadership  of  the  Commission  has  been  notable. 
It  has  the  distinction  of  having  completed  the  first  state-wide 
survey  ever  made  of  country  churches.  The  results  were 
startling  and  have  extensively  influenced  denominational  pro- 
grams. The  report  of  this  survey  has  been  published  under 
the  title  "Six  Thousand  Country  Churches." 

The  Commission  on  Temperance,  united  with  the  old  Na- 
tional Temperance  Society,  has  readjusted  its  work  to  the 
changed  conditions.  The  institution  of  the  United  Committee 
on  War  Temperance  Activities  in  the  Army  and  Navy  and 
the  Strengthen  America  Campaign,  conducted  during  the  war, 
commanded  attention  and  were  widely  effective. 

There  is  little  doubt  but  what  the  present  sentiment  in  favor 
of  temperance  and  prohibition  is,  in  large  measure,  the  result 
of  the  process  of  education  carried  on  by  church  bodies,  denom- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  73 

inational  and  interdenominational,  and  that,  in  changed  forms, 
it  needs  to  be  continued. 

The  Commission  on  Christian  Education,  while  not  one  of 
the  Commissions  organized  with  an  administrative  staff,  has 
rendered  important  service  from  time  to  time  in  keeping  the 
various  interdenominational  bodies  engaged  in  this  field  of 
work  in  conference  and  consultation. 

There  is  perhaps  no  field  in  which  there  is  greater  need  of 
a  common  program  or  in  which  there  is  a  larger  number  of 
unrelated  organizations  than  in  this  important  field,  and  the 
Executive  Committee  regrets  that  the  recommendations  of  the 
Federal  Council  at  its  Quadrennial  Meeting  in  1916,  looking 
towards  a  general  Council  of  Christian  Education,  have  not 
as  yet  been  carried  out.  We  recommend  that  this  department 
be  retained  under  whatever  form  may  be  determined  and  that 
the  efforts  towards  a  common  program  be  continued. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  program  of  week-day 
instruction  in  religious  matters  in  connection  with  the  public 
schools,  which  has  made  considerable  progress  during  the 
Quadrennium,  was  first  proposed  by  this  Commission,  whose 
influence  has  been  of  help  in  its  practical  realization. 

International  Justice  and  Good-will  have  not  been  neglected 
by  the  Council  even  during  the  trying  period  of  war,  and  the 
Commission  charged  with  this  duty  has  maintained  its  work  in 
cooperation  with  the  World  Alliance  for  International  Friend- 
ship and  the  Church  Peace  Union. 

Upon  the  entrance  of  our  nation  into  the  war,  the  Commis- 
sion, in  association  with  these  organizations,  together  with  the 
League  to  Enforce  Peace,  constituted  a  joint  committee  known 
as  the  National  Committee  on  the  Churches  and  the  Moral 
Aims  of  the  War,  for  the  purpose  of  educating  the  people  of 
the  United  States  in  these  moral  aims  and  of  lifting  their 
minds  to  their  high  level.  No  higher  service  could  have  been 
rendered  and  no  service  perhaps  was  more  needed. 

The  Commission  and  its  cooperating  bodies  were  ready  the 
moment  the  armistice  was  signed  to  take  up  again  their  direct 
and  constructive  work  which  has  been  furthered  since  that 
time  by  two  great  international  conferences.  Especial  oc- 
casion has  been  taken  by  these  cooperating  organizations  to 
outline  the  Pilgrim  Tercentenary  in  the  interest  of  international 
Christian  relations.  None  of  the  departments  or  affiliated 
bodies  of  the  Council  have  a  more  God-given  task  at  the 
present  hour  than  this. 

The  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient  has  from  the 
first  been  called  upon  to  deal  with  a  most  delicate  question 
which  has,  during  the  past  year,  been  one  of  the  most  pressing 
of  world  problems.     The  Executive  Committee  believes  that 


74  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

the  Commission  dealt  with  the  Korean  situation  with  combined 
wisdom  and  sympathy  and  that  its  procedure  undoubtedly  has 
done  much  to  promote  good- will  and  just  dealing.  Just  now, 
in  view  of  the  diplomatic  relationships  between  America  and 
Japan,  the  work  of  this  Commission  is  more  than  ever  im- 
portant. 

The  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium  has 
performed  one  of  the  most  unique,  effective  and  far-reaching 
pieces  of  work  ever  undertaken  by  the  American  churches. 
It  has  helped  to  save  Protestant  institutions  and  influences  in 
these  nations.  The  Commission  and  members  of  its  personnel 
have  been  the  subject  of  many  grateful  tributes,  not  only  from 
representatives  of  the  churches  in  these  nations,  but  from  the 
governments  through  their  highest  representatives. 

The  moral  influence  of  the  service  undertaken  has  been  of 
equal  importance  with  the  financial  assistance  rendered.  As 
an  expression  of  the  ecumenical  nature  of  Christianity,  the 
history  of  this  Commission  has  been  most  striking.  As  a 
measure  of  cooperation  between  our  own  churches  it  has 
greatly  furthered  our  own  work. 

The  Commission  on  Relations  zmth  Religious  Bodies  in 
Europe  has  only  made  a  beginning,  and  yet  the  following 
words  of  testimony  regarding  the  work  of  the  recent  friendly 
visitors  in  Europe,  from  Pastor  Keller  of  Zurich,  give  indica- 
tion of  the  immediate  value  of  the  Commission, 

"The  reception  of  the  American  friendly  visitors  in  Switzerland 
became  a  very  suggestive  manifestation  of  the  good  relations  between 
our  churches  which  the  last  year  has  brought  to  us.  .  .  .  The  personal 
contact  with  the  friendly  visitors  has  not  only  fastened  the  ties  which 
existed  already,  but  has  won  also  many  of  those  who  formerly  kept 
in  reserve.  .  .  .  The  Swiss  church  people  have  gained  a  personal 
impression  of  the  importance  of  a  great  Protestant  unity  and  there  is 
no  doubt  that  this  delegation  has  given  in  our  country  a  mighty  im- 
pulse to  our  own  efforts  towards  more  unity.  It  was  a  significant 
coincidence  that  some  weeks  after  the  departure  of  the  American 
delegation,  the  Swiss  Protestant  churches,  loosely  bound  together  imtil 
now  in  a  conference,  imited  in  a  real  federation. 

"The  American  delegation  has  also  shown  to  our  people  that  the 
American  churches  are  willing  to  take  their  share  in  the  universal 
responsibility  for  the  relief  work  in  Europe  and  the  general  recon- 
struction. The  presence  of  the  friendly  visitors  encouraged  us  to 
continue  our  relief  work  in  the  hope  that  the  American  Christians 
will  not  leave  us  alone  and  will  not  abandon  the  common  cause  of 
Protestantism  in  the  Old  World." 

The  recent  proposals  of  the  Commission  to  bring  the  various 
denominations  having  work  or  related  work  in  Europe  to- 
gether for  mutual  counsel  and  action  is,  we  believe,  a  work 
of  the  highest  importance. 

It  is  also  extremely   fortunate  that  this  body  and  these 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  75 

friendly  visitors  are  in  such  a  strategic  position  to  assist  the 
organizations  for  relief  which  are  at  this  time  making  their 
appeals  to  the  hearts  and  consciences  of  the  American  people 
and  government. 

The  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  or- 
ganized and  ready  for  service  long  before  v^^e  entered  the  war, 
is  undoubtedly  worthy  of  the  tributes  which  have  recently  been 
paid  to  its  work  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the 
Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  and  the  chaplains 
themselves.  It  has  brought  the  chaplaincies  in  our  Army 
and  Navy  to  a  position  of  dignity  and  strength  and  has  made 
the  position  worthy  of  our  best  men. 

It  is  extremely  fortunate  that  the  Committee  was,  first  of 
all,  in  a  position  for  immediate  cooperation  with  the  govern- 
ment when  we  entered  the  war.  Its  work  is  now  equally  im- 
portant because,  through  the  rearrangement  of  the  government 
provision  for  the  moral  and  physical  welfare  of  the  Army,  the 
chaplain  is  given  entire  direction  over  all  religious  activities. 
Moreover,  he  is  in  a  position  of  the  highest  importance  in  the 
entire  moral  care  of  the  young  men  whom  we  ask  to  become 
our  national  protectors. 

The  Standing  Committees  of  the  Council 

The  Committees  on  Home  Missions  and  Foreign  Missions 
were  appointed  to  serve  as  a  means  for  communication  between 
the  Federal  Council  and  the  Home  Missions  Council,  and  be- 
tween the  Federal  Council  and  the  Committee  of  Reference 
and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
America. 

The  number  and  importance  of  the  matters  which  have  arisen 
during  the  past  four  years  calling  for  counsel  and  cooperation 
between  the  Federal  Council  and  the  Home  Missions  Council 
make  it  evident  that  permanent  and  constructive  relationships 
should  be  established  with  this  body  other  than  those  of  mere 
incidental  conference  from  time  to  time,  a  fact  which  is  recog- 
nized by  those  responsible  for  the  administration  of  both 
bodies. 

Your  Committee  believes  that  intimate  consultation  between 
the  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  and  the 
Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions 
Conference  of  North  America  and  other  similar  bodies  would 
reveal  areas  where  duplication  of  work  needs  to  be  avoided, 
but,  still  more  important,  would  discover  unperformed  tasks 
upon  which  there  should  be  clear  understanding  as  to  whicti 
of  these  bodies  should  undertake  those  tasks. 

In  relationship  to  these  two  interdenominational  organiza- 
tions, both  of  which  antedate  the  Federal  Council  and  were 


76  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

influences  which  helped  to  create  it,  there  is  a  call  for  some- 
thing more  than  a  mere  committee  of  relationship  through 
which  the  reports  of  these  bodies  are  made  available  to  the 
representatives  of  the  churches  in  the  Federal  Council.  This 
question,  however,  is  involved  in  the  larger  question  of  appro- 
priate relationship  between  all  of  the  interdenominational 
bodies  representing  the  boards  of  the  churches,  and  we  trust 
that  this  may  receive  the  serious  attention  of  the  Council. 

The  Committee  on  Negro  Churches  was  another  of  those 
bodies  appointed  by  the  Council  without  any  very  clearly  de- 
fined task,  but  whose  existence  became  of  the  highest  im- 
portance when  the  war  broke  out  and  thousands  of  colored 
troops  were  mobilized.  During  the  period  of  the  war,  the 
Committee  was  combined  with  another  instituted  by  the  Gen- 
eral War-Time  Commission  on  the  Welfare  of  Negro  Troops 
and  Communities.  The  work  of  this  Committee  forms  an 
important  chapter  in  the  significant  history  of  the  General 
War-Time  Commission. 

The  pronouncement  issued  by  the  Federal  Council  at  the 
request  of  a  joint  conference  instituted  by  the  Home  Mis- 
sions Council,  and  shared  in  by  this  Committee,  in  September, 
1919,  aroused  a  genuine  response  in  every  part  of  the  nation 
and  was  the  subject  of  newspaper  editorials  of  a  commenda- 
tory nature,  both  North  and  South.  It  was  a  call  to  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States  to  act  in  conformity  with  the  high  ideals 
of  Christian  democracy  in  the  strained  relation  between  the 
races,  especial  attention  being  called  to  the  challenge  presented 
to  the  churches  of  Christ  and  their  responsibility  respecting 
an  amicable  and  fair  adjustment  of  race  relations  in  America. 
Attention  was  called  particularly  to  the  fact  that  the  problems 
growing  out  of  the  presence  of  two  races  in  America  are  clearly 
seen  to  be  nation-wide  and  that  adjustments  must  necessarily 
be  made  on  the  basis  of  national  responsibility,  a  fact  empha- 
sized by  the  migration  of  thousands  of  negroes  to  the  North. 

The  statement  included  a  constructive  program  for  just  inter- 
racial relations,  insisting  upon  an  impartial  guarantee  of  life 
and  property  to  all  classes,  economic  justice  for  the  negro, 
including  equal  opportunity  to  secure  work,  with  fair  living 
and  working  conditions,  the  protection  and  sanctity  of  the 
home  and  womanhood,  the  provision  of  adequate  recreational 
facilities,  equal  traveling  accommodations  for  equal  charges 
and  adequate  educational  facilities  for  negro  children  and 
youth.  Especial  emphasis  was  laid  upon  the  need  of  promot- 
ing closer  cooperation  between  the  races  by  organizing  local 
committees  of  white  and  colored  people  in  towns  and  com- 
munities for  the  consideration  of  inter-racial  welfare. 

Following  this,  the  Committee  has  from  time  to  time  taken 
up  special  problems  which  have  arisen  as,  for  example,  in 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  17 

February  of  the  past  year,  in  connection  with  the  race  riots 
in  Chicago. 

While  the  review  of  this  situation  will  appear  in  the  state- 
ment of  the  Home  Missions  Council,  and  while  that  body  has 
unquestionably  a  very  special  and  comprehensive  ministry  to 
the  colored  people,  it  is  the  judgment  of  your  Committee  that 
the  questions  involved  are  larger  than  those  relating  to  home 
missions,  and  it  is  important  that  the  Federal  Council,  repre- 
senting the  churches  themselves,  should  be  in  close  cooperation 
with  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  should,  from  time  to 
time,  use  its  influence  in  the  constant  creation  of  that  public 
sentiment  through  which  alone  the  home  missionary  task  can 
be  adequately  fulfilled  in  this  area  of  its  work. 

Special  and  Joint  Committees 

Special  committees  have  been  appointed  from  time  to  time 
to  meet  certain  exigencies,  such  as  the  Committee  on  Re- 
ligious Work  in  the  Canal  Zone,  which  is  engaged  in  raising 
funds  for  the  churches  in  that  important  section  and  which 
more  recently  has  taken  under  consideration  the  whole 
question  of  the  social  and  religious  conditions  and  work  in 
the  Zone. 

The  Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook 
was  appointed  jointly  by  the  Federal  Council  and  the  Gen- 
eral War-Time  Commission.  It  has  made  five  comprehensive 
studies  of  the  present  religious  situation,  each  issued  as  a  sep- 
arate report  to  the  Church  at  large.  The  significance  of  the 
Committee's  work  need  not  be  here  discussed,  since  it  is  mak- 
ing an  independent  report  to  the  Council. 

Joint  committees  have  been  appointed  from  time  to  time 
with  other  bodies,  notably  the  National  Committee  on  the 
Churches  and  the  Moral  Aims  of  the  War  and  the  Joint  Com- 
mittee on  Interchange  of  Preachers  and  Speakers  between  the 
Churches  of  America,  Great  Britain  and  France.  A  similar 
joint  committee  was  appointed  in  connection  with  the  sit- 
uation in  Mexico.  These  various  appointments  are  fully  re- 
ported in  the  annual  reports  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  General  War-Time  Commission 

The  exigencies  which  we  fully  considered  at  the  special 
meeting  in  Washington,  1917,  called  for  the  appointment  of 
a  special  body  to  deal  with  the  problems  raised  by  the  war, 
and  the  General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches 
was  instituted  by  the  Administrative  Committee. 


78  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  record  of  this  Commission  is  not  only  one  of  great 
historic  interest  but,  through  the  relationships  established, 
the  whole  cooperative  movement  was  furthered  to  a  sig- 
nificant degree.  A  continuation  committee  of  the  Commis- 
sion has  been,  during  the  past  year,  giving  attention  to  the 
proper  conclusion  of  all  the  matters  left  unfinished  when 
the  Commission  went  out  of  existence  in  1919. 

Any  attempt  even  to  summarize  the  work  of  this  Com- 
mission, with  its  innumerable  departments,  committees  and 
cooperative  relationships,  would  be  to  slight  in  this  report 
material  which  requires  independent  treatment.  The  Coun- 
cil is,  therefore,  referred  to  the  final  report  of  the  Commis- 
sion presented  in  the  records  of  the  special  meeting  at 
Cleveland,  to  the  volume  entitled  "War-Time  Agencies  of 
the  Churches,"  and  to  the  historical  report  of  the  Commis- 
sion now  being  prepared.  The  following  is  the  report  ren- 
dered by  the  Continuation  Committee : 

"At  the  final  meeting  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
of  the  Churches,  held  on  April  29,  1919,  resolutions  were 
adopted  providing  for  the  transfer  to  permanent  agencies  of 
the  responsibility  for  the  continuation  of  permanent  forms  of 
work.  These  resolutions  included  also  the  following  pro- 
visions for  the  completion  of  the  unfinished  business  of  the 
Commission : 

'That  the  completion  of  any  remaining  routine  business  of  the 
General  War-Time  Commission  which  is  not  provided  for  through 
other  committees  be  referred  to  the  officers  of  the  General  War- 
Time  Commission  with  power,  and  that  for  this  purpose  the  office 
staff  and  office  be  maintained  until  May  31st  and  thereafter  provision 
be  made  for  such  office  and  secretarial  staff  as  shall  be  necessary 
to  complete  the  report  and  any  other  unfinished  business  subject  to 
the  provisions  later  to  be  made. 

'That  all  remaining  questions  or  new  matters  which  may  arise 
and  which  would  fall  within  the  Commission's  province  if  it  were 
still  in  existence,  so  far  as  not  already  provided  for  in  the  action 
thus  far  taken,  be  referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee  of  the 
Federal  Council,  which  is  hereby  recognized  as  the  successor  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  this  Commission  in  all  matters  relating  to 
the  Commission  or  to  the  work  with  which  it  is  charged.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  in  order  to  conserve  as  far  as  possible  the  continuity 
of  policy  the  Administrative  Committee  appoint  a  temporary  sub- 
committee, representing  as  far  as  possible  the  personnel  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  to  advise 
the  officers  and  staff  of  the  Commission  as  to  any  questions  in  which 
they  need  counsel  and  to  present  the  needs  of  the  work  so  far  as  it 
involves  financial  expenditure  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Interchurch  Emergency  Campaign.' 

"The  former  of  these  resolutions  was  formally  adopted  at  a 
special  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council,  held  in  Cleveland,  May 
8,  1919,  and  in  accordance  with  the  latter  of  these  resolutions 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  79 

the  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  on  May 
14,  1919, 

'Voted:  That  the  President  of  the  Council,  the  Chairman  of 
the  Administrative  Committee  and  the  General  Secretary  appoint  a 
Committee  to  carry  out  the  matters  left  pending  by  the  General 
War-Time  Commission  when  it  dissolved. 

'The  following  were  appointed:  Rev.  W.  Stuart  Cramer,  Dr. 
Robert  E.  Speer  and  Alfred  R.  Kimball.' 

"The  Committee  named  above  presented  to  the  Administra- 
tive Committee  on  September  11,  1919,  a  report  concerning 
the  work  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  and  it  was: 

'Voted :  To  approve  the  report  and  to  request  Rev.  William 
Adams  Brown  and  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White,  Secretaries  of  the  Com- 
mission, to  act  for  us  in  consultation  with  the  staff  of  the  War 
Commission  on  any  unfinished  matters  until  the  work  of  the  Com- 
mission can  be  completed.' 

"As  provided  in  these  resolutions,  the  office  of  the  General 
War-Time  Commission  was  continued  on  a  reduced  scale  to 
September  30,  1919.  After  that  date  one  room  was  retained 
until  May  15,  1920.  Since  that  time  the  business  of  the  Com- 
mission has  been  provided  for  through  courtesy  of  the  Fed- 
eral Council,  and  the  records  of  the  Commission  have  been 
cared  for  in  the  office  of  the  Council.  Under  authorization  of 
the  Continuation  Committee,  appointed  by  the  Administrative 
Committee  of  the  Federal  Council,  articles  of  furniture  and 
equipment  belonging  to  the  Commission  have  been  sold  from 
time  to  time  as  opportunity  offered.  The  remainder  has  been 
handed  over  to  the  Federal  Council. 

"During  the  entire  period  the  following  items  have  required 
attention : 

"(1)  The  handbook:  *War-Time  Agencies  of  Churches.' 
The  preparation  of  this  book  began  in  the  latter  part  of  1918. 
It  was  planned  to  contain  descriptions  of  the  work  undertaken 
by  the  several  denominational  and  interchurch  agencies  respon- 
sible for  the  war-time  work  of  the  churches,  to  be  contributed 
by  representatives  of  upwards  of  thirty  organizations.  Its 
compilation  and  the  editing  of  the  material  naturally  required 
extensive  editorial  work,  which  continued  through  the  sum- 
mer of  1919,  under  the  direction  of  Miss  Margaret  Renton, 
until  September  30,  1919,  Office  Secretary  of  the  Commission. 
During  the  summer  an  almost  exhaustive  collection  was  made 
of  printed  matter  issued  by  the  denominational  war-time  agen- 
cies, as  well  as  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  and  other 
interchurch  agencies.  These  were  carefully  listed  in  the  hand- 
book. One  collection  has  been  deposited  in  the  office  of  the 
Federal  Council  and  a  duplicate  collection  in  the  library  of 
the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  where  it  has  been  catalogued 
and  made  readily  available  for  future  consultation.    It  is  be- 


80  FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

lieved  that  this  forms  a  collection  of  material  important  for  a 
study  of  the  part  taken  by  the  churches  during  the  period  of 
the  war.  The  handbook  itself  constitutes  a  permanent  record 
of  this  work,  bringing  together  in  convenient  form  accounts 
of  the  activities  of  widely  separated  organizations  and  serving 
to  indicate  the  magnitude  of  the  total  contribution  of  the 
churches'  war  work. 

"Although  the  handbook  was  practically  completed  by  Oc- 
tober, 1919,  its  publication  was  delayed  by  the  situation  in  the 
printing  trades.  It  finally  appeared  in  January,  1920,  in  an 
edition  of  two  thousand  copies.  Of  these  the  greater  number 
have  been  distributed  among  the  members  of  the  General  War- 
Time  Commission  and  its  committees,  the  officers  of  the  de- 
nominational commissions  and  of  the  denominational  bodies. 
Copies  were  also  sent  to  the  editors  of  the  religious  press,  to 
the  libraries  of  theological  seminaries  and  other  libraries,  to  a 
selected  list  of  interested  persons  in  foreign  countries,  and 
through  local  church  federations  to  local  ministers  especially 
interested. 

"(2)  Work  for  chaplains.  During  the  time  Rev.  Gaylord 
S.  White,  Associate  Secretary  of  the  Commission,  continued 
to  serve  as  Secretary  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and 
Navy  Chaplains  until  December,  1919,  and  to  some  extent 
afterward,  the  office  of  the  Commission  conveniently  provided 
the  Committee  with  a  New  York  office.  This  was  especially 
convenient  in  giving  attention  to  matters  relating  to  the  Camp 
Upton  Chapel,  in  the  preparation  of  a  suitable  medal  for  dis- 
tribution among  those  who  had  served  as  chaplains  during  the 
war,  in  the  preparation  of  the  outline  of  a  course  in  instruc- 
tion, for  use  in  theological  seminaries,  in  the  work  and  oppor- 
tunities of  the  Army  and  Navy  chaplains. 

"(3)  Collection  of  the  Interchurch  Emergency  Fund.  This 
fund  was  planned  in  October  and  November,  1918,  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  through  the  program  of  interchurch  war 
work  at  that  time  contemplated.  The  altered  situation  after 
the  armistice  rendered  it  impracticable  to  collect  a  fund  of 
the  amount  originally  contemplated,  as  well  as  unnecessary 
and  undesirable,  to  carry  through  the  program  of  work  in  all 
its  details.  A  reduced  budget  was  accordingly  adopted  at  the 
closing  meeting  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  April 
29,  1919,  and  the  denominational  commissions  associated  in 
the  plans  for  the  Fund  were  asked  to  contribute  to  the  sum 
required  to  meet  this  budget.  In  accordance  with  its  provisions, 
the  expenses  of  the  several  committees  associated  with  the 
General  War-Time  Commission  were  paid,  including  those  of 
the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  up  to 
December  31,  1919.  A  definite  amount  was  also  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  to  enable  it  to  take 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  81 

over  responsibility  for  continuing  work.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Continuation  Committee,  appointed  by  the  Administrative 
Committee,  held  on  January  13,  1920,  the  funds  available, 
whether  in  hand  at  that  time  or  pledged  for  future  payment, 
were  distributed  among  the  committees  responsible  for  un- 
finished work.    This  distribution  was  as  follows : 

General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches  $6,000 

General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  6,000 

Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook 11,000 

Joint  Committee  on  Social  Hygiene   1,500 

Committee  on  Interchange  of  Preachers  and  Speakers 1,500 

"The  payments  to  the  Interchurch  Emergency  Fund  were 
completed  in  June,  1920.  Up  to  the  present  time  it  appears 
that  since  September,  1917,  a  total  amount  of  nearly  $300,000 
has  been  contributed  to  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
and  the  several  committees  associated  therewith.  This  in- 
cludes the  Interchurch  Emergency  Fund  of  $102,105.22.  A 
statement  in  full  detail  of  receipts  and  expenditures  will  be 
included  in  the  final  report  of  the  Commission's  work. 

"(4)  Final  report  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission. 
The  preparation,  printing  and  distribution  of  this  report  con- 
stitutes, at  present,  the  unfinished  work  of  the  Commission. 
Its  preparation  has  recently  been  put  into  the  hands  of  Rev. 
Samuel  McCrea  Cavert,  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council,  and 
formerly  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Commission.'  It  is  ex- 
pected that  this  report  will  be  not  simply  a  record  of  what  the 
Commission  accomplished  but  will  constitute  a  contribution  to 
the  subject  of  methods  of  interchurch  work  on  the  basis  of 
lessons  learned  through  war-time  experiences  of  interchurch 
cooperation  and  organization." 

The  Washington  Office  of  the  Council 

The  office  in  Washington,  through  the  exigencies  of  the 
war,  came  to  a  place  of  large  importance  so  that  upon  the 
conclusion  of  the  activities  of  the  General  War-Time  Com- 
mission it  was  clear  that  a  permanent  administration  should 
be  provided  for  this  office  with  an  adequate  administrative 
staff.  The  wisdom  of  the  early  establishment  of  the  office  at 
the  National  Capital  was  vindicated  in  the  war  period  and 
the  report  of  the  Washington  Committee  makes  it  clear 
that  matters  of  the  highest  importance  can  be  dealt  with 
only  at  that  center. 

Your  Committee  trusts  that  not  only  the  particular  inter- 
ests entrusted  to  the  Federal  Council,  but  all  interdenomi- 
national service  at  Washington,  may  be  cared  for  by  this 
office,  which  has  now  established  the  necessary  vital  con- 
tacts and  secured  the  confidence  of  the  departments  and 


82  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

bodies  with  which  it  appropriately  cooperates.  Many  a 
denominational  trip  to  Washington  could  also  be  avoided, 
were  this  office  used,  ensuring  economy  of  time  and  expense 
and  sometimes  increased  effectiveness.  We  suspect  that  such 
economies  would  soon  more  than  cover  the  expense  of  the 
office. 

The  War  Relief  Movement 

During  the  early  part  of  the  Quadrennium  the  Council 
carried  on,  in  association  with  the  various  war  relief 
agencies,  an  extensive  campaign  with  encouraging  results. 
This  work  has  been  continued  and  the  Council  is  constantly 
called  upon  to  give  its  help  to  these  agencies.  This  aid  now 
consists  in  supporting  and  stimulating  various  movements  and 
organizations,  inasmuch  as  it  has  not  been  felt  wise  that  the 
Council  should  become  itself  a  collecting  agency. 

There  have  been  special  appeals  issued  to  Christian  peo- 
ple, including  one  in  February,  1918,  on  behalf  of  the  suffer- 
ing in  Finland,  one  in  1919  for  the  sufferers  by  famine  in 
India,  one  in  behalf  of  the  children  of  Serbia,  several  appeals 
for  relief  in  the  Near  East,  and  action  securing  some  relief 
for  Russian  refugees  in  Switzerland. 

A  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee, in  cooperation  with  other  bodies,  relative  to  the 
repatriation  of  former  prisoners  of  war  in  Siberia. 

The  extensive  campaign  in  behalf  of  the  several  war  relief 
societies  was  continued  until  our  nation  entered  the  war, 
after  which  the  efforts  of  the  Council  were  directed  in 
behalf  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 

These  matters  are  now  committed  to  the  Commission  on 
Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  which  has  re- 
cently become  intimately  associated  with  the  present  or- 
ganizations engaged  in  European  Relief. 

The  Four  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Protestant 
Reformation 

The  Four  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Protestant  Ref- 
ormation was  observed,  the  arrangements  being  carried  out 
under  a  large  interdenominational  committee  appointed  by 
the  Council  from  over  thirty  denominations,  the  adminis- 
trative service  being  largely  rendered  by  the  United  Luth- 
eran Committee. 

The  Pilgrim  Tercentenary 

The  Federal  Council  provided  for  the  Pilgrim  Tercen- 
tenary, first  as  a  part  of  its  own  program  for  the  Quadren- 
nial   Meeting   and   also   by   setting   up   the   American    May- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  83 

flower  Council,  which  has  dealt  with  the  Tercentenary  in 
a  broad  way  in  cooperation  with  other  institutions. 

In  addition  to  the  delegates  appointed  by  the  American 
Mayflower  Council,  special  representatives  to  the  exercises 
in  Holland  and  England  were  appointed  directly  by  the 
Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council,  and  the 
Pilgrim  Memorial  Address  at  the  John  Robinson  Church 
in  Leyden  was  given  by  the  General  Secretary,  and  similar 
addresses  made  by  Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson  at  the 
Church  at  Amsterdam  and  Rev.  Nehcmiah  Boynton  at  the 
Church  in  Delfshaven. 

Relations  with  Other  Interdenominational  Bodies 

There  have  been  during  the  past  Quadrennium,  constantly 
closer  relationships  with  interdenominational  bodies  either  ap- 
pointed or  approved  by  the  churches.  This  has  been  especially 
true  of  the  affiliated  relationship  with  the  Home  Missions 
Council  and,  to  some  extent,  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America. 

The  cooperative  relationship  between  the  Council,  especially 
certain  of  its  Commissions,  and  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  and  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
have  become  very  much  closer  during  the  Quadrennium.  This 
attitude  on  the  part  of  these  bodies  has  manifested  itself  in 
many  practical  ways,  including,  for  special  interests,  financial 
appropriations. 

In  this  connection,  your  attention  should  be  drawn  to  the 
following  statement  on  the  part  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  which  was  presented  by  one  of  its  representatives 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  in  1918. 

"We  wish  to  reaffirm  the  resolution  passed  at  the  Garden  City  Re- 
ligious Work  Conference  last  year,  which  is  as  follows: 

That  all  General  Secretaries,  other  Association  executives  and 
departmental  workers  consider  the  winning  of  men  and  boys  to 
Jesus  Christ,  to  loyal  and  intelligent  Christian  service  and  to  mem- 
bership in  His  Church  as  a  personal  as  well  as  an  executive 
responsibility.' 

"We  would  define  Christian  religious  work  as  any  work  which 
demonstrates  the  unselfish,  sacrificial  spirit  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  is 
consistently  used  as  a  means  to  bring  men  into  fellowship  with  Him 
and  His  Church  for  salvation,  character  building  and  service. 

"All  phases  of  Association  work  taken  together  constitute  a  body 
through  which  the  soul  (i.e.,  the  religious  nature)  should  function; 
therefore,  every  Association  Secretary,  whatever  may  be  his  task, 
should  be  regarded  as  a  religious  worker,  since  it  is  his  business  to 
definitely  relate  men  to  Jesus  Christ,  as  Savior  and  Lord  of  Life. 

"I.  Be  it,  therefore,  resolved,  that  the  Religious  Work  Committee 
of  a  local  Association  be  composed  of  representatives  of  all  the  de- 


84  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

partments  of  the  Association  together  with  representatives  of  industry 
and  of  welfare  work  in  the  community. 

"II.  We  maintain  the  principle  of  specialization  in  Religious  Work 
— therefore,  be  it  resolved,  that  it  is  essential  to  have  in  each  local 
Association  a  secretary  who  is  responsible  for  organized  religious 
work.  This  secretary  should  be  of  sufficient  maturity,  experience  and 
training  to  win  the  cooperation  of  the  Board  of  Directors  and  of  his 
colleagues  on  the  staff,  to  command  the  confidence  of  local  pastors, 
and  to  promote  interchurch  relations  and  activities. 

"III.  Be  it  resolved  that  an  adequate  religious  work  budget  be 
provided  by  each  Association. 

"IV.  Be  it  resolved  that  since  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion is  of  the  Church,  for  the  Church,  and  by  the  Church,  we  reaffirm 
our  loyalty  to  the  Church  and  our  purpose  to  identify  ourselves  sin- 
cerely and  effectively  with  Her  in  the  study  of  needs,  devising  of 
policies,  securing  of  recruits  for  the  Christian  ministry  and  the  mission 
field  division  of  our  common  task  and  execution  of  Her  program  for 
men  and  boys." 

At  the  1919  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Association  presented  the  important  statements 
of  the  International  Committee,  to  the  gratification  of  all  who 
heard  them. 

The  contacts  between  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation and  several  departments  of  the  Council  are  close  and 
of  mutual  helpfulness. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  it 
was  decided  that  it  was  neither  advisable  nor  possible  to  have 
any  organic  relationship  between  the  Council  and  the  Move- 
ment. At  the  same  time,  it  was  also  clear  that  the  Council  and 
its  staff  should  render  all  possible  help  to  the  Movement,  when- 
ever opportunity  offered,  an  arrangement  which  was  carried 
out  from  first  to  last,  with  the  heartiest  good-will. 

International  Relationships  with  Church  Bodies 

The  ecumenical  relationships  of  the  Council  have  assumed 
a  place  of  large  importance  during  the  Quadrennium.  They 
have  been  brought  about  by  natural  processes  and  through 
practical  necessities.  Messengers  have  gone  back  and  forth, 
especially  during  the  period  of  the  war,  between  the  churches 
of  America  and  those  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Belgium,  Switz- 
erland, Italy,  Hungary,  and  other  nations.  These  relations  are 
becoming  intimate  and  significant. 

At  the  special  meeting  of  the  Council  at  Cleveland,  there 
were  representatives  of  the  churches  of  France,  Belgium  and 
Italy,  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  Administrative  Committee  fol- 
lowing that  meeting,  a  commissioner  from  Switzerland.  At 
the  last  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  in  Baltimore, 
there  were  representatives  from  France,  Holland,  Switzerland 
and  Great  Britain. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  85 

These  interchanges  are  fully  recorded  in  the  reports  of  the 
Commissions  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium  and  on 
Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe. 

During  the  Peace  Conference  at  Paris,  a  delegation  of  de- 
nominational representatives,  appointed  by  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil, was  received  by  President  Poincare  of  the  French  Republic 
and  other  officials.  At  about  the  same  time,  President  Wilson 
was  waited  upon  by  a  delegation  from  the  French  Protestant 
Federation. 

During  the  past  year,  under  appointment  by  the  Federal 
Council,  about  fifty  friendly  visitors  of  several  denominational 
bodies  have  been  among  the  churches  of  Europe,  and  it  is 
evident  that  their  visits  were  timely  and  that  they  brought 
great  moral  help  to  our  brothers  and  sisters  in  stricken  Europe. 
These  associations  are  of  especial  significance  in  view  of  the 
lamentable  fact  that  our  own  nation  is  not  rendering  the  moral 
and  economic  help  to  Europe  which  a  great  nation  like  ours 
ought  to  render. 

The  office  of  the  Council  has  been  in  constant  correspond- 
ence with  representatives  of  the  churches  in  every  part  of  the 
world,  especially  with  the  federated  bodies.  This  correspond- 
ence, together  with  the  relations  established  with  the  churches 
in  Europe,  has  brought  about  the  conference  held  in  Geneva 
in  August  which  voted  that  the  time  had  come  to  prepare  for 
what  is  to  be  known  as  "The  Universal  Conference  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  on  Life  and  Work."  While  the  Committee 
of  Arrangements,  appointed  at  Geneva,  will  approach  the 
denominational  bodies  directly,  there  is  no  doubt  but  what  a 
large  share  of  the  burden  of  bringing  this  conference  to  suc- 
cess will  fall  upon  our  Federal  Council  and  its  administrative 
staff. 

World  Conference  on  Life  and  Work 

The  following  is  the  report  of  the  Committee  known  as  the 
Committee  on  World  Conference,  presented  to  the  Administra- 
tive Committee  on  October  23,  1920: 

Several  proposals  have  been  made  and  one  preliminary  conference 
held,  by  action  of  the  Scandinavian  churches.  On  December  14,  1917, 
a  conference  from  neutral  countries  was  held  in  Upsala,  Sweden,  the 
call  being  issued  by  Archbishop  Soderblom  of  Sweden,  Bishop  Osten- 
feld  of  Denmark,  and  Bishop  Tandberg  of  Norway.  The  gathering 
was  attended  by  representatives  from  Denmark,  Holland,  Norway, 
Switzerland  and  Sweden.  It  issued  a  call  for  a  conference  to  be  held 
at  Christiania,  Norway,  April  14,  1918. 

Meanwhile,  similar  movements  were  under  consideration  in  Switzer- 
land, and  there  was  some  feeling  that  the  proposed  conference  should 
be  held  in  Switzerland.  These  proposals  were  considered  in  Great 
Britain.  The  French  Protestant  churches  made  a  counter-proposal 
for  a  conference  to  be  held  immediately  of  the  Protestant  churches 
of  the  Allied  nations. 


86  FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  through 
its  Administrative  Committee,  received  and  considered  these  various 
proposals  from  time  to  time,  but  was  steadfast  in  its  judgment  that 
no  conference  of  the  kind  could  be  held  by  the  churches  of  the  nations 
which  were  at  war,  without  violating  the  very  principles  of  justice 
and  righteousness  for  which  the  United  States  had  entered  the  war. 
The  Federal  Council,  however,  continued  its  Committee  and  the  Com- 
mittee kept  in  correspondence  with  the  interested  brethren  in  the  other 
nations.  The  proposed  conference  was  finally  abandoned  on  the 
ground  of  unfavorable  action  of  the  American  and  French  churches 
and  the  division  of  opinion  in  Great  Britain  and  Switzerland. 

The  matter  came  up  again,  however,  through  a  communication  in 
October,  1918,  from  Bishops  Soderblom,  Ostenfeld  and  Tandberg, 
stating  that  they  were  now  prepared  at  the  close  of  the  war  to  issue 
the  invitations  to  the  conference  in  the  near  future.  This  was  followed 
in  November,  1918,  by  a  communication  from  the  Federal  Council  of 
Evangelical  Free  Churches  representing  the  Swedish  Mission  Society, 
the  Baptist  Union  and  the  Methodist  Church,  signed  by  their  various 
officers.  This  was  an  appeal  to  the  churches  of  the  belligerent  coun- 
tries to  discard  bitter  feelings,  to  utter  no  harsh  words  and  to  renew 
the  spirit  of  reconciliation. 

A  little  later,  the  Synodical  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Church  of 
Berne,  Switzerland,  invited  all  the  Swiss  Reformed  Churches  to  sign 
a  letter  to  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary  of  our  Federal  Council. 
This  letter  was  to  invite  the  Federal  Council  to  take  the  itiitiative  in 
calling  a  general  conference  of  the  evangelical  churches  of  the  entire 
world  for  the  purpose,  in  the  main,  of  reconciliation  among  Protestant 
Christians.  To  this  proposal,  however,  the  Geneva  consistory  re- 
sponded that  the  proposal  was  premature. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  World  Alliance  in  Holland  in  October,  1919, 
a  group  of  representatives  of  the  churches  of  various  nations  met 
and  requested  Rt.  Rev.  Nathan  Soderblom,  Archbishop  of  Upsala, 
Dean  O.  Herold  of  the  Conference  of  Swiss  Churches  and  Dr.  Mac- 
farland  of  the  Federal  Council  to  call  a  small  conference  to  consider 
the  whole  question.  This  conference  met  at  Paris,  November  17, 
1919,  and  as  the  result  of  its  action,  Dr.  Lynch  submitted  the  follow- 
ing resolution  to  the  Executive  Committee  last  December: 

"Resolved :  That  the  Executive  Committee  approve  the  request  of 
the  Committee  on  World  Conference  of  the  Churches,  made  up 
of  representatives  of  the  British,  Scandinavian,  Swiss,  French 
and  American  church  bodies  which  met  at  Paris,  November  17 ; 

"That  the  Committee  on  World  Conference  of  the  Federal 
Council  proceed  to  correspond  with  the  various  church  bodies  of 
Christendom  ascertaining  their  feeling  upon  the  whole  matter  of 
such  a  conference  and.  if  the  responses  warrant  further  procedure, 
that  a  committee  of  the  churches  of  the  various  nations  be  con- 
vened by  the  Chairman,  Dr.  Lynch,  it  being  understood  that  the 
Committee  on  World  Conference  shall  submit  its  proceedings 
for  approval  to  the  Administrative  Committee." 

The  Administrative  Committee  appointed  a  Committee  on  World 
Conference  which  met  March  2,  1920,  its  actions  being  as  follows: 
"After  full  discussion,  it  was 

"Voted :  That  this  Committee  on  World  Conference  expresses 
the  preference  that  the  ultimate  conference  should  be  inclusive 
of  all  Christian  bodies  of  all  countries,  if  this  be  possible. 

"It  was  voted :  To  recommend  to  the  federated  bodies  of  churches 
and  similar  joint  committees  or  other  joint  bodies  of  the  churches 
in  the  various  nations  that  a  conference  of  their  representatives  be 


REPORTS   OF    COMMISSIONS    AND   COMMITTEES  87 

held  in  Geneva,  August  10-11,  1920,  the  purpose  of  this  conference 
being  to  confer  upon  the  calling  of  a  world  conference  of  church 
bodies  to  consider  the  urgent  practical  tasks  of  Christian  life  and 
service  and  the  possibilities  of  world-wide  cooperation  in  testimony 
and  action. 

"It  was  voted :  That  the  constituent  bodies  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil be  requested  to  officially  authorize  the  members  of  the  Federal 
Council  Committee  on  World  Conference  to  represent  them  in 
that  capacity." 

These  proposals  were  reported  to  the  constituent  bodies  of  the  Fed- 
eral Council  in  the  regular  report  to  these  bodies  in  May  and  were 
either  specifically  approved  or  included  in  the  approval  of  the  general 
report  by  all  of  our  constituent  bodies.  In  some  cases  specific  nomi- 
nations were  made  of  available  representatives  of  these  bodies. 

These  directions  were  carried  out  and  the  results  appear  in  the 
attached  records  of  the  meeting  at  Geneva. 

The  preliminary  meeting  ^o  consider  a  world  conference,  held  at 
Geneva,  August,  1920,  consisted  of  about  one  hundred  delegates  rep- 
resenting the  evangelical  churches  of  fifteen  nations.     The  Federal 
Council  was  represented  by  thirty-four  delegates. 
The  action  of  the  Conference  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 
"Moved  that  there  be  called  two  or  three  years  hence  or  at  such 
time  as  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  may  decide,  a  Conference 
of  the  Churches. 

"It  is  Recommended  to  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  that  the 
proposed  conference  be  held  if  practicable  at  some  time  during  1922, 
otherwise  in  1923. 

"It  was  VOTED :  That  the  name  of  the  conference  should  be 
provisionally  'Universal  Conference  of  the  Church  of  Christ  on 
Life  and  Work.' " 

Your  committee  recommends  that  it  be  now  dissolved  and  that  all 
further  action  be  left  with  the  committee  appointed  at  Geneva. 

The  complete  records  of  the  Geneva  meeting  are  presented  as  a 
part  of  this  Report. 

The  National  Offices 

The  national  offices  in  New  York  have  developed  during  the 
Quadrennium  on  account  of  the  increasing  obligations  and 
tasks  of  the  Council  and  now  house  a  considerable  staff  of 
earnest  workers. 

Meanwhile,  other  interdenominational  bodies  representing 
the  boards  of  the  churches  or  special  interdenominational  in- 
terests have  also  greatly  increased  their  administrative  needs. 
This  has  led  the  Administrative  Committee,  with  the  approval 
of  the  Executive  Committee,  to  appoint  a  Committee  on  Build- 
ing, which  is  at  the  present  moment  inquiring  into  the  possi- 
bilities of  a  common  headquarters  for  the  interdenominational 
organizations  centering  in  New  York. 

The  Executive  Staff 
The  executive  staff  has  necessarily  developed  through  the 
increase  of  the  Council's  work.     In  compliance  with  the  ex- 
pressed judgment  of  the  special  meeting  of  the  Council^  at 
Qeveland,  there  are  now  two  Secretaries  for  general  service, 


88  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

a  Secretary  for  the  Washington  Office  and  special  Secretaries 
for  the  organized  Commissions.  More  recently  there  have 
been  added  executive  representatives  located  at  an  office  estab- 
lished in  Chicago. 

The  establishing  of  a  center  in  Chicago,  with  executive  rep- 
resentatives, has  been  in  response  to  a  clear  demand  for  the 
geographical  extension  of  the  Council's  work  and  influence. 
The  churches  of  the  western  part  of  the  country  complain  that 
the  officials  in  New  York  are  too  far  away  from  them.  Some 
pressure  is  being  brought  to  bear  at  the  present  time  towards 
the  establishment  of  a  center  with  a  representative  still  farther 
West,  which  the  Council  may  wish  to  consider. 

The  staff  of  workers  numbers  about  seventy-five  at  the 
offices  in  New  York,  under  the  general  direction  of  the  Assist- 
ant to  the  General  Secretaries,  four  at  its  offices  in  Washing- 
ton, and  three  at  Chicago.  The  Executive  Committee  desires 
to  bear  witness  to  the  Council  of  the  diligent  and  unselfish 
service  of  our  staff,  whose  service  cannot  be  adequately  re- 
corded in  a  condensed  report  such  as  this. 

During  a  part  of  the  Quadrennium,  the  Council  had  the 
exceptional  service  of  Rev.  Charles  Stelzle,  as  Field  Secretary 
for  Special  Service,  and  of  Rev.  Clyde  F.  Armitage,  who,  dur- 
ing the  most  trying  period  of  the  war,  carried  the  responsi- 
bility of  most  important  matters  relative  to  the  chaplains  in 
the  Army  and  Navy.  During  the  height  of  the  war  relief 
movement,  Rev.  E.  W.  Rankin  rendered  valuable  service  in 
this  important  interest.  The  important  work  connected  with 
the  preparation  of  the  "Year  Book  of  the  Churches"  was  per- 
formed by  Rev.  Stacy  R.  Warburton,  who  served  as  Associate 
Secretary  during  several  months  of  the  past  year. 

During  the  period  of  the  war,  the  Council  had  the  advan- 
tage of  most  unusual  administrative  service  rendered  by 
officials  of  several  of  the  denominational  boards,  individual 
churches  and  theological  seminaries,  a  method  which  ought  to 
be  more  largely  employed,  as  it  is  now  in  the  case  especially 
of  the  Commissions  on  Evangelism  and  Social  Service  in  their 
field  and  conference  work  and,  in  the  latter  case,  in  the  dis- 
tinctly administrative  task. 

Field  and  Conference  Work  of  the  Secretaries 

Attention  should  be  called  to  the  hard  and  unselfish  work 
of  the  secretaries.  It  is  through  their  field  and  conference 
service  that  the  cooperative  program  has  been  put  into  action 
and  that  the  Council  now  occupies  its  place  of  power  and 
responsibility  among  the  churches  and  in  the  nation.  Few 
men  in  the  nation  have  the  important  contacts  and  relation- 
ships sustained  by  them,  touching  almost  every  phase  of  the 
moral  and  spiritual  life  of  the  people.     We  believe  that  the 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  89 

experience  of  the  past  four  years  has  both  justified  and  greatly 
increased  the  general  confidence  which  we  have  reposed  in 
them.  They  have  worked  together  and  have  been  in  large 
measure  the  means  by  which  the  Federal  Council,  at  least  in 
the  main,  has  held  true  to  her  course  amid  conflicting  and 
contrary  winds  and  currents.  When  the  progress  has  been 
slow,  it  has  not  been  because  they  are  not  progressive  men, 
but  often  because  they  have  taken  the  time  to  study  chart  and 
compass  and  to  take  the  necessary  observations.  We  commend 
both  their  ventures  of  faith  and  their  patience  in  waiting. 

Financial  Matters 

In  the  early  part  of  the  present  year,  a  statement  was  made 
to  the  constituent  bodies  relative  to  the  financial  needs  of  the 
Council  which  will  be  found  in  full  on  another  page. 

We  earnestly  commend  to  the  Council  careful  consideration 
of  the  Treasurer's  report,  especially  with  regard  to  the  large 
amounts  raised  from  individual  givers  for  the  work  of  the 
Council.  The  increasing  support  from  year  to  year  indicates 
increasing  confidence  in  the  Council  on  the  part  of  Christian 
people. 

We  do  not  believe  that  the  present  financial  methods,  how- 
ever, ought  to  be  continued.  While  undoubtedly  there  is  great 
value  in  attaching  large  numbers  of  individual  supporters,  this 
support  is  too  precarious  and  the  funds  in  large  measure  ought 
to  be  supplied  by  apportionment  from  the  denominations  and 
their  various  boards.  We  recommend  that  the  Council  take 
definite  action  on  this  matter,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  constituent 
bodies. 

During  the  past  year,  a  responsible  Board  of  Finance  has 
been  created,  to  which  have  been  submitted  the  budget  and 
the  important  questions  of  policy,  with  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee to  which  has  been  entrusted  the  care  of  the  more  de- 
tailed questions  arising  from  time  to  time. 

The  Executive  Committee  desires  to  make  record  of  the 
continued  painstaking  and  valuable  service  of  the  Treasurer, 
Alfred  R.  Kimball,  who  has  served  faithfully  at  this  important 
post. 

Department  of  Religious  Publicity 

The  Department  of  Religious  Publicity,  while  issuing  infor- 
mation relative  to  the  life  of  the  churches  in  general,  has,  for 
the  most  part,  been  simply  a  medium  for  conveying  information 
regarding  the  work  of  the  Council  and  its  Commissions.  There 
is  no  doubt  bui  what  something  of  larger  scope  is  called  for 
which  would,  however,  be  far  beyond  the  resources  now  at 
our  disposal.     Such  a  service  would  need  to  be  cooperatively 


90  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

established  by  the  publicity  departments  of  the  constituent 
denominations.  It  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that  this  depart- 
ment of  the  Council  may  serve  to  bring  about  such  a  general 
religious  publicity  service. 

Conferences  have  been  held  with  the  representatives  of  sev- 
eral interdenominational  organizations  looking  towards  such 
a  common  publicity  service.  If  this  could  be  established,  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  the  Federal  Council  Bulletin  would  read- 
ily be  transformed  into  something  more  than  what  is  com- 
monly known  as  a  "house  organ,"  and  developed  into  a  general 
interdenominational  paper. 

Like  every  other  aspect  of  the  Council's  work,  this  simply 
waits  upon  a  development  in  the  shaping  of  cooperative  rela- 
tionships between  these  interdenominational  organizations,  sev- 
eral of  which  now  do  not  give  adequate  publicity  to  the  coop- 
erative service  rendered  in  their  several  fields. 

The  formation  of  the  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious 
Press  has  served  a  useful  purpose,  but  it  cannot  be  said  that 
as  yet  it  has  found  any  clearly  defined  field  of  activities. 

Attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact  that  during  the  past 
few  years  the  secular  press  in  particular  has  shown  a  disposi- 
tion to  cultivate  the  Federal  Council  as  a  source  of  religious 
publicity. 

Publications 

The  following  volumes  have  been  issued  during  the  Quad- 
rennium  from  various  departments  and  committees,  and  have 
been  distributed  by  the  Printing  and  Publication  Department: 

Library  of  Christian  Cooperation. 

Six  volumes  containing  the  reports  of  the  last  Quadrennial 

Meeting. 
Churches  of  Christ  in  Time  of  War. 
Survey  of  the  Moral  and  Religious  Forces  in  the  Military  Camps 

and  Naval  Stations  in  the  United  States. 
War-Time  Agencies  of  the  Churches. 
A  Manual  of  Interchurch  Work. 
Community  Programs  for  Cooperating  Churches. 
Six  Thousand  Country  Churches. 
The  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  and  France. 
Handbook  of  French  and  Belgian  Protestantism. 
Progress  of  Church  Federation. 
Nine  Monographs  by  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious 

Outlook  under  the  heading  "The  Religious  Outlook." 
Volumes  of  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  Religious  Outlook : 

The  War  and  Religion :  a  Bibliography. 

Religion  among  American  Men  as  Revealed  by  Conditions  in 

the  Army. 

The  Missionary  Outlook  in  the  Light  of  the  War. 

The  Church  and  Industrial  Reconstruction. 

Christian  Unity :  Its  Principles  and  Possibilities. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  91 

The  Year  Book  of  the  Churches. 

This  has  been  issued  with  increasing  completeness  from  year 
to  year,  and  now  has  become  a  genuine  compendium  of  ecclesi- 
astical information. 

Organization  and  Administration 

The  whole  problem  of  effective  organization  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  interdenominational  cooperation  has  been 
raised  during  the  Quadrennium.  During  the  period  of  the 
war  the  General  War-Time  Commission  brought  to  us  a  great 
body  of  experience  in  the  development  of  these  interests. 
Later  on  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  raised  the  ques- 
tion anew. 

These  administrative  needs  were  considered  by  the  special 
meeting  of  the  Council  at  Cleveland  in  May,  1919,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  Fifteen.  The  meet- 
ing at  Cleveland  expressed  the  judgment  that  the  proposals 
of  the  Committee  of  Fifteen  were  well  calculated  to  add  to 
the  usefulness  of  the  Federal  Council,  but  felt  that  final  action 
should  be  referred  to  the  Quadrennial  Meeting.  At  the  same 
time  the  Administrative  Committee  was  instructed  to  reshape 
the  Council's  method  of  procedure  so  far  as  permissible  under 
the  constitution,  by-laws  or  previous  action  of  the  Council. 

Acting  under  these  instructions  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee, with  the  subsequent  approval  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, has  effected  an  organization  of  the  Administrative 
Committee  which  makes  that  body  fully  and  directly  repre- 
sentative of  the  constituent  denominations  and  also  properly 
associated  with  the  interdenominational  organizations  whose 
work  is  necessarily  related  to  that  of  the  Federal  Council. 

The  Administrative  Committee,  in  consultation  with  the  de- 
nominational authorities,  has  appointed  a  Committee  on 
Methods  of  Cooperation,  consisting  of  the  following,  who 
have  power  to  add  to  their  number:  Rev.  Peter  Ainslie,  Rev. 

A.  W.  Anthony,  Rev.  R.  F.  Campbell,  Bishop  James  Cannon, 
Jr.,  Rev.  C.  F.  Carter,  Rev.  E.  D.  Eaton  (alternate  to  Dr. 
Carter),  John  M.  Glenn,  Rev.  Isaac  W.  Gowen,  Rev.  Howard 

B.  Grose,  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Haven,  O.  R.  Judd,  President  Henry 
Churchill  King,  Rev.  F.  H.  Knubel,  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson, 
Rev.  John  A.  Marquis,  Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  Bishop  W.  F. 
McDowell,  Rev.  H.  G.  Mendenhall  (alternate  to  Dr.  Steven- 
son), Governor  Carl  E.  Milliken,  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North, 
Professor  George  W.  Richards,  Robert  E.  Speer,  Rev.  J.  Ross 
Stevenson,  Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Rev.  Chas.  L.  White,  Bishop 
Luther  B.  Wilson. 

This  Committee  will  report  directly  to  the  Council. 

There  is  no  question  but  what  our  constituent  churches,  and, 
indeed,  the  public  at  large,  will  look  to  this  Quadrennial  Meet- 
ing to  present  a  cooperative  program  for  the  churches  of  Christ, 


92  FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES  OF   CHRIST 

together  with  the  necessary  administrative  adjustments  which 
will  command  the  confidence  of  the  churches  and  of  the  public. 
Your  Executive  Committee  has  endeavored  to  prepare  the  way 
for  the  Coimcil. 

In  Memoriam 

The  Executive  Committee  records  with  high  appreciation 
of  their  service  and  with  deep  sorrow  for  their  loss  the  death 
of  the  following  members  of  the  Council : 

Rev.  Jesse  W.  Brooks — Reformed  Church  in  America. 
Rev.  E.  C.  E.  Dorion — Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Bishop  Rudolph  Dubs — United  Evangelical  Church. 
Rev.  H.  B.  Hartzler — United  Evangelical  Church. 
Rev.  Hubert  C.  Herring — Congregational  Churches. 
Bishop  E.  E.  Hoss — Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 
Rev.  James  W.  Lee — Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 
Rt.  Rev.  Morris  W.  Leibert — Moravian  Church. 
Rev.  A.  W.  Lightbourne — Christian  Church. 
Rev.  O.  W.  Powers — Christian  Church. 
Rev.  L.  C.  Randolph — Seventh  Day  Baptist  Church. 
Rev.  Walter  Rauschenbusch — Northern  Baptist  Convention. 
Rev.  William  H,  Roberts — Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 
William  H.  Scott— Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 
Bishop  C.  T.  Shaffer — African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Rev.  W.  F.  Sheridan — Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Rev.  J.  Frank  Smith — Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 
Rev.  J.  W.  Stagg— Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South). 
Rev.  W.  W.  Van  Orsdel — Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Bishop   Alexander   Walters — African   Methodist    Episcopal    Zion 
Church. 

Executive  and  Administrative  Committee 
Rev.  John  F.  Cannon — Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South). 

Conclusion 

As  we  turn  from  this  review  of  our  manifold  work  for  the 
past  four  years,  as  we  sense  the  currents  which  are  running 
wider  and  deeper  and  stronger  in  world  life,  as  we  interpret 
correctly  the  growing  convictions  of  the  Church  and  the  Chris- 
tian sentiment  of  the  nations,  as  we  watch  secular  movements 
and  discover  their  strategy  of  success,  as  we  become  more 
thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit  and  teaching  of  our  Divine 
Redeemer,  and  as  we  plan  for  the  speedy  and  world-wide 
proclamation  of  His  Gospel,  we  must  be  impressed  profoundly 
with  the  feeling  that  one  of  the  supreme  needs  of  the  Chris* 
tian  Church  is  cooperation.    We  must  work  together. 

It  is  not  essential  that  we  have  sameness  in  our  doctrinal 
beliefs.  It  is  of  course  vital  that  we  stand  squarely  and  un- 
alterably for  the  great  fundamental  facts  of  the  Christian 
religion,  without  which  it  would  cease  to  be  the  Christian  relig- 
ion. To  surrender  faith  in  the  inspiration  of  sacred  Scripture 
and  to  cease  to  proclaim  the  reality  of  the  supernatural  would 
be  for  the  Christian  Church  already  to  cease  to  survive.     It 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  93 

would  be  for  a  conquering  Church  to  dwindle  down  into  a 
forceless  cult.  Only  a  virile  and  positive  faith  can  meet  human 
need  in  this  or  any  other  day. 

But  holding  firmly  to  these  essentials,  churches  may  differ 
widely  among  themselves  on  non-essentials  without  impairing 
the  efficiency  of  their  witnessing. 

It  is  essential  that  we  have  cooperation.  Costly  competitions 
must  come  to  an  end.  Friction  must  be  eliminated.  Dupli- 
cation of  effort  and  investment  must  cease.  The  activities  of 
the  Christian  churches  must  be  coordinated. 

No  one  who  studies,  even  in  the  most  superficial  way,  world 
needs  and  church  conditions,  can  have  any  doubt  about  this. 
The  churches  must  do  team  work.  We  need  each  other.  The 
desperate  needs  of  a  civilization  that  is  staggering,  that  must 
be  strengthened,  that  must  be  purged  and  cleansed  and  re- 
deemed as  well  as  strengthened,  clamor  for  a  Church  that  is 
assembled  and  efficient.  This  is  no  day  to  seek  denominational 
solitudes. 

Even  the  man  of  the  world  has  discovered  that  the  Gospel 
is  the  only  thing  that  will  save  the  day.  It  is  not  a  new  social 
order  nor  an  old  social  order  but  a  true  Christian  order  our 
torn  and  worn  and  bleeding  world  needs.  Human  relations 
must  be  established  on  the  basis  of  the  Golden  Rule.  If  they 
are,  men  must  themselves  get  right  with  God.  We  shall  never 
get  right  with  one  another  so  long  as  we  are  wrong  with  Him. 

If  ever  the  world  needed  a  Church,  it  is  today.  The  Chris- 
tian Church  faces  the  greatest  opportunity  it  has  ever  had  since 
the  hour  Christ  threw  it  out  into  the  stream  of  world  life. 
Coming  to  such  an  hour,  confronting  such  opportunities,  faced 
by  such  responsibilities,  summoned  by  such  needs,  shall  a 
church  think  more  of  its  own  denominational  welfare  than 
of  world  service?  Shall  it  prefer  selfish  and  sterile  isolation 
to  the  comradeship  of  the  march,  to  the  close  and  conquering 
ranks  of  an  advancing  host? 

If  we  are  to  carry  on  with  our  mission,  if  we  are  to  evangel- 
ize the  world,  if  we  are  to  establish  a  Christian  civilization  in 
the  earth,  if  we  are  to  save  the  Church  itself  from  perils  which 
not  only  impair  its  efficiency  but  imperil  its  existence,  we  must 
coordinate  our  activities  and  move  forward  a  unified  body 
under  the  supreme  command  of  the  victorious  and  uncompro- 
mising Christ. 

What  does  this  mean  but  that  the  Federal  Council  has  come 
to  its  supreme  hour?  Its  problem  is  cooperation.  It  exists 
to  unify  the  activities  of  the  churches.  Its  finished  product  is 
coordinated  Christian  activity.  It  exists  for  the  very  thing 
that  is  most  needed  now. 

This  is  not  a  situation  to  feed  pride,  but  rather  to  send  us 
to  our  knees  in  earnest  pleading  for  wisdom  and  strength,  to 


94  FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

throw  US  back  on  God  for  the  guidance  which  we  so  sorely 
need  and  which  He  is  pledged  to  give  to  those  who  seek  Him. 

The  Council  will  serve  the  Church  today,  not  in  proportion 
to  its  faith  in  the  efficiency  of  its  organization,  not  as  it  lays 
the  emphasis  on  method  or  machinery,  not  as  it  masters  detail 
and  conducts  in  an  energetic  way  wide-reaching  propaganda. 
All  this  it  must  do,  to  be  sure,  and  do  well.  Spiritual  assets 
were  never  meant  to  underwrite  indolence  and  incompetency 
in  administration. 

But  the  Council  will  serve  best  as  a  servant.  It  must  lay 
down  its  life  for  the  brethren.  It  must  not  end  in  itself,  for 
it  is  not  the  end  of  the  Church,  much  less  of  the  cause;  it  is 
merely  a  means  to  the  end.  It  must  be  saturated  through  and 
through,  in  all  it  does  and  seeks  to  do,  in  its  various  Commis- 
sions and  Committees,  in  its  entire  secretarial  and  clerical  and 
official  force,  with  what  the  Master  preached  when  He  said: 
"Whosoever  of  you  will  be  the  chief  est,  shall  be  servant  of 
all." 

Submitted  in  Behalf  of  the  Executive  Committee 

James  I.  Vance,  Chairman. 

Charles  S.  Macfarland, 

General  Secretary. 


THE    FUNDAMENTAL    IMPORTANCE    OF 
UNITED    EVANGELISM 


Report  of  the  Commission  on  Evangelism 


The  work  of  the  Commission  on  EvangeHsm  under  its  pres- 
ent officers  covers  only  the  last  two  years  of  the  Quadrennium. 
When  Rev.  C.  L.  Goodell  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the 
Commission,  Dr.  W.  E.  Biederwolf  was  Secretary.  It  was 
agreed  by  the  Commission  that  if  any  constructive  work  was 
accomplished,  it  would  be  necessary  for  someone  to  devote 
himself  entirely  to  the  work  of  the  Commission  as  Executive 
Secretary.  Dr.  Biederwolf  felt  that  this  must  be  done,  and 
as  he  was  unable  to  give  all  his  time  to  this  work,  he  resigned 
his  position  as  Secretary.  One  or  two  unsuccessful  efforts 
were  made  to  secure  men  for  the  position.  Dr.  J.  Wilbur 
Chapman  was  made  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee  and 
an  effort  was  made  by  the  officers  to  lay  out  a  definite  plan 
of  work  and  finance  the  same.  The  untimely  death  of  Dr. 
Chapman  occurred  before  these  arrangements  could  be 
completed. 

About  this  time  Dr.  Goodell,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of 
the  members  of  the  Commission,  resigned  his  position  as  Chair- 
man and  was  elected  Executive  Secretary,  Mr.  James  M. 
Speers  being  appointed  by  Dr.  North  to  the  vacant  position 
of  Chairman.  Two  years  ago  Dr.  Goodell  began  his  work  as 
Executive  Secretary.  After  a  general  conference  with  the 
members  of  the  Commission,  it  was  decided  to  place  the 
emphasis  of  this  work  especially  upon  pastoral  and  personal 
evangelism,  while  it  was  entirely  sympathetic  to  the  work  of 
accredited  vocational  evangelists.  Special  effort  had  been  made 
by  Dr.  Biederwolf,  through  denominational  channels  and  by 
personal  questionnaires,  to  secure  a  uniform  denominational 
endorsement  of  those  who  desired  to  work  in  the  field  of 
vocational  evangelism. 

Theological  Schools  and  Colleges 

The  Secretary  began  at  once  a  round  of  engagements  in  the 
theological  schools  and  colleges,  north  and  south.  Addresses 
were  given  in  such  representative  theological  schools  as  Yale, 
Princeton,  Chicago,  Boston,  Drew,  Evanston,  Hartford,  West- 
ern Theological  Seminary,  and  Pittsburgh  Theological  Semi- 
nary. Large  gatherings  of  ministers  have  also  been  held  in 
connection  with  our  colleges,  where  the  Secretary  has  given  a 
course  of  addresses  on  practical,  pastoral  evangelism.  Thou- 
sands of  preachers  have  thus  been  brought  in  touch  with  this 
message  throughout  the  coimtry. 

95 


96  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Special  Meetings 

Series  of  meetings  in  which  method,  training  and  inspira- 
tion have  been  the  object  were  held  in  various  cities  and  at 
the  great  summer  conferences  of  the  Church.  Such  meetings 
have  been  held  in  Boston,  Lowell,  Worcester,  Bridgeport,  New 
York,  Rochester,  Buffalo,  Plattsburg,  Philadelphia,  Harris- 
burg,  AUentown,  Pittsburgh,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Columbus, 
Dayton,  Youngstown,  Canton,  Lancaster,  Indianapolis,  Rich- 
mond, Ft.  Wayne,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Louisville,  Detroit, 
Norfolk,  Washington,  Baltimore,  and  many  summer  schools 
from  New  Hampshire  to  Texas  and  from  Michigan  to 
Mississippi. 

Theatre  Meetings 

Another  very  important  part  of  our  work  has  been  in  con- 
nection with  theatre  meetings  held  in  these  various  cities, 
where  it  was  possible  to  address  many  thousands  of  people 
who  do  not  ordinarily  attend  church,  and  where  many  decisions 
for  the  Christian  life  were  secured.  These  services,  covering 
not  more  than  forty  minutes,  gave  a  fine  opportunity  for 
Christian  people  to  induce  their  friends  in  stores  and  manu- 
factories to  spend  a  few  minutes  under  Christian  influence 
where  some  earnest  message  might  reach  their  hearts  and 
change  their  lives.  In  many  places  the  management  of  movie 
and  other  theatres  have  placed  their  buildings  at  the  disposal 
of  the  organized  Christian  community  without  compensation. 

Federation 

A  most  significant  service  was  arranged  in  New  York  City 
at  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine.  Preachers  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  on  our  initiative,  were  invited  by  Bishop 
Greer  to  fill  the  pulpit  of  the  Cathedral  on  succeeding  days  of 
Holy  Week.  Services  for  meditation  and  prayer  were  ar- 
ranged throughout  the  city  with  a  sj>ecial  order  of  service,  and 
Scripture  readings  for  the  Lenten  season  were  prepared. 

A  meeting  of  the  Secretaries  of  Evangelism  for  the  differ- 
ent denominations  was  called  by  our  Commission  on  April  15, 
1920,  and  representatives  of  fourteen  of  the  leading  denomi- 
nations were  present.  A  plan  was  agreed  upon  by  the  secre- 
taries, which  was  later  endorsed  by  the  secretaries  who 
were  unable  to  be  present  at  the  meeting,  for  a  general  out- 
line of  evangelistic  effort  for  the  year,  making  it  possible  for 
such  variation  as  might  suit  any  given  church  or  community, 
but  uniting  all  the  denominations  on  a  general  plan.  This 
plan,  which  was  as  follows,  has  been  worked  with  signal  suc- 
cess: 


I 


REPORTS    OF    COMMISSIONS   AND    COMMITTEES  97 

September  to  December.  Meeting  of  Church  Evangelistic  Commit- 
tees to  face  the  year's  work  and  map  out  the  year's  program. 
Church  Rally.  Parish  Survey.  Fall  reception  of  members  pos- 
sibly at  October  or  November  Communion. 

January  to  Easter.  Evangelistic  preaching.  An  active  Invitation 
Committee  to  work  with  pastor  in  securing  new  members.  Pas- 
tor's training  class.  The  Lenten  Prayer  Calendar.  Extended  use 
of  Fellowship  of  Prayer  in  private  devotions.  Simultaneous  or 
federated  evangelistic  services.  Holy  Week  Services  to  be  ob- 
served in  the  churches  simultaneously  or  in  some  down-town  cen- 
tres, like  theatres,  etc.    The  Easter  Ingathering. 

It  w^as  also  suggested  that  there  be  continuation  plans  that 
should  last  until  Pentecost,  and  that  new  members  be  definitely 
enlisted  in  a  task  of  Christian  service. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  secretaries  it  v^as  voted  that  our  Com- 
mission should  arrange  with  the  local  federations  for  a  series 
of  inspirational  meetings  to  be  held  as  widely  as  possible 
within  the  limit  of  the  time  at  the  disposal  of  the  Commis- 
sions, and  that  representatives  of  the  several  denominations 
should  accompany  your  Secretary  on  this  round  of  engage- 
ments. The  federation  secretaries  in  the  different  cities  were 
very  eager  for  these  meetings  and  more  cities  desired  the  com- 
pany of  these  secretaries  than  could  be  accommodated.  From 
September  27  to  October  8  of  the  present  year  the  following 
cities  were  visited :  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Indian- 
apolis, Detroit,  Pittsburgh,  Harrisburg,  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington. Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Louisville,  Philadelphia  and  other 
cities  are  to  be  visited  as  soon  as  arrangements  can  be  made. 
These  meetings  were  most  enthusiastically  endorsed  by  the 
secretaries  in  the  different  cities.  Among  the  denominations 
represented  were  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Christian,  Congre- 
gational, Lutheran,  United  Presbyterian,  Reformed  in  U.  S., 
Reformed  in  America,  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Episcopal. 

Not  the  least  in  the  work  of  our  Commission  has  been  the 
opportunity  afforded  your  Secretary  to  address  the  great  na- 
tional conventions  of  the  different  denominations.  Addresses 
have  been  given,  or  series  of  meetings  held,  in  connection  with 
many  Conferences,  Synods,  Presbyteries  and  other  official 
gatherings  of  ministers  and  laymen.  Large  interdenomina- 
tional gatherings  of  ministers  have  been  addressed  throughout 
the  South,  notably  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Mississippi,  Kentucky,  Texas  and  Missouri ;  also  a  large  num- 
ber of  Bible  conferences  and  camp  meetings  in  Indiana,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 

We  were  in  close  touch  with  the  Department  of  Spiritual 
Resources  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement.  Several  im- 
portant meetings  of  the  secretaries  were  held.  Circulars  and 
leaflets  were  sent  out  to  the  churches  signed  by  Bishop  Theo- 


98  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

dore  S.  Henderson  for  the  Interchurch  and  by  our  Secretary, 
Dr.  Goodell,  for  our  Commission.  There  was  the  closest 
affiliation  of  the  two  departments  in  all  the  evangelistic  work 
which  was  taken  up  under  the  Department  of  Spiritual  Re- 
sources. 

State- Wide  Movements 

A  great  field  of  service  is  opening  to  our  Commission  for 
state-wide  movements  in  which  the  county  should  be  the  unit. 
Recent  rural  surveys  have  shown  a  lamentable  need  in  towns 
and  villages  where  the  churches  are  weak  and  often  divided 
in  their  interests.  To  bring  some  one  with  initiative  and 
spiritual  power  into  these  communities  would  hearten  the 
pastor  and  people  who  are  discouraged,  and  recast  the  entire 
religious  life  of  rural  communities.  Our  Commission  is  greatly 
interested  in  this  work  and  has  already  done  what  it  could  to 
assist  movements  in  Massachusetts,  Indiana  and  Pennsylvania, 
looking  to  the  organization  of  county-wide  efforts  for  simul- 
taneous evangelistic  work.  If  we  had  the  funds  to  press  this 
work,  we  are  satisfied  that  many  counties  could  be  revolu- 
tionized. 

During  the  round  of  engagements  in  which  the  denomina- 
tional secretaries  participated  with  our  Commission,  much 
stress  was  laid  upon  this  part  of  the  work,  notably  by  Dr. 
Zahniser  and  his  associates  in  Pittsburgh,  and  by  Dr.  Mudge 
and  the  City  Federation  at  Plarrisburg ;  also  by  the  Federation 
in  Indianapolis  and  other  cities.  Here  is  a  field  of  surpassing 
possibilities  into  which  our  Commission  ought  to  enter. 

Forces  and  Methods  of  Evangelism 

The  prerequisite  for  all  evangelistic  effort  must  be  the  evan- 
gelistic passion  which  can  be  found  nowhere  but  in  fellowship 
with  Him  who  said,  ''Follow  me  and  I  will  make  you  fishers 
of  men."  The  army  of  God  wheels  to  victory  or  defeat  around 
him  who  has  been  called  as  an  ambassador  of  Jesus  Christ, 
and  who  has  been  especially  authorized  to  proclaim  the  good 
news  of  salvation  and  peace  through  Him  who  said,  "And  I 
if  I  he  lifted  up  from  the  earth  will  draw  men  unto  me" 

The  pastor  of  each  church  must  accept  the  responsibility  in 
large  measure  for  the  spiritual  life  of  the  church  and  com- 
munity. He  is  to  be  an  example  in  all  godliness,  he  is  to  be  a 
herald  of  the  passion  which  sent  his  Lord  to  the  cross,  and 
he  is  to  have  the  same  yearning  for  the  souls  of  men  which 
has  characterized  in  all  ages  the  men  whose  hearts  God  has 
touched.  God,  man,  sin,  salvation,  service — these  are  the  great 
themes  on  which  he  must  speak  words  that  burn.  He  must 
have  the  holy  optimism  born  of  unyielding  faith,  and  his 
message  must  have  in  it  the  note  of  victory  over  sin  and  shame 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  99 

and  death.  But  side  by  side  with  the  devoted  pastor  must 
stand  the  faithful  laymen  who  will  sustain  him  by  their 
prayers  and  holy  endeavor,  always  remembering  that  they  are 
under  the  same  obligation  to  serve  God  and  men  as  is  the 
pastor. 

We  advocate  in  every  church  an  evangelistic  committee 
which  shall  see  to  it  that  the  church  and  community  are 
divided  into  units  for  which  some  one  is  definitely  responsible, 
and  that  no  other  interests  of  the  Church  shall  obscure  the 
one  great  purpose  for  which  the  Church  stands  in  its  world- 
wide work.  In  connection  with  this  we  are  urging  Win  One 
Leagues  and  other  associations  of  young  people  and  their 
elders  who  shall  lay  definite  siege  for  the  souls  of  men  and 
not  be  satisfied  until  their  efforts  are  rewarded  by  actual  sur- 
render to  Jesus  Christ. 

We  are  especially  urging  family  worship  upon  the  attention 
of  pastors  and  people.  Our  forebears  bounded  the  day  "on 
the  east  by  supplication  and  on  the  west  by  thanksgiving," 
and  the  influence  of  that  home  training  has  not  yet  faded  out, 
though  in  many  places  the  family  altar  has  fallen  down  to  the 
great  loss  of  those  whose  Christian  life  might  have  been 
nourished  and  developed  thereby.  We  are  urging  the  study 
of  the  word  of  God  through  Pocket  Testament  Leagues  and 
other  methods.  We  are  sending  out  prayer  topics  which  are 
buttressed  by  the  word  of  God.  To  cultivate  the  spirit  of 
prayer;  to  realize  that  prayer  is  not  so  much  an  act  as  an 
attitude;  that  the  highest  function  of  it  is  communion  with 
God;  to  practice  the  presence  of  God  in  daily  life — to  incul- 
cate this  we  are  doing  all  within  our  power  by  public  ad- 
dresses and  organized  meetings  of  ministers  and  laity.  In 
connection  with  local  church  federations,  we  are  earnestly 
urging  the  evangelism  of  the  shop  and  the  street.  Remark- 
able results  have  followed  this  work  in  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  many  other  cities.  We  earnestly  call  the  attention 
of  all  churches,  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  and  fed- 
erations to  the  great  possibilities  which  are  found  in  open-air 
preaching. 

Special  Seasons  of  Evangelism 

We  are  urging  wherever  it  is  possible  that  the  individual 
church  and  pastor  hold  special  revival  services  daily  for  two 
or  more  weeks.  In  very  many  cases  we  believe  careful  prepa- 
ration for  such  meetings,  coupled  with  the  appointment  of 
committees  for  personal  work,  will  produce  results  which  can- 
not be  realized  in  any  other  way.  Such  meetings  furnish  op- 
portunity for  people  who  really  desire  to  begin  the  Christian 
life,  but  are  not  in  touch  with  Christian  people  in  such  way 
as  to  be  helped  to  a  decision.     Here  it  is  the  expected  thing 


100        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

that  a  decision  would  be  made.  The  messages  from  the  pulpit 
are  of  a  kind  to  intensify  conviction  and  bring  to  decision. 
Such  meetings  are  cumulative  in  their  effect.  When  people 
see  others  religiously  interested  it  is  a  challenge  to  themselves, 
and  the  few  whom  the  pastor  knew  about  are  supplemented 
by  others  of  whom  he  knew  nothing.  Then,  too,  such  meetings 
held  simultaneously  in  a  city  intensify  the  religious  conviction 
of  the  entire  community.  The  newspapers  devote  space  to  the 
meetings  and  call  attention  to  what  is  the  prevailing  spirit 
throughout  the  churches.  Such  meetings  offer  a  fitting  back- 
ground for  decision  day  in  the  Sunday  School  and  make  it  the 
expected  thing  for  the  young  people  to  settle  the  great  ques- 
tion of  their  relationship  to  Christ  and  His  Church.  If  it 
is  objected  that  people  will  not  come  to  these  meetings,  that 
objection  can  be  largely  overcome  by  pastoral  and  personal 
visitation.  The  solicitude  of  the  spiritually  minded  carries 
conviction,  and  men  feel  that  "if  others  are  so  much  interested 
for  me,  I  certainly  ought  to  be  interested  for  myself."  Many 
evangelistic  pastors  have  found  by  long  experience  that  such 
meetings  increase  in  power  as  the  days  go  by.  One  pastor 
who  has  had  a  long  experience  and  who  has  given  at  least  four 
weeks  every  year  through  his  ministerial  life  to  special  evan- 
gelistic services  bears  testimony  that,  while  occasionally  a  week 
of  such  meetings  passed  without  special  spiritual  uplift,  and 
in  a  few  cases  two  weeks  without  marked  results,  there  was 
no  time  when  the  third  week  did  not  bring  remarkable  spiritual 
blessing. 

Among  the  seasons  which  have  been  especially  successful 
are  the  Week  of  Prayer.  It  is  a  good  time  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year  to  turn  the  thought  of  the  people  toward 
spiritual  things.  They  are  writing  upon  a  new  page.  It  is  a 
good  time  to  learn  wisdom  from  the  mistakes  of  the  past, 
and  to  face  the  future  with  deeper  reliance  upon  God.  For 
this  reason  many  pastors  have  begun  special  revival  services 
with  the  Week  of  ^Prayer  and  continued  them  through  the 
month  of  January. 

There  is  increasing  interest  in  the  observance  of  the  period 
of  Lent.  It  is  true  that  there  are  some  churches  which  object 
to  the  use  of  the  Lenten  period.  It  savors  to  them  too  much 
of  that  which  is  formal.  They  fear  the  people  will  think 
that  one  part  of  the  year  is  more  sacred  than  another.  There 
is  still,  however,  a  feeling  that  the  incidents  connected  with 
the  Lenten  period,  and  the  thought  which  it  engenders  of  sac- 
rifice and  devotion,  its  culmination  in  the  passion  of  our  Lord 
and  the  holy  triumph  of  Easter,  furnish  such  an  opportunity 
as  does  no  other  period  for  uniting  the  church  forces.  During 
these  days  of  self-examination,  prayer  and  Bible  study  must 
be  necessary  exercises.    The  real  values  of  life  must  stand  out, 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS    AND    COMMlttEE§'  '  ''  '    101 

and  the  necessity  of  a  decided  course  of  action  is  borne  in 
upon  the  soul. 

During  this  period  there  are  avenues  of  pubh'city  which 
are  closed  at  other  periods.  In  some  centrally  located  hall, 
or  theatre,  there  is  a  fine  opportunity  to  catch  the  passerby, 
to  bring  home  religious  truth,  which  but  for  this  simultaneous 
movement  might  not  obtain.  The  special  observance  of  the 
week  before  Easter,  if  it  is  undertaken  in  the  proper  spirit, 
cannot  be  otherwise  than  deeply  impressive.  By  communica- 
tion with  most  of  the  cities  throughout  the  country,  we  have 
urged  that  on  Good  Friday  from  12  to  3  P.M.,  special  services 
be  held  throughout  all  the  cities  in  as  many  churches  as  pos- 
sible. In  many  cities  this  has  already  been  tried  with  great 
success.  Last  year  it  was  phenomenally  successful  in  Detroit. 
The  mayor  issued  a  proclamation  closing  the  business  houses 
for  three  hours ;  the  stock  exchange  and  moving  picture  shows 
were  also  closed,  and  twelve  great  union  services  were  held 
three  hours  in  length,  where  the  great  halls  were  crowded  to 
the  doors  and  thousands  were  unable  to  gain  admission.  It 
is  needless  to  say  that  these  meetings  made  a  great  impres- 
sion upon  the  city.  We  urge  that  similar  action  be  taken 
wherever  possible  throughout  the  country. 

Vocational  Evangelists 

While  all  are  agreed  that  the  normal  and  ideal  condition 
in  evangelistic  work  is  where  pastor  and  people  unite  in  per- 
sistent effort  to  win  the  entire  community  to  the  personal 
choice  of  Jesus  Christ,  we  are  convinced  that  there  are  seasons 
in  the  life  of  the  Church  when  some  union  service,  directed 
by  a  man  of  God,  specially  called  to  be  an  evangelist,  may 
produce  great  and  lasting  results.  We,  therefore,  gratefully 
recognize  the  great  debt  which  the  Church  owes  to  those  evan- 
gelists who  from  the  days  of  the  Apostles  until  now  have  been 
used  of  God  to  move  the  churches  and  the  nations.  The 
world  will  never  allow  to  perish  the  names  of  Wesley,  Whit- 
field, Finney,  Moody,  Chapman  and  other  men  now  living  who 
have  been  mightily  used  of  God.  We  are,  therefore,  in 
thorough  sympathy  with  that  vocational  evangelism  which 
realizes  that  its  highest  function  is  to  supplement  the  work 
of  the  pastor,  and  in  order  to  make  its  work  most  effective 
and  permanent  gives  the  place  of  first  importance  in  its  meet- 
ing to  the  pastor.  It  is  to  him  that  the  evangelist  must  look 
for  the  permanence  of  his  work,  and  he  must  therefore  be 
deeply  interested  to  see  that  the  pastor  is  in  thorough  sym- 
pathy with  the  work,  and  that  the  pastor  and  evangelist  are 
at  one  in  the  entire  movement. 

We  believe  a  better  day  is  dawning  in  the  matter  of  voca- 
tional evangelists.     The  day  of  the   irresponsible  evangelist 


102        FEDER/.L   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

has  passed.  Only  those  who  are  thoroughly  accredited  by  their 
own  denominations  and  have  declared  their  purpose  to  work 
in  harmony  with  the  pastors  and  churches  are  given  employ- 
ment. We  have  a  large  number  of  these  accredited  evangelists 
upon  our  lists,  and,  while  we  do  not  accept  responsibility  in  the 
choice  of  these  men  for  a  given  field,  we  put  into  the  hands 
of  the  churches  in  those  fields  the  names  of  the  evangelists 
with  such  information  as  we  possess  so  that  they  are  able  to 
investigate  for  themselves  with  intelligence.  We  do  all  in  our 
power  to  discourage  sensational  methods  and  an  undue  desire 
to  increase  statistics,  and  to  gain  financial  returns  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  service  rendered. 

Literature 

We  are  sending  out  literature  from  time  to  time  under  our 
own  imprint  which  we  think  will  be  of  service  to  all  the 
churches.  Within  the  last  few  weeks  we  have  sent  out  a 
leaflet  on  "An  Autumn  Ingathering,"  and  another  on  "Ex- 
periencing Religion."  We  are  also  sending  out,  with  our 
endorsement,  denominational  programs  such  as  "A  Program 
of  Evangelism,"  issued  by  the  Congregational  Commission, 
with  an  introduction  by  our  Executive  Secretary.  We  have 
also  the  literature  of  the  different  denominations,  copies  of 
which  we  send  to  all  inquiring  churches,  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Associations  and  the  public  press.  If  we  had  the  funds 
at  our  disposal,  we  could  send  out  additional  literature  which 
would  pay  great  returns  to  the  churches. 

The  Object  of  Our  Commission 

We  are  simply  the  servants  of  the  churches.  It  is  mani- 
fest there  must  be  some  clearing-house  for  the  evangelistic 
commissions  of  the  various  denominations,  some  central  office 
where  their  work  can  be  unified,  and  from  which  any  federated 
work  may  be  directed.  If  the  churches  wish  to  make  any 
general  announcement  or  take  any  concerted  action  looking 
toward  a  general  spiritual  movement,  it  is  to  our  office  they 
must  look.  All  the  results  of  our  work  come  back  to  the 
churches  themselves.  All  its  inspirational  work  results  in  the 
quickening  of  the  spiritual  life  of  pastors  and  people,  and  the 
bringing  in  of  new  members  to  all  the  churches.  Since,  there- 
fore, the  work  of  our  Commission  is  for  the  churches,  it  would 
seem  that  they  would  gladly  undertake  the  care  of  a  work  from 
which  the  secretaries  themselves  feel  that  the  denominations 
have  greatly  profited. 

There  is  a  most  delightful  fellowship  in  this  body  of  de- 
nominational secretaries.  It  was  an  object  lesson  long  to  be 
remembered   when   this   company   lately   toured   the   country 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  103 

holding  great  meetings  of  ministers  and  laymen,  gathering 
their  denominational  leaders  together  to  articulate  them  into 
the  local  work  of  the  cities,  and  then  standing  together  on  a 
common  platform  with  nothing  to  indicate  whether  the  speaker 
was  Presbyterian  or  Baptist,  Episcopalian  or  Congregational- 
ist,  Methodist  or  Reformed.  As  the  result  of  these  meetings 
there  is  a  very  general  demand  that  next  fall  the  season  should 
open  by  some  great  gathering  of  denominational  leaders  where 
the  most  timely  and  pertinent  questions  of  evangelism  should 
be  discussed  by  the  ablest  men  in  the  country,  and  the  note 
of  inspiration  sounded  by  those  whom  God  has  specially 
equipped  to  render  such  service. 

James  M.  S peers. 

Chairman. 

Charles  L.  Goodell, 

Secretary. 


THE  ENLARGING  SOCIAL  PROGRAM 
OF  THE  CHURCHES 


1.     Report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 


War-Time  Work 

The  present  administration  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service  began  with  the  opening  of  the  Quadrennium 
and  covers  the  war  period.  Just  before  the  war  began,  the 
staff  of  the  Commission  was  entrusted  with  the  reorganization 
of  the  Washington  office,  and  it  directed  the  organization  of 
the  Protestant  chaplains  from  that  time  until  the  autumn  of 
1917.  It  consummated  arrangements  concerning  chaplains 
with  the  Army  and  Navy  departments  and  with  our  affiliated 
denominations,  established  relations  with  other  religious  or- 
ganizations and  brought  them  together,  set  up  standards  of 
fitness  for  chaplains  in  agreement  with  the  Government,  made 
contacts  through  church  authorities  and  seminaries  and  di- 
rectly with  desirable  young  pastors,  checked  up  and  investi- 
gated the  applications  of  ministers  in  the  files  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  departments  for  appointment  as  chaplains  and  se- 
cured the  first  considerable  number  of  appointments.  In  the 
course  of  these  duties  the  Executive  Secretary  visited  many 
training  camps,  navy  yards,  army  posts  and  forts  to  confer 
with  experienced  chaplains  and  Army  and  Navy  officers. 

During  this  same  period  the  staff  of  the  Commission  or- 
ganized the  Interchurch  Committee  on  War  Work,  which 
afterward  became  the  General  War-Time  Commission  of  the 
Churches,  carried  it  on  until  the  autumn  of  1917,  studied 
training  camps  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  in  order  to 
determine  a  program,  and  did  initial  work  on  the  problem  of 
the  effective  organization  of  the  churches  for  national  and 
community  war-time  service. 

Cooperation  With  the  American  Red  Cross 

Cooperation  of  the  churches  with  the  American  Red  Cross 
was  organized  by  the  Commission  and  carried  on  throughout 
the  war.  The  Commission  took  active  part  in  every  campaign 
of  the  Red  Cross,  and  had  most  intimate  and  important  re- 
sponsibilities in  those  campaigns.  It  stimulated  the  organiza- 
tion of  churches  as  work  rooms  for  the  preparation  of  hospital 
supplies  and  of  knitted  articles  for  soldiers,  and  as  educational 
centers  for  the  financial  drives.  Other  notable  work  for  the 
Red  Cross  was  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  several  hun- 
dred thousand  copies  of  the  manual,  "This  Side  the  Trenches," 

104 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  105 

for  the  use  of  young  people's  societies ;  the  issuance  of  the  so- 
called  Church  Poster ;  the  mailing  of  this  poster  with  a  special 
letter  making  contacts  between  the  Red  Cross  and  7,000  mis- 
sionaries in  foreign  lands. 

At  the  time  of  the  Christmas  Drive  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  in  1917  the  Executive  Secretary  arranged  for  a  simul- 
taneous cooperative  mailing  on  a  common  plan,  to  every  min- 
ister, priest  and  rabbi  in  charge  of  a  congregation  in  the  United 
States,  thus  bringing  to  bear  the  united  religious  influence 
of  the  nation  for  a  great  cause.  This  was  secured  by  agree- 
ment between  the  General  War-Time  Commission,  the  Jewish 
Board  of  Welfare  for  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  the  National 
Catholic  War  Council.  All  of  these  mailings  went  out  from 
the  Process  Department  of  the  Federal  Council.  This  united 
form  of  appeal  became  general  and  was  used  by  departments 
of  the  Federal  Government,  such  as  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, the  Liberty  Loan  and  War  Saving  Stamps  organiza- 
tions, the  Food  Administration,  the  Committee  on  Training 
Camp  Activities,  and  the  Committee  on  Public  Information. 

The  staff  of  the  Commission,  acting  for  the  General  War- 
Time  Commission  and  supported  by  a  special  committee,  for- 
mulated a  war-time  program  for  local  churches,  with  a  special 
edition  for  rural  churches,  of  which  70,000  were  distributed, 
a  large  part  of  them  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
an  effort  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  rural  ministers  for  food 
production.  Rev.  Edmund  deS.  Brunner,  Rural  Secretary  of 
the  Moravian  Church,  was  loaned  to  the  Commission  for  this 
specialized  rural  work  by  the  Rural  Life  Commission  of  that 
denomination  jointly  with  Dr.  Brunner's  church  at  Easton, 
Pennsylvania.  This  became  one  of  the  most  important  fea- 
tures of  our  work  during  the  spring  of   1917. 

The  Executive  Secretary  was  also  made  secretary  of  the 
Committee  on  Interned  Aliens,  of  the  General  War-Time 
Commission  of  the  Churches,  and  as  such  negotiated  the 
arrangement  with  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary  of 
the  Committee  on  Prisons  and  Prison  Labor  by  which  re- 
sponsibility for  the  religious  care  of  Protestant  prisoners  was^ 
assigned  to  the  Lutheran  churches. 

Social  Hygiene 

Another  important  war-time  contact  was  with  the  Public 
Health  Service  and  allied  national  agencies  working  in  the 
field  of  social  hygiene.  The  Executive  Secretary,  as  Secre- 
tary of  the  Committee  on  Social  Hygiene  of  the  General  War- 
Time  Commission,  was  made  a  member  of  the  Civilian  Com- 
mittee of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  for  Combating 
Venereal  Diseases.  A  plan  of  cooperation  was  formulated 
applying  to  communities  and  to  the  nation  as  a  whole,  and 


106         FEDERAL   COUNCIL    OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

committee  meetings  were  attended  in  Washington  during  a 
period  of  two  years.  A  representative  of  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's office  was  brought  to  New  York  to  give  a  trial  exhibit 
of  the  anti-venereal  film  "Fit  to  Fight,"  before  the  clergy  of 
greater  New  York,  in  ^olian  Hall.  At  the  suggestion  of  the 
Secretary,  Dr.  John  H.  Stokes  of  the  Mayo  Clinic,  Rochester, 
Minnesota,  was  brought  to  Washington  to  bring  out  a  special 
edition  of  his  book,  "The  Third  Great  Plague,"  adapted  to 
the  point  of  view  of  the  Public  Health  Service,  to  be  used 
for  the  information  of  the  clergy  of  the  country  in  the  prob- 
lem of  social  hygiene.  An  edition  of  100,000,  under  the  title 
"Today's  World  Problem  in  Disease  Prevention,"  was  brought 
out  and  distributed,  on  request. 

Work  in  Centers  of  War  Industries 

Probably  the  greatest  single  service  of  the  Commission  dur- 
ing the  war  was  the  organization  and  executive  management 
of  the  Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Communities, 
to  bring  to  bear  the  service  of  the  churches  in  centers  of  war 
industries,  and  especially  in  the  great  ordnance  reservations 
and  centers  of  shipbuilding,  for  the  religious  care  and  social 
welfare  of  the  vast  numbers  of  workingmen  and  their  families 
who  crowded  into  these  communities.  Initial  studies  were 
made  in  these  centers  in  December,  1917,  at  the  request  of 
the  General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches,  and  the 
work  was  organized  and  carried  forward  by  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service,  with  such  financial  help 
and  contributions  in  personnel  as  it  could  obtain,  until  July, 
1918,  when  the  Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Com- 
munities was  set  up. 

From  this  time  until  the  disbanding  of  the  Committee  a 
year  later  this  work  was  financed  by  boards  of  home  missions 
through  the  Home  Missions  Council.  That  body  had  just 
opened  its  new  office  and  was  not  in  a  position  to  take  up 
active  direction  of  the  work.  The  cooperating  boards  also 
gave  generous  assistance  by  assignment  of  personnel  to  the 
office  staff  and  as  surveyors,  field  workers  and  pastors  of 
Liberty  Churches. 

The  Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Communities  made 
studies  in  upwards  of  one  hundred  centers  of  war  industries, 
especially  shipbuilding  and  the  manufacture  of  munitions;  or- 
ganized seven  Liberty  Churches  in  ordnance  reservations  and 
sent  organizers  into  the  main  centers  to  assist  the  churches  in 
doing  their  part  to  take  care  of  the  great  migration  of  workers. 
A  total  of  approximately  seventy-five  whole-time  and  part- 
time  workers  were  engaged  in  this  service,  covering  a  period 
of  a  year  and  a  half. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  107 

The  Liberty  Church 

One  of  the  original  features  of  the  work  of  the  Joint  Com- 
mittee was  the  establishment  of  the  so-called  Liberty  Churches 
in  ordnance  reservations.  These  reservations  were  new  towns 
built  by  the  War  Department  for  the  manufacture  of  pro- 
jectiles and  explosives,  and  were  kept  under  military  con- 
trol. They  were  built  quickly  and  some  of  them  became  the 
home  and  workshop  of  several  thousand  people.  Limitations 
of  space,  labor  and  building  material  finally  made  it  impossible 
to  erect  church  buildings  and  undesirable  that  congregations 
of  various  denominations  should  be  organized.  The  Joint 
Committee  on  War  Production  Communities  was  given  au- 
thority to  establish  one  Protestant  church  organization  in  each 
reservation,  to  be  representative  of  all  Protestant  bodies.  This 
congregation  was  allowed  to  use  without  cost  some  community 
building,  such  as  the  school,  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion or  community  center  building. 

The  Liberty  Church  was  successful  from  the  start.  By 
agreement  with  the  Joint  Committee,  the  denominational 
boards  of  home  missions  financed  the  several  churches,  but 
control  was  left  with  the  Committee.  Records  of  membership 
and  benevolent  gifts  were  kept  by  denominations,  and  denomi- 
nations were  provided  occasional  services  especially  for  bap- 
tism, confirmation  and  religious  instruction.  Plans  were  made 
for  important  experimentation  in  religious  education  in  con- 
nection with  the  schools  of  the  reservations,  since  usually  the 
church  and  school  were  in  the  same  building;  but  the  end  of 
the  war  frustrated  the  carrying  out  of  these  plans. 

More  details  of  the  work  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  War 
Production  Communities  may  be  found  in  "War-Time  Agen- 
cies of  the  Churches,"  published  by  the  General  War-Time 
Commission  of  the  Churches,  pp.  193-199. 

Lessons  from  War  Experience 

Valuable  lessons  and  new  organization  came  out  of  the  ex- 
periences of  the  war  in  the  field  covered  by  the  Commission. 
The  more  significant  of  these  should  be  mentioned.  In  the 
first  place,  the  war  brought  the  churches  powerfully  into  com- 
munity and  national  service.  This  was  foreseen  by  the  Com- 
mission and  expedited  and  directed  as  intelligently  as  possible. 
The  new  social  spirit  of  the  churches,  manifest  since  the  war, 
grew  out  of  these  experiences.  A  second  item  was  the  co- 
operation established  between  Catholic,  Hebrew  and  Protes- 
tant. It  should  be  possible  in  the  future  as  it  was  during  the 
war  to  bring  to  bear  the  united  influence  of  the  religious  forces 
of  the  land  in  great  social  movements.  In  the  third  place  the 
idea  of  the  Liberty  Church  is  applicable  to  isolated  communi- 
ties such  as  logging  camps,  to  small  industrial  towns,  especially 


108         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

company  towns,  to  cotton  mill  villages,  where  the  pastor  may 
also  become  community  organizer  and  possibly  even  director 
of  education.  In  fact  the  idea  might  well  be  applied  to  most 
small  communities. 

Peace-Time  Work 

During  all  this  period  the  secretaries  were  much  in  the  field 
studying  communities  and  special  problems,  attending  com- 
mittee conferences,  visiting  the  annual  conventions  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  Southern  Sociological 
Conference,  the  National  Conference  of  Social  Work  and  like 
social  organizations.  The  Executive  Secretary  made  a  path- 
finder study  in  the  winter  of  1919  of  the  logging  camps  of  the 
Pacific  Northwest  for  the  Joint  Committee  on  War  Production 
Communities,  at  the  same  time  visiting  the  church  federations 
of  Seattle,  Portland,  San  Francisco  and  Los  Angeles.  The 
Commission  kept  in  close  contact  with  the  labor  situation  in 
war  industries,  exerting  its  influence  for  safeguarding  the 
welfare  of  workers  with  reference  to  housing,  recreation, 
health  and  transportation,  and  for  promoting  equality  of  treat- 
ment for  women  with  men,  and  wage  increases  to  meet  rising 
costs  of  living. 

The  Labor  Sunday  Messages  of  the  Quadrennium  were  de- 
voted to  the  following  subjects:  1917,  Industrial  Standards  in 
Time  of  War;  1918,  Women  in  Industry;  1919,  Democracy 
in  Industry ;  1920,  A  Call  from  the  Church  to  Employers  and 
Employees  to  work  out  Cooperation  on  the  Basis  of  Christian 
Principles.  There  was  an  extensive  demand  for  each  of  these 
messages.  That  for  1919  was  mailed  to  115,000  ministers 
in  charge  of  churches  and  was  either  published  in  full  or  gen- 
erously abstracted  by  the  church  press.  The  message  for  1920 
received  marked  attention  from  the  secular  and  labor  press 
and  drew  a  considerable  fire  of  discussion  as  marking  a  de- 
parture in  the  policy  of  the  Church  in  relation  to  industry ;  but 
on  the  whole,  it  received  generous  approval. 

Publications 

A  Reconstruction  Program  for  Country  Churches  (Joint  Committee 
on  War  Production  Communities), 

Christian  Duties  in  Conserving  Spiritual,  Moral  and  Social  Forces 
of  the  Nation  in  Time  of  War, 

Ten  Months  of  War-Time  Social  Service, 

A  War-Time  Program  for  Country  Churches  (Committee  on  War- 
Time  \\'ork  in  the  Local  Church  of  the  General  War-Time  Com- 
mission). 

A  War-Time  Program  for  Local  Churches  (Committee  on  War-Time 
Work  in  the  Local  Church  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission). 

Report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  (Pre- 
sented at  the  third  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council). 


# 

REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  109 

A  Reconstruction  Program  for  Country  Churches  (Joint  Com- 
mittee). 

100%  American  (Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Communities). 

Two  Years  of  National  Service  (Publicity). 

The  New  Spirit  in  Industry  (Financial). 

A  Gateway  to  Service  (Financial). 

Church  Folder  (Financial). 

Pocket  Phrase  Book  of  Economic  and  Industrial  Terms  in  Common 
Use. 

The  Church  Forum. 

The  Church  and  Women  in  Industry  (Labor  Sunday,  1918). 

What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  its  Community  (Revision). 

Social  Ideals  of  the  Churches   (Revised  Form). 

The  Church  and  Social  Reconstruction. 

Report  on  the  Strike  in  the  Textile  Mills  of  Lawrence,  Massachusetts. 

Report  on  the  Logging  Camps  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  with  Recom- 
mendations   (Joint  Committee  on   War   Production   Communities). 

A  Year  of  National  Service   (Publicity). 

The  Country  Church  and  the  City  Boy  (General  War-Time  Com- 
mission of  the  Churches). 

A  Bibliography  of  Social  Service. 

The  Religion  of  Democracy  (by  Harry  F.  Ward). 

Social  Evangelism  (By  Alva  W.  Taylor). 

A  Message  for  Labor  Sunday  in  Time  of  War,  September  2,  1917. 

Industrial  Standards  in  Time  of  War. 

Statement  on  Social  Reconstruction 

The  most  significant  document  issued  by  the  Commission  on 
the  Church  and  Social  Service  during  the  Quadrennium  was 
its  statement  on  "The  Church  and  Social  Reconstruction," 
issued  in  May,  1919,  and  paralleling  similar  pronouncements 
from  religious  bodies  in  Europe  and  America.  This  statement 
was  mailed  to  115,000  ministers  in  charge  of  churches  and  was 
given  large  space  in  the  religious  and  secular  press.  The  great 
New  York  dailies  devoted  much  space  to  abstracts,  followed 
later  by  editorial  comment.  The  following  quotations  indicate 
the  nature  of  the  statement : 

Brotherhood  or  Class  Struggle 

"In  some  respects,  the  most  urgent  question  before  the  world  at 
the  present  time  is  the  method  of  social  reconstruction;  shall  it  be 
by  constitutional  and  peaceable  methods,  or  by  class  struggle  and 
violence?  Shall  we  be  willing  suddenly  to  overturn  the  social  order 
according  to  untried  theories  of  industrial  and  political  organiza- 
tion; or  beginning  where  we  are,  and  conserving  what  has  been 
achieved  in  the  past,  shall  we  proceed  by  social  experimentation, 
going  as  far  and  as  fast  as  experience  demonstrates  to  be  necessary 
and  desirable?  In  America,  where,  as  in  England,  the  people  hold 
political  power  and  freedom  of  discussion  and  association,  and  can 
do  finally  whatever  they  will,  there  is  every  reason  for  following 
the  second  method. 

"The  supreme  teachings  of   Christ  are  of  love  and  brotherhood. 

These   express   themselves,    in   a   democracy,    in   the   cooperation   of 

every  citizen   for  the  good   of  each  and  all.     The   results   ideally 


110        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRISt 

in  a  noble  mutualism  and  in  equal  and  world-wide  justice,  which 
constitute  the  highest  goal  of  human  endeavor.  The  doctrine  ol 
the  class  conscious  struggle  is  opposed  to  this  ideal.  It  is  a  reversion 
to  earlier  forms  of  competitive  struggle.  It  not  only  strikes  at 
injustice  by  greater  and  more  savage  injustice,  but  tends  in  practice 
to  the  breaking  up  of  society,  even  of  radical  groups,  into  bitterly 
antagonistic  factions,  thus  defeating  its  own  ends.  The  dictator- 
ship of  the  proletariat  in  practice  is  a  new  absolutism  in  the  hands 
of  a  few  men,  and  is  as  abhorrent  as  any  other  dictatorship.  The 
hope  of  the  world  is  in  the  cooperation  of  individuals  and  classes 
and  the  final  elimination  of  classes  in  the  brotherhood  of  a  Chris- 
tian society.  To  build  up  this  cooperation  should  be  the  supreme 
endeavor  of  the  churches." 

Democracy  in  Industries 

"A  deep  cause  of  unrest  in  industry  is  the  denial  to  labor  of  a 
share  of  industrial  management.  Controversies  over  wages  and 
hours  never  go  to  the  root  of  the  industrial  problem.  Democracy 
must  be  applied  to  the  government  of  industry  as  well  as  to  the 
government  of  the  nation,  as  rapidly  and  as  far  as  the  workers 
shall  become  able  and  willing  to  accept  such  responsibility.  Laborers 
must  be  recognized  as  being  entitled  to  as  much  consideration  as 
employers  and  their  rights  must  be  equally  safeguarded.  This  may 
be  accomplished  by  assuring  the  workers,  as  rapidly  as  it  can  be 
done  with  due  consideration  to  conditions,  a  fair  share  in  control, 
especially  in  matters  where  they  are  directly  involved;  by  oppor- 
tunity for  ownership,  with  corresponding  representation;  or,  by  a 
combination   of   ownership   and   control   in   cooperative   production." 

"One  high  value  which  comes  with  the  participation  of  labor  in 
management  is  that  it  makes  possible  again  the  hearty  cooperation 
of  all  engaged  in  an  industry  and  a  new  era  of  good  will.  Therefore, 
along  with  the  rights  involved  in  social  justice  go  corresponding 
obligations.  With  the  development  of  industrial  democracy,  the 
evidences  of  which  are  all  about  us,  and  the  coming  of  the  short 
work  day,  the  importance  of  genuine  cooperation  in  industrial  pro- 
cesses and  efficient  production  must  be  impressed  upon  large  numbers 
of  workers.  As  the  worker  tends  to  receive  approximately  what  he 
produces,  it  must  become  apparent  that  what  he  has  for  himself  and 
family,  and  the  social  surplus  upon  which  depend  the  great  common 
undertakings  of  society,  are  directly  related  to  the  productivity  of 
his  own  labor,  as  well  as  finally  to  the  length  of  the  working  day. 

"The  Christian  and  modern  conception  of  industry  makes  it  a 
public  service.  The  parties  of  interest  are  not  only  labor  and  capital, 
but  also  the  community,  whose  interest  transcends  that  of  either 
labor  or  capital.  The  state,  as  the  governmental  agency  of  the 
community,  with  the  cooperation  of  all  involved,  should  attempt  to 
secure  to  the  worker  an  income  sufficient  to  maintain  his  family 
at  a  standard  of  living  which  the  community  can  approve.  This 
living  wage  should  be  made  the  first  charge  upon  industry  before 
dividends  are  considered. 

Democratic  Rights  of  Women 

"The  importance  of  the  democratic  rights  of  women  is  not  as 
yet  comprehended  by  public  opinion.  Their  freedom,  their  right  to 
political  and  economic  equality  with  men,  are  fundamental  to  de- 
mocracy and  to  the  safety  of  the  future.  The  church  stands  also 
for  adequate  safeguards  to  industrial  women,  for  a  living  wage, 
the  eight-hour  day  as  a  maximum  requirement;  prohibition  of  night 
work,  equal  pay  for  equal  work,  and  other  standard  requirements 
of  industry  in  which  women  are  engaged. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  111 

"While  taking  these  positions  the  Church  believes  that  home  making 
and  motherhood  will  always  be  the  great  profession  of  woman- 
kind; and  to  this  end,  the  Church  should  use  its  great  influence  to 
secure  for  woman  in  the  home,  economic  independence,  the  control 
of  her  own  person,  and  a  professional  standing  in  her  work  equal 
to  that  of  men  in  any  service  which  they  render. 

Justice  to  the  Negro 

"The  splendid  service  of  the  colored  soldiers  in  the  war,  and 
the  unanimous  loyalty  and  devotion  of  the  colored  people  of  the 
nation,  reinforce  the  justness  of  the  demand  that  they  should  be 
recognized  fully  as  Americans  and  fellow  citizens,  that  they  should 
be  given  equal  economic  and  professional  opportunities,  with  in- 
creasing participation  in  all  community  affairs  and  that  a  spirit  of 
friendship  and  cooperation  should  obtain  between  the  white  and 
colored  people,  north  and  south.  The  colored  people  should  have 
parks  and  playgrounds,  equal  wages  for  equal  work,  adequate  and 
efficient  schools,  courteous  and  equal  facilities  and  courtesy  when 
traveling,  adequate  housing,  lighting  and  sanitation,  police  protec- 
tion and  equality  before  the  law.  Especially  should  the  barbarism 
of  lynching  be  condemned  by  public  opinion  and  abolished  by  rigor- 
ous measures  and  penalties. 

Christian  Americanization 

"The  Church  is  in  a  position  to  render  great  service  in  American- 
ization because  of  its  extensive  missions  to  immigrants  and  because 
thousands  of  our  churches  in  crowded  areas  now  reach  the  foreign 
born.  The  contribution  of  the  churches  has  special  value,  since,  in 
addition  to  instruction  in  English,  they  are  able  to  interpret  the 
religious  and  moral  ideals  of  America,  and  since  they  work  in  an 
atmosphere  of  brotherliness,  with  an  appreciation  of  what  these 
peoples  are  bringing  from  the  old  world  to  enrich  American  life. 
The  Church  is  also  deeply  concerned  that  the  living  conditions  of 
these  people  shall,  as  soon  as  possible,  approximate  our  American 
standards.  If  they  are  underpaid,  or  poorly  housed  or  otherwise 
neglected  or  exploited,  we  shall  not  only  fail  in  their  Americaniza- 
tion but  they  will  drag  down  the  standards  of  American  labor.  It 
should  be  recognized  also  that  an  effective  shop  management,  in 
which  labor  is  given  its  proper  responsibility,  is  difficult  to  organize 
when  the  men  do  not  understand  each  other's  speech,  and  represent 
divergent  national  labor  experiences.  Americanization  is  therefore 
necessary  to  the  development  of  industrial  democracy. 

The  Church's  Own  Policy 

"When  the  Church  enters  upon  the  actual  tasks  of  social  recon- 
struction, it  undertakes  problems  that  are  highly  technical,  often 
controversial,  and  difficult  for  an  organization  which  is  composed 
of  men  of  all  parties  and  movements.  But  a  hesitant  policy  will 
get  nowhere  in  the  present  crisis,  nor  will  general  statements  or 
casual  service  avail.  The  ordinary  preacher  cannot  be  an  economist 
or  sociologist,  nor  is  he,  as  a  rule,  familiar  with  industrial  manage- 
ment. But  the  moral  issues  of  reconstruction  are  confused  and 
difficult,  and  it  is  concerning  them  that  the  minister  may  be  presumed 
to  have  technical  knowledge.  The  Church  which  does  not  show  the 
way  here  is  derelict  to  its  duty. 

"The  right  policy  for  the  Church  is  therefore  to  study  social  prob- 
lems from  the  point  of  view  of  the  spirit  and  teachings  of  Christ, 
and,  acting  loyally  and  unselfishly  upon  these  teachings,  to  exert 
its  vast  educational  influence  and  use  its  institutional  organization 
for  human  happiness,  social  justice,  and  the  democratic  organization 


112         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

of  society.  This  looks  toward  a  positive  program,  which  may  here 
coincide  with  social  movements  and  tendencies,  there  oppose  them; 
in  which  the  Church  knows  its  own  mind  and  has  the  power  of 
united  action.  Within  this  cooperation  liberal  and  even  radical 
positions  may  be  held  with  propriety  by  leaders  and  minority  groups 
in  the  Church,  for  the  broadest  liberty  and  fellowship  are  desirable. 
It  is  only  necessary  that  all  should  remember  that  they  represent 
a  wide  and  generally  conservative  membership,  which  must  be  led, 
not  driven,  and  which  responds  to  wise,  patient  and  educative  lead- 
ership. 

Churches  for  Industrial  Populations 

"One  of  the  important  tasks  of  the  next  ten  years  is  to  bring  the 
Church  into  closer  relations  with  the  wage-earners  of  the  nation. 
We  have  been  negligent  in  this  matter,  and  have  suffered  a  rude 
awakening  in  needless  estrangements.  The  main  features  in  this 
task  are  as  follows : 

(a)  The  creation,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  of  many  hundreds  of 
powerful  highly  socialized  and  democratically  organized  churches  in 
working  class  neighborhoods  of  cities  and  industrial  centers,  and  the 
development  of  special  methods  for  problems  which  require  distinc- 
tive treatment,  such  as  those  encountered  in  logging  camps,  company 
towns,  and  among  night  workers   and   submerged  populations. 

(b)  The  development  by  the  seminaries  and  by  other  methods 
of  training,  of  specially  trained  ministers  who  know  how  to  admin- 
ister such  churches,  men  who  know  economics  and  social  problems 
as  well  as  theology,  and  who  desire  to  devote  their  lives  to  the 
welfare  of  the  masses. 

(c)  A  powerful  effort  by  the  whole  Church,  but  concentrating  in 
these  churches,  and  in  alliance  with  the  workers  themselves,  to 
achieve  the  great  objects  for  which  the  workers  are  struggling; 
such  as  living  wages,  reasonable  hours,  safe  conditions  of  labor, 
equal  opportunities  and  pay  for  women,  participation  in  management 
and   ownership,   and  abolition  of   child   labor. 

(d)  Surveys  of  the  working  class  resident  districts  of  our  cities 
and  industrial  centers,  in  order  to  lay  out,  with  common  consent, 
these  non-competing  parishes  for  these  churches,  &nd  to  secure,  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  the  closing  out  of  competing  churches  and  the 
placing  of  their  financial  equities  in  other  non-competing  centers. 
This  will  require  the  cooperation  of  city  missionary  societies  and 
federations  of  churches,  and  also  of  home  mission  boards. 

Importance  of  Spiritual  Forces 
"The  experiences  of  the  war,  revealing  as  they  do  reversion  to 
barbarous  practices  by  highly  civilized  peoples,  the  nearness  to  the 
surface  of  savage  instincts  and  deep  selfishness  in  vast  numbers  of 
men,  the  willingness  to  profiteer  on  the  part  of  workers  as  well 
as  employers,  the  intensity  of  racial,  national  and  religious  antag- 
onisms— these  experiences  have  demonstrated  anew  that  the  progress 
of  humanity  is  dependent  not  alone  upon  social  organization,  but 
upon  the  strength  of  the  moral  emotions  and  the  discipline  of  char- 
acter. Whether  the  work  that  is  to  be  done  in  reconstruction, 
beginning  with  the  peace  treaty  itself,  shall  yield  satisfaction  or 
disappointment,  will  depend  mainly  upon  the  working  capital  of 
moral  character  among  the  peoples  who  undertake  the  tasks. 

"Now  that  the  war  is  over  the  Church  should  return  to  its  historic 
functions  of  Christian  nurture,  evangelism  and  religious  education 
with  new  sanctions,  and  a  sure  knowledge  that  its  ministry  to  the 
inner  life  and  to  the  building  of  character  are  after  all  its  greatest 
contribution  to   social   welfare.     If  the  governments   of   the   world 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  113 

have  learned  the  lesson  of  the  war,  they  will  encourage  the  Church 
in  these  vital  undertakings,  and  they  will  themselves  turn  with 
renewed  energy  to  the  work  of  education.  They  will  drive  hard 
at  that  moral  discipline  which  alone  can  fortify  our  democratic 
ideals.  Every  movement  of  social  reform  will  be  partial  and  disap- 
pointing until  a  powerful  work  of  education,  both  general  and 
religious,  has  been  accomplished. 

Gravity  of  the  Social  Problem 

"It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  in  social  reconstruction  we  are 
dealing  with  matters  that  vitally  affect  the  welfare  and  happiness 
of  millions  of  human  beings,  and  that  we  have  come  upon  times 
when  people  are  not  submissive  to  injustice  or  to  unnecessary  priva- 
tion and  suffering.  They  are  deeply  and  justly  in  earnest.  As  has 
been  said,  we  are  laying  the  foundations  of  a  new  world.  If  those 
who  are  the  actual  industrial,  political  and  social  leaders  of  the 
nation  will  not  act  upon  the  principle  that  the  greatest  shall  be  the 
servant  of  all,  then  the  people  themselves,  with  indignation  and 
bitterness,  are  sure  to  take  their  destiny  and  that  of  the  world  into 
their  own  hands.  The  social  question  cannot  be  dealt  with  casually. 
People  who  are  born  with  unusual  ability,  of  whatever  kind,  or  who 
receive  special  advantages,  are  given  them  for  unselfish  service. 
Large  holdings  of  property  can  be  justified  only  by  devotion  to  the 
common  good.  We  are  entering  upon  an  era  in  which  the  absorbing 
concern  of  the  world  will  bef  for  social  justice  and  the  greatest  well- 
being  of  the  greatest  number.  This  will  animate  the  religious  spirit 
of  the  future — a  spirit  which  has  found  its  supreme  expression  and 
example  in  Jesus  Christ." 

Increasing  Influence  of  the  Social  Creed 

The  Cleveland  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council,  May,  1919, 
adopted  four  resolutions  supplementary  to  the  Social  Creed  of 
the  Churches.  It  is  significant  that  the  creed  vi^as  adopted  by 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  in  1919,  and  that  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  in  the  spring  of  1920 
took  similar  action,  endorsing  also  the  supplementary  resolu- 
tions.   The  creed,  with  these  resolutions,  is  as  follows : 

The  churches  stand  for — 
"B        I.    Equal  rights  and  justice  for  all  men  in  all  stations  of  life. 
^';p     II.     Protection  of  the   family  by  the  single  standard  of  purity, 
uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage,  proper 
.    housing. 
III.     The    fullest   possible  development   of   every   child,   especially 
by  the  provision  of  education  and  recreation. 

:>      IV.    Abolition  of  child  labor. 

"       V.     Such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as  shall 

safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  community. 
^      VI.    Abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty. 

'    VII.     Protection   of   the    individual    and   society    from   the   social, 
economic  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 
7       VIII.     Conservation  of  health. 
^    IX.     Protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous   machinery,  occu- 
^  pational  diseases  and  mortality. 


114  FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

X.    The  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self -maintenance, 
|/  for  safeguarding  this  right  against  encroachments  of  every 

kind,   for  the  protection  of  workers   from  the  hardships  of      ^ 
enforced  unemployment. 

^      XI.     Suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers,  and  for       ^ 
those  incapacitated  by  injury. 

^  :      XII.    The  right  of  employees  and  employers  alike  to  organize ;  and      ^ 
^  for  adequate  means  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  indus- 

trial disputes. 

■^     XIII.    Release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven.  '^ 

g      XIV.    Gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  hours  of  labor  to  the 
'^  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree  of  leisure  for       ^ 

all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human  life. 

/^       XV.    A  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  industry,  and  for  the       ^ 
highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

^      XVI.    A  new  emphasis  upon  the  application  of  Christian  principles 

to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  property,   and   for   the   most       /  o 
equitable  division  of  the  product  of  industry  that  can  ulti- 
mately be  devised. 

Facing  the  social  issues  involved  in  reconstruction. 

Resolved:    That  we  affirm  as  Christian  churches, 

1.  That  the  teachings  of  Jesus  are  those  of  essential  democracy 
and  express  themselves  through  brotherhood  and  the  co- 
operation of  all  groups.  We  deplore  class  struggle  and 
declare  against  all  class  domination,  whether  of  capital  or 
labor.  Sympathizing  with  labor's  desire  for  a  better  day  and 
an  equitable  share  in  the  profits  and  management  of  industry, 
we  stand  for  orderly  and  progressive  social  reconstruction 
instead  of  revolution  by  violence. 

2.  That  an  ordered  and  constructive  democracy  in  industry  is 
as  necessary  as  political  democracy,  and  that  collective  bar- 
gaining and  the  sharing  of  shop  control  and  management  are 
inevitable  steps  in  its  attainment. 

3.  That  the  first  charge  upon  industry  should  be  that  of  a  wage 
sufficient  to  support  an  American  standard  of  living.  To  that 
end  we  advocate  the  guarantee  of  a  minimum  wage,  the 
control  of  unemployment  through  government  labor  ex- 
changes, public  works,  land  settlement,  social  insurance  and 
experimentation  in  profit  sharing  and  cooperative  ownership. 

4.  We  recognize  that  women  played  no  small  part  in  the  win- 
ning of  the  war.  We  believe  that  they  should  have  full 
political  and  economic  equality  with  equal  pay  for  equal  work, 
and  a  maximum  eight-hour  day.  We  declare  for  the  abolition 
of  night  work  by  women,  and  the  abolition  of  child  labor; 
and  for  the  provision  of  adequate  safeguards  to  insure  the 
moral  as  well  as  the  physical  health  of  the  mothers  and  chil- 
dren of  the  race. 

Research  Department 

In  1918,  a  long  contemplated  organization  of  a  Department 
of  Research  was  accomplished  and  Rev.  F.  Ernest  Johnson 
was  secured  as  Research  Secretary.  Mr.  Johnson  brought  out 
a  bibliography  of  social  service  the  same  year  and  organized 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  115 

research    in    social   legislation,    reconstruction    problems    and 
Other  work  of  like  character. 

One  of  the  products  of  this  research  was  Mr.  Johnson's  little 
book,  "The  New  Spirit  in  Industry,"  which  has  been  used  by 
ministers,  students  and  study  classes  in  various  parts  of  the 
country. 

An  important  study  was  commenced  in  the  use  of  motion 
pictures  for  religious  purposes,  a  problem  which  a  number  of 
agencies  have  since  taken  up  with  much  fruitfulness. 

Within  the  last  year  we  have  secured  an  important  coopera- 
tion of  educational  and  social  service  agencies  of  the  churches. 
A  permanent  committee  has  been  formed  for  this  purpose 
uniting  in  its  personnel  representatives  of  the  churches  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  the  makers  of  Sunday  School  cur- 
ricula, the  Young  Men's  and  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociations, and  the  new  World  Brotherhood  Federation.  The 
first  product  of  this  cooperative  effort  is  the  study  course, 
"What  is  the  Christian  View  of  Work  and  Wealth?"  which 
has  just  been  published  by  the  Association  Press,  as  the  first 
of  a  series  to  be  known  as  the  "Social  Problem  Discussion 
Series."  The  course  just  completed  is  aimed  at  securing  the 
widest  possible  discussion  of  the  vital  economic  and  industrial 
problems  of  the  present  day.  The  method  which  will  be  fol- 
lowed in  the  main  throughout  the  series  is  that  of  unbiased 
discussion;  the  text  contains  only  reference  material  designed 
to  reflect  the  main  currents  of  thought  on  the  questions  at 
issue.  The  outlines  of  these  studies  are  made  cooperatively 
and  the  material  embodied  in  them  is  gathered  by  our  Research 
Department. 

The  Educational  Committee  has  assigned  to  it  the  additional 
important  task  of  offering  such  effective  aid  as  is  possible  to 
those  who  prepare  graded  Sunday  School  lessons,  with  a  view 
to  a  greater  socialization  of  the  entire  religious  educational 
program  of  the  Church. 

The  Research  Department,  which  is  henceforth  to  be  known 
as  the  Department  of  Research  and  Surveys,  is  now  making 
a  continuous  study  of  current  social  literature  from  the  view- 
point of  the  needs  of  the  churches,  reviewing,  digesting  and 
indexing  this  literature,  and  laying  the  basis  of  a  permanent 
repository  of  information  bearing  upon  every  aspect  of  the 
social  mission  of  the  Church.  Through  the  cooperation  of  sev- 
eral denominational  departments  of  social  service  the  Depart- 
ment is  developing  an  information  service  which  will  go  to 
church  boards  and  to  the  religious  press  as  well  as  to  pastors, 
teachers  and  church  officials.  This  service  will  carry  important 
information  on  social  and  industrial  problems  and  situations. 

As  indicated  by  the  change  in  name  of  the  Department,  a 
division  of  surveys  is  projected  which  will  attempt  to  stand- 


116        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

ardize  survey  methods  for  various  types  of  community,  and 
will  hold  itself  in  readiness  to  aid  churches  in  planning  studies 
of  their  parishes  or  communities. 

Studies  in  Lawrence  and  Denver 

Two  studies  in  industrial  conflicts  have  been  made  by  the 
Commission  during  the  Quadrennium.  The  first  was  in  the 
textile  industry  of  Lawrence,  Massachusetts,  by  the  Research 
Secretary,  February — June,  1919.  The  report  was  published 
during  the  current  year.  The  second  has  just  been  completed. 
It  is  a  study  of  the  recent  street  railway  strike  in  Denver, 
Colorado,  made  jointly  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service  and  the  National  Catholic  Welfare  Council, 
at  the  request  of  the  Denver  religious  forces — Catholic,  He- 
brew and  Protestant,  and  chiefly  at  their  expense.  The 
Catholic  Welfare  Council  was  represented  by  Father  John  A. 
Ryan  of  the  Catholic  University,  Washington,  and  Dr.  John 
A.  Lapp;  the  Commission,  by  Mr.  Edward  T.  Devine.  This 
is  a  most  significant  undertaking  and  presages,  it  is  hoped, 
similar  cooperation  in  future  studies. 

A  limited  study  was  also  made  of  the  main  issues  in  the 
coal  strike  of  1919  and  the  railway  strikes  of  1920,  and  infor- 
mation was  given  to  the  church  press.  Representatives  of 
the  Commission  also  had  a  conference  with  the  President  of 
the  U.  S.  Steel  Corporation  during  the  steel  strike  of  1919, 
and  later  at  his  request,  Mr.  Edward  T.  Devine,  representing 
the  Commission,  appeared  before  the  presidents  of  the  sub- 
sidiary companies  of  that  corporation  and  urged  changes  in 
the  organization  of  its  industrial  relations,  as  well  as  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  long  hours  of  labor. 

The  Commission  and  the  Interchurch  World  Movement 

When  the  Industrial  Relations  Department  of  the  Inter- 
church World  Movement  was  organized  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  of  1919,  the  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  became  voluntary  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Division  of  Service,  and  later  voluntary  Asso- 
ciate Director  of  the  Department,  in  order  to  bind  together 
the  Department  and  the  Commission  and  to  avoid  duplication. 
This  was  a  contribution  by  the  Federal  Council  to  the  Inter- 
church, and  it  expressed  not  only  its  desire  to  help  but  its 
sense  of  the  importance  of  cooperation. 

The  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Commission  was  sent 
abroad  for  three  months  in  the  summer  of  1919  as  chairman 
of  a  commission  to  study  the  social  work  of  the  churches 
and  the  labor  movement  in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 
The  three  commissioners  attended  the  International  Trade 
Union  Congress,  at  Amsterdam  in  July,  and  the  Executive 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  117 

Secretary  visited  the  Scottish  Miners'  Convention,  at  Ayr  in 
August.  Important  contacts  were  made  with  the  Ministers 
of  Labor  of  England,  Belgium  and  France,  and  with  the 
trade  union  headquarters ;  also  with  leaders  of  the  social 
movement  in  the  churches.  These  contacts  were  broadened 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  World 
Alliance  for  International  Friendship  through  the  Churches, 
at  the  Hague,  in  October.  At  this  conference  initial  -steps 
were  taken  toward  establishing  some  kind  of  permanent  rela- 
tions between  the  religious  social  workers  of  Europe  and 
those  of  America. 

Upon  the  Secretary's  return  from  Europe  at  the  end  of 
October,  1919,  cooperative  relations  were  begun  with  the 
Industrial  Relations  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement,  and  continued  during  the  winter.  During  Feb- 
ruary and  March,  1920,  the  Executive  Secretary  gave  six 
weeks'  time  on  one  of  the  teams  which  conducted  State 
conferences  preliminary  to  the  financial  campaign,  speaking 
on  industrial  relations  and  visiting  the  States  of  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania, Delaware,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi  and 
Louisiana.  The  Research  Secretary  also  joined  one  of  the 
teams  speaking  at  conferences  in  western  New  York,  Massa- 
chusetts, Maine  and  Rhode  Island. 

World  Brotherhood  Federation 

Rev.  Rolvix  Harlan  and  Rev.  Samuel  Zane  Batten,  of  the 
Northern  Baptist  social  service  secretariat,  and  the  Executive 
Secretary  were  made  delegates  to  the  first  national  congress 
of  the  World  Brotherhood  Federation,  London,  in  August, 
1919,  and  were  elected  members  of  the  International  Execu- 
tive and  the  American  National  Committees.  During  the  year 
they  have  given  much  time  to  setting  up  the  movement  in  the 
United  States  and  to  the  plans  for  the  second  World  Con- 
gress which  was  held  in  Washington  in  October,  1920.  They 
have  considered  this  in  the  line  of  duty  for  two  reasons :  first, 
because  it  was  important  that  the  Brotherhood  should  not  be- 
come a  new  movement,  but  rather  a  federation  of  men's  clubs, 
because  it  was  important  that  the  Brotherhood  should  not  be- 
cause it  was  important  that  the  movement  should  be  given  a 
strong  social  consciousness.  Both  these  objects  are  in  process 
of  satisfactory  attainment.  Dr.  Batten  has  written  the  official 
statement  of  the  movement  and  has  been  made  Commissioner 
on  Literature.  The  Brotherhood  has  participated  in  the  pro- 
duction by  our  Educational  Committee  of  the  first  course 
on  "What  is  the  Christian  View  of  Work  and  Wealth?"  and 
it  is  expected  that  this  course  will  be  used  by  local  brother- 
hoods. 


118         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

National  and  Commxinity  Social  Agencies  and  Movements 

The  relations  of  the  Church  to  national  social  agencies  and 
to  community  organization  have  always  had  an  important 
place  in  the  work  of  the  Commission.  This  was  notably  true 
during  the  war,  as  had  been  shown  in  another  connection, 
but  it  continues  uninterruptedly  since  the  Armistice.  The 
importance  of  these  relations  is  well  shown  by  a  cooperation 
in  the  field  of  community  organization  which  began  in  the 
spring  of  1920.  The  Executive  Secretary  is  now  a  member 
of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  of  the  smaller  Study  Com- 
mittee, of  the  National  Conference  on  Community  Organiza- 
tion, which  was  assembled  at  the  call  of  Hon.  Franklin  K. 
Lane  in  Washington  in  May,  1920.  He  was  asked  to  become 
Chairman  of  the  Study  Committee  and  to  take  direction  of  a 
cooperative  survey  of  community  organization  in  the  United 
States,  the  results  to  be  reported  back  to  a  second  meeting 
of  the  conference  to  be  held  in  the  spring  of  1921.  In  making 
this  request  the  Study  Committee  recognized  the  disinterested 
position  of  the  Federal  Council  in  the  field  of  national  welfare. 
It  was  also  an  expression  of  confidence  in  the  Council  and  is 
a  suggestion  of  its  possible  usefulness  in  the  fields  of  national 
service. 

The  Church  and  Industrial  Peace 

The  Commission  has  begun  an  important  new  effort  in  the 
field  of  industrial  relations,  which  will  seek  to  bring  to  bear 
the  influence  of  the  churches  to  induce  employers  and  em- 
ployees to  work  out  cooperative  relations  instead  of  the  present 
industrial  warfare,  and  also  to  interpret  the  teachings  and 
spirit  of  Christ  to  industry.  A  National  Advisory  Council 
is  being  organized,  consisting  of  men  experienced  in  industrial 
management,  representatives  of  labor  from  the  same  indus- 
tries and  ministers  and  church  ofificials. 

A  trial  conference  was  held  in  Atlanta  in  May  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Atlanta  Council  of  Churches.  Mr.  Earl  Dean 
Howard,  Labor  Manager  of  the  Hart  SchafTner  and  Marx 
Company,  Chicago,  and  the  Executive  Secretary  addressed  a 
luncheon  conference  of  ministers  and  laymen,  and  at  night 
a  dinner  conference  of  representative  business  men.  The 
Executive  Secretary  gave  the  call  of  the  Church  and  discussed 
the  Christian  principles  which  require  application  to  industry, 
and  Mr.  Howard  outlined  the  practical  method  of  cooperation 
now  eflfective  in  the  men's  garment  industry.  The  discussion 
which  followed  each  session  was  animated  and  the  plan  of  the 
conference  was  thoroughly  successful. 

Following  the  trial  conference  at  Atlanta,  the  Committee 
of  Direction  formulated  plans  for  a  series  of  one  and  two- 
day  conferences  on  "Social  and  Industrial  Relations"  in  the 


J 


REPORTS   OF    COMMISSIONS    AND   COMMITTEES  119 

industrial  centers  of  the  country  during  1921.  It  was  decided 
to  concentrate  on  a  few  of  the  most  vital  issues  before  the 
churches  in  communities,  and  the  following  themes  were  se- 
lected: Community  Relations  of  the  Churches,  to  include 
Churches  as  Neighborhood  Centers,  Relations  to  Community 
Agencies,  and  Community  Organization;  Social  Education; 
Industrial  Disputes  and  Conflicts ;  Churches  for  Industrial 
Neighborhoods ;  Type  of  Religious  Life  for  the  Present  Social 
Emergency;  Christian  Principles  in  Industry.  In  addition 
there  is  provided  a  luncheon  conference  for  employers  to  be 
addressed  by  a  representative  of  the  churches  and  a  represen- 
tative of  some  industry;  and  a  corresponding  dinner  confer- 
ence with  local  leaders  of  organized  labor.  Abundant  time 
is  set  aside  for  discussion  following  each  paper  or  address. 
Plans  for  follow-up  work  are  also  being  studied. 

On  October  17  the  Commission  held  a  conference  in  New 
York,  at  which  experienced  men  from  important  industries 
were  asked  to  advise  with  the  secretaries  and  representative 
ministers  on  the  plan.  This  conference  developed  deep  inter- 
est and  met  with  hearty  approval.  Its  discussions  centered 
upon  the  following  questions  in  the  agenda : 

a.  Is  it  desirable  that  the  Church  should  exert  its  influence  in  the 
industrial  field :  first,  to  endeavor  to  establish  a  Christian  eco- 
nomic code;  second,  to  seek  to  bring  together  Christian  employers 
and  employees  to  work  out  cooperative  relations? 

b.  Is  the  plan  proposed  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service  approved  in  principle? 

c.  What  are  the  spiritual  principles  which  require  interpretation 
and  application  to  industry  and  which  may  serve  to  guide  those 
who  seek  to  bring  about  industrial  peace? 

d.  Is  the  conference  favorable  to  the  creation,  by  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service,  of  a  national  Advisory  Council, 
composed  of  persons  from  industries  in  which  successful  experi- 
mentation is  being  conducted  and  representing  both  employers 
and  employees?  Should  other  points  of  view  be  represented 
on  such  a  Council? 

e.  What  formal  recommendations  has  the  conference  to  make  to 
the  Commission  on  the  Church  and   Social  Service? 

The  conference  unanimously  approved  in  principle  the 
Commission's  proposals.  The  point  of  view  of  the  represen- 
tatives of  industries  present  was  well  expressed  by  Mr.  Henry 
C.  Dennison  of  Framingham,  Mass.,  who  said  in  substance: 

It  is  necessary  for  the  Church  to  enter  this  field  but  it  is  extraor- 
dinarily difficult  and  will  require  tact  and  information.  Most  em- 
ployers will  oppose  the  effort,  but  you  must  go  ahead.  We  employers 
need  pressure  from  our  ministers.  While  the  problems  are  difficult, 
the  human  relationships  are  within  the  reach  of  the  ordinary  min- 
ister. 

The  discussion  on  Christian  principles  centered  upon  a  state- 
ment which  had  been  prepared  by  the  Executive  Secretary, 


120        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

which  was  approved  in  substance  with  the  understanding  that 
no  statement  should  be  considered  as  final  and  binding,  but 
as  helpful  under  present  conditions.  Since  this  report  goes 
to  press  before  such  revision  can  be  made,  the  statement  is 
given  to  indicate  the  point  of  view  of  the  discussion. 

Christian  Principles  Which  Should  Be  Applied  to 
Industrial  Relationships 

Industrial  organization  of  the  future,  and  especially  relations  be- 
tween employers  and  employees  must  take  larger  account  of  human 
relationships,  and  must  be  based  upon  that  righteousness,  good-will 
and  cooperative  effort  which  are  the  expressions  of  the  religious  spirit. 

The  following  principles,  which  are  fundamental  in  the  teachings 
of  Jesus,  as  also  in  the  teachings  of  the  Old  Testament,  are  state- 
ments of  moral  and  spiritual  laws  which  underlie  society  and  are 
as  absolute  in  their  authority  and  operation  as  the  laws  of  the 
physical  sciences.  They  constitute  a  spiritual  platform  upon  which 
the  industry  of  the  future  must  be  built  if  it  is  to  be  stable  and 
prosperous. 

a.  The  human  race,  and  especially  the  people  of  a  nation,  consti- 
tute a  great  family  under  the  divine  fatherhood  of  God.  In 
the  brotherhood  of  that  family  the  individual  life  is  sacred. 
The  welfare  of  individuals  and  families  must  therefore  have 
first  consideration  by  industrial  management. 

b.  The  primary  purposes  of  the  industry  of  the  future  must  be 
to  secure  more  abundant  life  for  all,  but  especially  for  the 
masses  of  the  people.  This  must  mean  first  of  all  higher  stand- 
ards of  life  and  greater  opportunity  through  increased  economic 
resources,  reasonable  hours  of  labor  and  broader  participation 
by  labor  in  the  control  of  industry,  especially  where  it  affects 
the  welfare  of  the  workers. 

c.  Sound  industrial  organization  must  be  based  upon  righteous- 
ness— upon  honesty  and  fair  dealing — honest  work,  honest 
goods,  honest  financing,  honest  merchandising,  honest  prices 
to  consumers.  The  law  of  righteousness  requires  that  employ- 
ers, employees  and  the  public  shall  seek  first  what  is  right 
instead  of  what  is  for  personal  advantage,  or  what  is  dictated 
by   suspicions  and  hatred. 

d.  The  Christian  principle  of  love  or  brotherhood  expresses  itself 
industrially  in  concern  for  human  life,  in  a  spirit  of  good-will, 
and  in  cooperative  relationships  between  employers  and  em- 
ployees. Carried  to  its  full  meaning  it  will  result  in  a  real 
partnership  between  them  in  energetic  production,  ownership 
and  participation  in  management  and  profits. 

e.  The  principle  of  service,  which  is  central  in  the  teaching  of 
Jesus,  requires  application  to  every  phase  of  industry,  from 
capitalists,  stockholders,  bankers  and  directors,  through  man- 
agers, superintendents  and  foremen  to  skilled  and  unskilled 
labor;  but  especially  to  all  who  hold  responsible  positions  in- 
volving control  of  capital  or  control  over  men.  It  should 
determine  wages,  above  that  minimum  which  is  necessary  to 
wholesome  living  below  which  wages  should  never  fall,  the 
relation  of  industry  to  the  consuming  public,  and  wholesale  and 
retail  prices.  As  a  motive  for  industry,  service  must  be  made 
controlling  over  the  motive  of  profits. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  121 

f.  These  laws  are  summed  up  in  the  Golden  Rule:  "Whatsoever 
ye  would  that  men  should  do  to  you,  do  ye  even  so  to  them." 
To  apply  that  rule  day  by  day  and  hour  by  hour  to  the  con- 
stantly new  situations  in  factory,  mine  and  store,  and  in  trans- 
portation and  agriculture,  is  the  task  and  duty  of  every 
employer  and  employee.  It  alone  will  lead  the  way  to  indus- 
trial peace. 

Reorganization  of  the  Commission 

The  Commission  has  nearly  completed  a  fundamental  re- 
organization, based  upon  the  recommendations  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Fifteen,  as  approved  by  the  Executive  Committee 
in  December,  1919,  at  Baltimore.  These  provide  for  official 
and  delegated  representatives  from  the  denominational  com- 
missions and  church  boards  responsible  for  social  service,  and 
a  limited  number  of  members  selected  at  large  and  from  inter- 
church  agencies.  A  committee  system  has  been  created  with 
a  view  to  expediting  work  by  division  of  labor,  giving  official 
committee  supervision  to  the  departments  of  the  Commission. 
This  makes  of  the  Commission  an  official  and  effective  agency 
for  denominational  and  interchurch  purposes.  The  new  plan 
was  adopted  without  dissent,  and  on  this  basis  several  of  the 
constituent  bodies  have  made  appropriations  towards  the  main- 
tenance of  the  Department  of  Research  and  Surveys.  This 
reorganization  is  so  vital  to  the  future  work  of  the  Commis- 
sion and  so  directly  related  to  the  problem  of  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Federal  Council  itself,  that  the  text  of  the  new 
By-Laws  is  given  in  full. 

BY-LAWS 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  shall  be  con- 
stituted as  follows : 

a.  Not  more  than  two  members  of  the  Commission  may  be  chosen 
by  each  of  its  constituent  bodies,  which  are  the  boards  or 
commissions  responsible  for  social  service  of  the  denomina- 
tions affiliated  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of 
Christian  in  America; 

b.  Five  members  at  large  selected  by  the  Commission,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal 
Council ; 

c.  Five  members  at  large  chosen  by  the  Administrative  Commit- 
tee  itself; 

d.  One  representative  each  nominated  by  the  following  inter- 
church organizations,  affiliated  or  cooperating  with  the  Federal 
Council,  and  by  such  others  as  from  time  to  time  may  be 
approved  by  the  Commission : 

The  Home  Missions  Council 

The  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 

The  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 


122        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Executive  Committee 

The  Commission  shall  elect  annually  an  Executive  Committee,  to 
take  the  place  of  the  former  Committee  of  Direction.  This  commit- 
tee shall  include  not  more  than  twenty  members,  the  majority  of 
whom  shall  be  denominational  officials  responsible  for  social  service. 

Committee  System 

A  committee  system  shall  be  organized  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee responsible  to  the  same,  the  purpose  of  which  shall  be  to 
give  ad  interim  supervision  and  cooperation  by  members  of  the  Exec- 
utive Committee  and  the  Commission  to  the  work  undertaken  by 
the  Commission.  The  staff  secretaries  shall  be  members  ex  officio 
of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  also  members  of  the  standing 
committees  and  special  committees  of  the  Executive  Committee  with 
which  they  work.  The  Executive  Secretary  shall  be  a  member  ex 
officio  of  all  committees.  These  committees  shall  be  adjusted  to  the 
departmental  organization  of  the  Commission,  as  soon  as  the  depart- 
mentalization of  the  Commission  is  accomplished.  The  following  are 
created  as  initial  standing  committees : 

a.  General  Administration 

A  committee  of  five,  consisting  of  the  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission, three  denominational  secretaries  and  one  member  at 
large,  to  work  with  the  Executive  Secretary  on  general  admin- 
istration problems,  on  forms  of  service  not  yet  departmentalized, 
and  on  office,  budget  and  finance. 

b.  Research  and  Surveys 

A  committee  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  members,  including  a 
liberal  representation  of  the  denominational  secretaries,  which 
will  have  jurisdiction  over  all  the  research  and  survey  activities 
of  the  department.  From  this  committee  there  should  be  organ- 
ized such  committees  as  the  following: 

Community  Problems 

Economics  and  Industry 

Surveys 
to  which  may  be  referred  all  projects  of  research  and  all 
legislative  proposals  coming  within  their  scope.  The  Commit- 
tee on  Research  and  Surveys  will  thus  through  its  sub-commit- 
tees combine  the  functions  now  performed  by  the  Committee  on 
Research  and  the  Committee  on  Social  Legislation. 

c.  Committee  on  Education 

To  take  the  place  of  the  present  Committee  on  Social  Studies 
and  to  consist  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  members,  including  a 
representation  of  the  denominational  secretaries  equal  to  that 
provided  in  the  Committee  of  Research  and  Surveys.  This 
Committee  will  be  responsible  for  the  preparation  of  study 
courses  and  for  cooperative  efforts  with  Sunday  School  and 
other  agencies  to  further  socialize  the  curricula  of  our  church 
schools — primary,  secondary  and  higher.  It  will  also  be  re- 
responsible  for  the  editing  and  issuance  of  such  materials, 
subject  to  final  approval  by  the  Executive  Committee  as  the 
Commission  is  authorized  to  publish. 

d.  Social  Hygiene 

This  existing  committee  should  probably  be  reconstituted  as 
an  enlarged  Committee  on  Public  Health,  but  to  include 
specifically  the  relation  of  the  churches  to  the  movement   for 


social  hygiene,  and  possibly  also,  eugenics. 


^ 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  123 

e.   Advisory  Council  on  Industrial  Relations 

To  consist  of  (a)  representatives  of  employers  and  employes 
from  industries  in  which  cooperation  between  them  is  being 
worked  out;  and  of  (b)  representatives  from  the  churches  who 
have  studied  the  same  problems  from  the  standpoint  of  Christian 
ethics.  All  members  of  the  Council  should  be  in  hearty  sym- 
pathy with  the  work  to  be  undertaken. 

The  purpose  of  the  Council  shall  be  to  act  as  a  national 
advisory  committee  to  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service  in  a  nation-wide  effort  to  exert  the  influence 
of  the  churches,  (a)  to  induce  employers  and  employes  to  work 
out  relations  of  good-will  and  cooperation  in  their  industries; 
and  (b)  to  interpret  the  Christian  spirit  and  Christian  ethics 
to  industrial  relations. 

Relation   to   Denominational   Commissions    and    Other 
Cooperating   Bodies. 

The  theory  of  cooperative  work  to  be  that  the  program  of  the 
Commission's  activities  will  be  determined  in  general  by  the  con- 
sensus of  denominational  representatives  and  the  representatives  of 
cooperating  bodies  as  to  the  needs  of  their  organizations,  the  services 
of  the  Commission  to  be  available  to  the  limit  of  equipment  to  each 
group,  Avith  emphasis  always  upon  serving  the  largest  number  of 
cooperating  bodies.  The  work  of  the  Commission  to  be  done  mainly 
through  denominational  and  cooperating  organizations.  Local  church 
federations  to  have  first  claim  on  the  services  of  the  Commission 
for  aid  in  organizing  and  carrying  out  their  social  service  programs. 

Future  Work  of  the  Commission 

Four  years'  practical  experience  have  made  clear  the  main 
lines  of  service  of  the  Commission  for  the  next  four  years. 

1.  Research  and  Educational  Work 

a.  Reading,  abstracting,  indexing  and  filing  material  found  in  the 
literature  of  social  work,  American  and  foreign,  including  gov- 
ernment publications  and  reports  of  research  foundations  and 
agencies.  This  material,  without  partisan  coloring,  to  be  made 
available  to  pastors  and  church  organizations,  the  church  press 
and   various   organizations   desiring   it. 

b.  Preparation  of  study  courses  on  social  problems  for  use  by 
study  classes  and  discussion  groups  in  churches,  colleges  and 
elsewhere;  also  cooperation  with  other  agencies  in  further 
socializing  the  curricula  of  our  church  schools. 

c.  Research  in  the  field  of  social  legislation,  such  research  to 
issue  in  practical  effort,  by  educational  means,  on  behalf  of 
constructive  measures. 

d.  Cooperative  production  of  pamphlet  literature  of  social  service 
to  be  participated  in  by  the  several  denominational  organiza- 
tions, eliminating  present  duplication  and  assuring  to  each 
denomination  the  best  product  that  joint  effort  will  make  pos- 
sible. 

e.  Special  field  studies  in  communities  to  assist  local  councils  of 
churches  in  making  their  community  programs;  also  studies 
of  industrial  conflicts  when  desired  by  local  church  authorities 
or  when  demanded  by  public  welfare. 


124        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

2.  Assistance  to  Local  Church  Councils 

This  will  involve  assistance  in  the  formation  of  departments 
of  social  service  when  councils  are  first  set  up  and  constant 
cooperation  later  in  the  development  of  their  community  relations 
and  contacts.  The  denominational  secretaries  and  those  of  the 
Commission  have  agreed  to  act  jointly  in  this  work. 

3.  Betterment  of  Industrial  Relations 

a.  Studies  of  the  evils  of  the  present-day  society  with  a  view  to 
their  correction. 

b.  Continuous  educational  effort  to  interpret  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  Christ's  teaching  to  industrial  relations  and  looking 
to  the  formation  of  a  Christian  industrial  conscience. 

c.  Educational  efforts  in  industrial  centers  to  induce  employers 
and  employes  to  work  out  cooperative  relations  based  on 
Christian    principles. 

4.  Maintenance  of  contacts,  for  the  churches,  with  national  social 
agencies  and  movements,  and  to  welfare  departments  of  the  Fed- 
eral Government. 

Conclusion 

Those  vj\\o  have  watched  the  current  of  religious  thought 
since  our  country  entered  the  great  war  realize  that  the 
Church  is  acquiring  an  enlarged  conception  of  its  mission  in 
the  world.  As  was  said  in  the  Introduction  to  the  statement 
on  "The  Church  and  Social  Reconstruction" : 

"The  churches  today  recognize,  as  they  did  not  a  generation  ago, 
that  the  Kingdom  of  God  is  as  comprehensive  as  human  life  with 
all  of  its  interests  and  needs,  and  that  they  share  in  a  common  re- 
sponsibility for  a  Christian  world  order.  They  are  convinced  that 
the  world  is  the  subject  of  redemption:  that  the  ethical  principles 
of  the  Gospels  are  to  be  applied  to  industry  and  to  the  relations  of 
nations :  that  the  Church  is  to  devote  itself  henceforth  assiduously 
to  these  purposes  along  with  the  individual  ministries  of  religion." 

But  this  puts  upon  the  Church  heavy  obligations,  much 
greater  than  in  former  times;  and  requires  a  new  power  of 
faith  and  an  unparalleled  heroism  of  large  undertakings.  We 
are  in  a  chastened  mood.  We  know  that  these  great  evils 
cannot  be  removed  nor  these  constructive  tasks  of  social  engi- 
neering accomplished  without  a  mighty  working  of  the  Spirit 
of  God.  We  are  encouraged  to  know  that  His  Spirit  is 
abroad  in  the  world,  acting  through  non-ecclesiastical  agencies 
as  well  as  through  His  Church;  but  once  again  it  is  "not  by 
might  nor  by  power  but  by  my  spirit,  saith  the  Lord.'* 

Shelby    M.    Harrison,  V ice-Chairman. 

Worth    M.    Tippy,  Executive  Secretary. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  125 

2.     Report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Country  Life 


There  has  been  great  progress  in  the  rural  field  during  the 
last  Quadrennium.  This  progress  has  been  of  two  kinds: 
First  of  all,  there  has  been  the  rapidly  developing  conscious- 
ness on  the  part  of  the  rural  laymen  of  the  type  of  country 
church  which  is  needed  in  this  day.  Second,  through  the  war 
and  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  there  has  been  a  draw- 
ing together  of  the  agencies  involved  in  rural  church  admin- 
istration. 

The  Quadrennium  has  seen  a  greatly  increased  tendency  all 
over  the  country  for  something  which  is  loosely  known  in  local 
fields  as  church  federation.  This  may  take  the  form  of  the 
union  church  of  no  denominational  allegiance.  It  may,  in 
other  communities,  work  out  into  the  federated  church  which 
is  so  well  known.  The  third  plan,  which  is  growing  in  favor 
with  denominational  administrators,  is  that  of  assigning  re- 
sponsibility for  a  given  community  to  one  denomination  only, 
the  others  involved  agreeing  to  withdraw  on  condition  that 
they  be  compensated  elsewhere.  In  Vermont  and  certain  areas 
in  Ohio  this  last  method  has  been  sanctioned  by  church  offi- 
cials and  has  been  very  successful.  In  Montana  in  dealing 
with  opportunity  fields  it  has  also  been  followed  under  the 
Montana  plan  of  the  Home  Missions  Council.  On  the  Pacific 
coast  and  elsewhere  in  New  England  the  federated  plan  seems 
more  popular,  and  federated  churches  in  the  open  country  are 
springing  up  all  over  America  even  in  sections  of  the  South. 
This  tendency  is  motived  largely  by  the  desire  of  local  people 
for  a  resident  leadership  of  religious  character.  The  hunger 
for  this  thing  has  been  voiced  in  many  letters  and  conversa- 
tions and  came  out  frequently  in  the  country  survey  follow-up 
meetings  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement.  A  secondary 
cause  is  the  economic  difficulty  of  maintaining  the  separate 
churches  with  the  lack  of  a  full  church  program  which  this 
so  often  means. 

The  Commission  through  correspondence  has  advised  in 
many  such  communities,  but  from  the  organizational  stand- 
point the  developments  of  the  last  four  years  are  of  a  differ- 
ent character.  In  these  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Country  Life,  as  a  distinctive  agency,  has  not  played  a  leading 
part,  but  it  has  contributed  of  its  leadership  and  influence  and 
it  has  merged  itself  with  other  agencies  that  for  the  time  being 
seemed  best  able  to  accomplish  the  purposes  that  the  Commis- 
sion has  always  cherished.  However,  the  Commission  has  to 
its  credit  several  significant  pieces  of  work. 


126        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Ohio  Survey 

First  of  all,  early  in  the  Quadrennium  it  completed,  under 
the  direction  of  Rev.  Charles  Otis  Gill,  field  secretary,  the 
first  rural  survey  ever  made  which  covered  an  entire  state. 
For  three  years  Mr.  Gill  studied  the  country  church  situation 
in  Ohio.  He  built  upon  the  work  done  by  Rev.  Warren  H. 
Wilson  and  his  assistants  in  the  Ohio  Rural  Life  Survey,  but, 
carrying  it  further,  he  finally  reached  down  to  every  last 
church  in  Ohio's  rural  areas.  In  this  work  he  had  the  earnest 
cooperation  of  local  forces,  organized  into  the  Ohio  Rural  Life 
Association. 

The  report  of  this  survey  has  been  published  under  the  title 
"Six  Thousand  Country  Churches."  In  reality  it  covers, 
county  by  county,  some  6,600  country  churches.  Every  church 
is  located  on  its  county  map  and  the  circuit  lines  travelled  by 
the  ministers  are  shown.  The  book  created  a  great  deal  of 
interest.  Its  results  were  widely  used  in  the  Methodist  Cen- 
tenary campaign  and  its  methods  strongly  influenced  the  pro- 
cedure of  the  Town  and  Country  Survey  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement. 

War-Time  Service 

The  World  War  revealed  to  America  the  fundamental  im- 
portance of  a  satisfactory  and  prosperous  country  life.  On 
registration  day  the  Commission  issued  an  Emergency  Appeal 
to  Country  Churches  which  was  widely  used  and  copied.  It 
called  upon  country  churches  to  lay  upon  the  hearts  of  their 
members  the  great  and  spiritual  task  of  feeding  the  hungering 
world,  it  asked  that  the  sacrifices  of  war  in  funds  and  sons 
be  met  cheerfully  in  view  of  the  great  purposes  that  had  drawn 
America  into  the  conflict.  Utilizing  its  special  Ohio  contacts 
the  Commission  assisted  particularly  in  the  early  work  in  Ohio 
among  the  country  pastors.  Several  denominational  war-time 
agencies  were  inspired  to  send  special  appeals  to  their  country 
pastors. 

The  Commission  was  not  destined,  however,  to  continue  its 
war  work  as  a  separate  agency.  The  rapidly  multiplying  op- 
portunities for  service,  the  concentrations  of  large  groups  of 
people  in  heretofore  waste  places  for  the  purpose  of  manu- 
facturing munitions  or  building  ships,  called  into  being  the 
Joint  Committee  on  War  Production  Communities,  formed  by 
the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the  General  War-Time  Com- 
mission of  the  Churches  which  had  been  set  up  by  the  Federal 
Council.  Through  this  agency  the  Home  Missions  Council 
and  the  Federal  Coimcil  of  Churches  cooperated  in  the  war 
work  done  among  the  churches  of  these  special  communities. 
It  was  recognized  that  every  rural  community  had  in  the  rais- 
ing of  food  become  a  war  production  community.    The  Secre- 


Il 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  127 

tary  of  the  Commission  was  made  rural  secretary  of  the  Joint 
Committee  and  the  work  was  financed  by  the  home  mission 
boards.  The  appeals  of  the  governmental  and  semi-official 
agencies  were  through  this  office  related  to  the  country 
churches.  A  special  publicity  service  was  maintained.  Thou- 
sands of  speakers  were  obtained  to  present  the  moral  aims 
and  duties  of  the  war  to  country  people,  not  only  in  their 
churches,  but  at  farmers'  institutes,  orchard  demonstrations 
and  similar  gatherings.  A  war  standard  was  suggested  for 
country  churches  and  those  which  reached  it  were  designated 
as  "Liberty  Churches"  and  their  experiences  used  in  building 
up  the  programs  of  neighboring  congregations.  The  Federal 
Department  of  Agriculture  itself  circulated  nearly  50,000 
copies  of  a  suggested  war  program  for  country  churches. 
The  Boys  Working  Reserve  requested  and  used  several  thou- 
sand copies  of  a  leaflet  on  "The  Country  Church  and  the  City 
Boy."  There  was  close  cooperation  with  the  Committee  on 
Public  Information,  the  Red  Cross  and  similar  agencies.  The 
work  of  the  Committee  was  commended  by  many  officials,  in- 
cluding President  Wilson  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Following  the  armistice  a  Reconstruction  Program  for 
Country  Churches  was  issued,  the  demand  for  which  exceeded 
the  edition  of  10,000.  A  Peace  Standard  for  Country  Church 
was  also  proposed  and  announced.  It  was  accepted  by  the 
hundred  Liberty  Churches  which  had  been  designated. 

The  Interchurch  Rural  Survey 

At  the  January,  1919,  meeting  of  the  Home  Missions  Coun- 
cil provision  was  made  for  the  Rural  Secretary  of  the  Joint 
Committee  to  become  an  associate  secretary  for  Rural  Fields 
of  the  Home  Missions  Council.  Before,  however,  a  full  ad- 
justment was  made,  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  was 
born  and  the  staff  was  transferred  to  that  Movement  for 
directing  its  Town  and  Country  Survey. 

Though  not  entirely  complete,  this  survey  was  the  greatest 
effort  of  its  kind  in  behalf  of  the  American  country  church. 
Every  State  was  organized  under  a  trained  man.  Schedules 
were  prepared  as  well  as  manuals  of  instruction.  A  statistical 
and  interpretative  section  was  organized  and  trained.  A  new 
method  of  parish  surveys  with  purposeful  evangelistic  follow- 
up  was  devised  and  successfully  tested.  Completed  surveys, 
carefully  written  up,  were  carried  back  to  the  people  of  the 
counties  in  more  than  a  score  of  instances.  The  general  survey 
aimed  to  cover  every  county,  community  and  church  in  its 
scope,  and  when  the  field  work  was  suspended  in  June,  1920, 
2,569  counties  had  been  organized,  and  more  than  600  com- 
pleted, through  the  help  of  8,600  people.  More  than  1,000 
counties  were  far  enough  along  to  have  results  in  value.    This 


128         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

survey  contains  the  largest  body  of  information  about  rural 
America  from  a  religious  and  social  viewpoint  that  has  ever 
been  gathered. 

With  the  practical  suspension  of  all  activities  on  the  part 
of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  on  June  28,  1920,  there 
seemed  danger  that  the  material  gathered  might  not  be  con- 
served. The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Country  Life, 
with  its  small  funds,  yet  had  sufficient  to  hold  a  small  nucleus 
of  the  trained  staff  together  until  the  Home  Missions  Council 
could  act.  This  body  on  July  10  generously  stepped  for- 
ward and  offered  to  carry  the  Home  Survey,  including  the 
rural  unit,  for  a  limited  time,  and  without  prejudicing  the 
future  decision  of  the  Reorganization  Committee  of  the  Inter- 
church World  Movement.  This  was  done  through  the  months 
of  July,  August,  September  and  October,  a  part  of  November, 
awaiting  the  action  of  the  Committee  on  Reorganization  of 
the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  which  had  all  of  this  mate- 
rial ultimately  in  its  care. 

The  course  of  events  at  the  moment  of  writing  seems  to 
indicate  the  line  upon  which  the  future  of  the  national  country 
church  movement  should  be  built.  The  Interchurch  Survey 
is  of  value  to  the  churches.  Though  only  a  few  states  are 
complete  in  State  units,  nevertheless  many  startling  missionary 
situations  have  been  uncovered,  situations  demanding  attention 
from  the  home  mission  agencies  of  the  country.  Completed 
State  units  would,  of  course,  materially  assist  in  solving  prob- 
lems of  comity  and  cooperation  in  existing  fields  of  effort,  but 
completed  county  units  east  and  west  are  disclosing  new  and 
unentered  fields  of  service.  Such  material  is  of  primary  inter- 
est to  the  home  mission  boards. 

In  addition  there  is  a  wealth  of  data  on  community  prob- 
lems and  on  general  church  procedure,  program,  equipment, 
finance,  leadership.  A  great  amount  of  data  is  at  hand  on  rural 
cooperative  movements,  on  community  organization,  on  the 
new  America  in  town  and  country,  on  successful  country 
church  methods,  and  so  on  through  about  twenty  different 
studies  that  can  be  made.  Manifestly,  these  are  of  interest 
to  the  Church  at  large,  even  if  they  lie  outside  the  province  of 
mission  boards  as  such. 

As  at  present  constituted  the  Committee  of  Direction  of  the 
Federal  Council  Commission  contains  four  members  of  the 
Town  and  Country  Committee  of  the  Home  Missions  Council 
and  many  other  members  of  the  Commission  are  advisory 
members  of  the  Committee.  It  seems  obvious  that  some  sort 
of  joint  arrangement  should  be  entered  into  that  would  make 
available  the  total  material  which  is  complete  for  at  least 
one-third  of  America.  Such  an  arrangement  should  be  mu- 
tually satisfactory  to  both  the  Home  Missions  Council  and 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  129 

the  Federal  Council,  as  well  as  to  the  authorities  charged  with 
administering  the  affairs  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
whose  property  the  material  is.  But  with  the  great  values 
involved  and  the  need  for  their  utilization  before  time  deprives 
them  of  much  of  their  value,  it  would  seem  not  an  insuperable 
difficulty  for  the  three  organizations  concerned  to  work  out 
such  an  agreement. 

There  is  the  more  need  for  this  because  many  States  north 
and  south,  east  and  west,  are  going  on  with  the  survey.  A 
coordinating  agency  is  needed  that  the  meaning  of  the  results 
nationally  be  not  lost,  that  the  boards  do  not  receive  recommen- 
dations from  many  unrelated  sources.  There  is  further  need 
because  the  survey  has  aroused  great  expectations,  not  only 
on  the  part  of  the  local  people  who  are  asking  for  the  results, 
but  also  on  the  part  of  leaders  in  Governmental  and  social 
welfare  agencies  who  are  calling  upon  the  Church  as  a  moral 
responsibility  to  give  the  full  report  of  the  survey  to  the  public. 

The  utilization  of  the  full  values  of  this  material  is,  there- 
fore, the  biggest  problem  and  the  greatest  opportunity  that 
the  cooperative  country  church  movement  has  ever  faced,  and 
upon  its  solution  depends  in  large  measure  the  progress  that 
will  be  made  in  the  years  just  ahead. 

GiFFORD  PiNCHOT, 

Chairman. 
Edmund  de  S.  Brunner, 

Secretary. 


130        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

3.     Report  of  the  Commission  on  Temperance 

The  work  of  the  Commission  on  Temperance  has  necessarily 
taken  on  different  aspects  from  that  of  the  previous  Quad- 
rennium,  owing  to  the  passage  of  the  constitutional  amendment. 
Its  task,  however,  is  none  the  less  important  and  is  likely  to 
continue  for  some  time  to  come,  taking:  perhaps  the  form  ot  a 
constant  campaign  of  education  in  the  interest  of  respect  for 
law. 

The  activities  of  the  Commission  have  been  reported  so  com- 
pletely in  the  successive  issues  of  "The  National  Advocate" 
that  we  need  to  do  little  more  than  summarize  them  in  this 
report. 

The  movements  which  have  been  carried  out  during  the 
Quadrennium  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  "Strengthen  America"  advertising  campaign  in  daily  and 
weekly  newspapers  throughout  the  country  as  a  means  of  education, 
especially  with  regard  to  the  physical  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor 
traffic  and  the  need  of  saving  the  country  from  it  in  the  time  of  crisis ; 

2.  The  initiation  of  and  cooperation  in  a  united  movement  on  the 
part  of  all  temperance  organizations  under  the  name  of  "The  United 
Committee  on  War  Temperance  Activities  in  the  Army  and  Navy"; 

3.  A  campaign  of  advertising,  sometimes  including  advertisements 
covering  two  full  pages  in  the  Washington  and  other  newspapers, 
meeting  the  arguments  presented  by  the  liquor  forces  in  the  same 
papers ; 

4.  Advertisements  and  propaganda  in  the  labor  papers  in  the  United 
States  to  induce  the  support  of  workingmen; 

5.  The  holding  of  mass  meetings  and  open  forums  in  workingmen's 
districts ; 

6.  A  movement  to  induce  all  college  and  university  alumni  associa- 
tions and  college  classes  to  refrain  from  serving  intoxicating  liquor 
at  reunions  and  banquets; 

7.  A  movement  to  induce  society  women  to  abstain  from  the  per- 
sonal use  and  serving  of  intoxicants  at  social  functions; 

8.  The  inducement  of  trade  unionists  to  separate  their  meeting- 
places  entirely  from  the  influence  of  the  saloon; 

9.  The  printing  and  distribution  of  a  wide  variety  of  temperance 
literature ; 

10.  The  issuing  of  four  temperance  periodicals  as  follows: 

"The  National  Advocate,"  which  is  the  oldest  temperance  paper 
in  the  United  States,  published  monthly,  for  pastors  and  general 
readers,  now  under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Chas.  Scanlon ; 

"The  Worker,"  a  temperance  paper  for  workingmen,  which  was 
edited  by  Mr.  Stelzle; 

"The  Youth's  Temperance  Banner,"  a  temperance  Youth's  Com- 
panion, edited  by  Miss  Oldrey; 

"The  Water  Lily,"  a  children's  temperance  paper,  edited  % 
Miss  Oldrey. 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  131 

Various  other  activities  initiated  by  the  Commission,  or  car- 
ried on  by  it  in  cooperation  with  other  agencies,  will  be  found 
duly  recorded  in  the  report  of  the  special  Washington  meeting 
of  the  Federal  Council  and  in  the  reports  of  the  General  Secre- 
tary and  Field  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council. 

Association  with  the  National  Temperance  Society  and 
Publication  House 

Immediately  upon  its  appointment,  the  Commission  carried 
out  the  procedure  authorized  by  the  Council  relative  to  uniting 
its  work  with  that  of  the  National  Temperance  Society  and 
Publication  House. 

This  union  was  effected  in  the  early  part  of  1917,  with  the 
duly  recorded  approval  of  the  following  bodies:  the  Federal 
Council,  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Publication  House,  the  National  Temperance  So- 
ciety at  its  annual  meeting,  and  the  Commission  on  Temper- 
ance. The  meetings  at  which  action  was  taken  have  been  fully 
recorded  in  the  columns  of  "The  National  Advocate." 

The  organization  is  now  known  as  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Commission  on  Temperance  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America.  Its  work  is  directed 
by  a  Joint  Executive  Committee  of  which  Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller 
is  the  Chairman,  to  which  Committee  each  of  the  original  bodies 
has  given  full  power. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  by  the  Board  of  Managers 
of  the  National  Temperance  Society  and  Publication  House 
whereby  the  invested  funds  are  in  the  hands  of  a  trust  com- 
pany, subject  to  the  conditions  under  which  they  are  held,  but 
with  provision  that  the  income  from  them  shall  be  conveyed 
to  the  Joint  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Commission  on  Temperance,  for  the  work  of  that 
body. 

The  Joint  Executive  Committee  includes  Rev.  D.  Stuart 
Dodge,  President  of  the  National  Temperance  Society  and  Gov. 
Carl  E.  Milliken,  the  Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Tem- 
perance. 

Each  body  maintains  its  legal  identity  but  the  Joint  Executive 
Committee  acts  for  both  in  their  common  work  under  a  common 
title. 

Publications  and  Literature 

The  National  Temperance  Society  and  Commission  on  Tem- 
perance has  continued  the  regular  publication  of  its  three  tem- 
perance papers,  "The  National  Advocate,"  "The  Banner,"  and 
"The  Water  Lily."  For  a  time,  during  the  "Strengthen  Amer- 
ica" Campaign,  "The  Worker,"  a  paper  for  workingmen,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Stelzle,  was  published  regularly.     Sunday 


132        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Schools  and  other  organizations  have  been  supplied  with  tem- 
perance literature  in  considerable  quantities. 

The  editorial  work  on  "The  National  Advocate"  has  been 
rendered  by  the  late  Dr.  A.  A.  Hopkins  and  Rev.  Jasper  T. 
Moses,  and  is  cared  for  at  the  present  time  by  Rev.  Charles 
Scanlon  of  the  Presbyterian  Board. 

All  of  this  literature  has  been  of  a  distinctly  educational,  in- 
formational and  inspirational  character  and  has  not  duplicated 
the  material  issued  by  any  of  the  other  temperance  organiza- 
tions. 

War  Temperance  Activities  in  the  Army  and  Navy 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Joint  Executive  Committee  held 
at  Washington  in  connection  with  the  meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  in  May,  1917, 
the  attention  of  the  Commission  was  given  to  the  question 
of  war  work  with  the  result  that  the  Commission  initiated, 
in  June,  the  United  Committee  on  War  Temperance  Activities 
in  the  Army  and  Navy,  with  Dr.  Daniel  A.  Poling  as  Chairman, 
representing  twenty-two  national  anti-drink  organizations, 
and  designed  to  function  in  the  camps  and  stations  through 
the  war-work  agencies  already  established  inside  the  camps. 
While  this  Committee  worked  independently  of  the  Commis- 
sion, it  is  fitting  to  include  it  in  this  report  that  its  work  may 
be  known  to  the  churches  of  America.  The  United  Committee 
undertook  to  prepare  the  plans,  furnish  the  material  and 
speakers,  supervise  the  working  arrangements  and  be  directly 
responsible  for  all  the  temperance  activities  of  the  Army  and 
Navy.  The  military  supervision  of  the  work  was  placed,  by 
the  War  Department,  in  the  hands  of  its  Commission  on  Train- 
ing Camp  Activities,  Social  Hygiene  Section,  and  thus  given 
a  recognized  standing  and  influence,  both  inside  the  camps, 
forts  and  stations,  and  with  the  general  public. 

Objectives 

Among  the  definite  purposes  of  the  Committee  during 
more  than  two  years  while  it  was  active  in  the  camps  at 
home  and  overseas,  were  the  following: 

1.  To  bring  to  soldiers  and  sailors,  in  a  sympathetic, 
straightforward  way,  the  practical,  personal  and  efficiency 
facts  about  the  use  of  intoxicants,  so  far  as  they  relate  to 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  soliders  and  sailors. 

2.  To  help  encourage  among  the  men  an  intelligent  sym- 
pathy for,  and  understanding  of,  the  military  regulations  re- 
lating to  drink. 

3.  To  fortify  the  men  against  the  peculiar  temptations  that 
come  to  a  man  because  of  his  uniform,  off  duty  or  on  for- 
eign soil. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  133 

4.  After  the  fighting  ceased,  to  equip  them,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, to  face  the  "let  go"  tendencies  and  dangers  that  threat- 
ened to  disrupt  morale,  break  down  all  personal  morals, 
injure  health  and  engraft  on  the  young  men  of  non-drinking 
homes  the  social  drinking  standards  and  customs  of  Europe. 
Also  to  help  guard  against  the  dangers  of  the  demobilization 
period  after  arrival  in  America. 

5.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  demobilization  period,  after 
America  had  adopted  prohibition  as  a  national  policy,  to  help 
counteract  antagonistic  propaganda  among  the  returning  men 
and  show  them  the  economic  and  industrial  facts  that  sub- 
stantiate total  abstinence  as  the  best  policy  for  both  the  indi- 
vidual and  the  nation. 

6.  In  brief,  to  do  whatever  needed  to  be  done  to  fortify 
the  soldiers  and  sailors  against  drink  while  in  service  and  re- 
turn them  to  civilian  life  as  fit  men  to  lead  America's  future. 

The  direct  work  of  the  Committee  reached  practically  every 
camp  at  home,  every  French  area  in  which  men  were  stationed 
before  fighting  or  waiting  return,  and  almost  every  point  at 
which  they  were  stationed  between  these  extremes. 

Active  work  began  after  careful  surveys  to  learn  the  atti- 
tudes of  the  men,  the  opportunities  to  obtain  liquor,  the  in- 
fluences surrounding  the  camps,  the  exact  military  regulations 
and  their  degree  of  enforcement,  had  been  obtained.  Daniel 
A.  Poling,  Charles  Stelzle,  Governor  J.  Frank  Hanly,  R.  P. 
Hobson,  Ira  Landrith,  Clarence  T.  Wilson  and  other  specially 
selected  speakers  were  sent  on  long  tours  among  the  camps 
at  home  and  later  to  the  men  of  the  A.  E.  F.  in  France;  a 
million  of  specially  prepared  booklets  were  distributed;  high- 
grade  posters  in  repeated  series  were  placed  in  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
and  K.  of  C.  service  huts ;  stereopticon  slides,  transparencies 
and  animated  cartoons  were  sent  in  large  numbers  to  camps 
for  use  in  moving  picture  machines,  stereopticons,  illuminated 
exhibitors  and  otherwise;  stereomotographs,  or  automatic 
stereopticons,  running  day  and  night,  were  utilized  constantly 
in  the  large  camps,  and  all  of  this  material  was  employed  both 
at  home  during  the  periods  of  training  and  demobilization, 
and  in  the  army  overseas  during  the  fighting  period  and  after 
the  armistice. 

The  program  of  the  Committee  may  be  divided  into  three 
periods : 

First,  the  war  period  during  which  work  was  conducted 
only  in  the  training  camps.  The  appeal  of  the  material  and 
speakers  furnished  by  the  Committee  was  to  avoid  intoxicants 
for  the  purpose  of  fighting  efficiency  and  in  loyal  support  of 
Army  regulations. 


134         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Second,  the  after-armistice  period  in  the  demobilization 
camps  at  home.  At  this  time  the  spirit  of  the  men  was  utterly 
different ;  to  get  out  of  the  army,  to  return  home,  to  get  a  job, 
to  escape  everything  military,  were  the  prevailing  ideas.  The 
Committee  material  had  to  be  recast  to  fit  the  new  attitude, 
and  the  anti-alcohol  appeal  placed  on  that  of  civilian  life — 
economic  and  industrial  opportunity,  efficiency,  and  social 
welfare. 

Third,  the  overseas  special  period,  most  of  it  occurring  after 
the  signing  of  the  armistice  as  military  conditions  did  not  per- 
mit more  than  preliminary  work  before  that" time.  Soon  after 
fighting  ceased  the  whole  program  of  the  Committee  was 
moved  overseas  and  established  in  the  great  camps  where  men 
quickly  began  to  get  restless,  anxious  to  return  home  and 
ready  for  any  excitement  that  would  break  up  camp  mo- 
notony. This  was  the  time  when  the  work  was  most  needed 
and  best  received.  Military  regulations  against  drink  were 
relaxed;  the  French  liquors,  both  "mild"  and  strong,  were 
abundant  and  right  at  hand;  the  previous  moral  restraints 
and  desire  to  keep  fit  to  fight  ceased  to  have  weight,  and 
serious  drinking  began  rapidly  to  prevail.  Here  it  was  the 
Committee  rendered,  through  its  Overseas  Department,  perhaps 
its  greatest  contribution  to  the  welfare  of  the  men  of  any 
period  during  the  entire  war. 

The  "Strengthen  America"   Campaign  and  Work  in  Co- 
operation with  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
of  the  Churches 

The  Commission  entered  into  full  cooperation  with  the 
General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Federal  Council  and  in 
the  early  part  of  our  participation  in  the  war  conveyed  a 
message  to  the  President  and  to  Congress  urging  war-time 
prohibition,  which  was  signed  by  the  officers  of  all  of  the 
religious  war-time  commissions  and  agencies. 

Full  reports  of  the  "Strengthen  America"  Campaign  are  con- 
tained in  the  annual  reports  to  the  Executive  Committee  by 
the  Field  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council,  Rev.  Charles 
Stelzle.  This  Campaign  was  conducted  under  the  direct 
authority  and  name  of  the  Federal  Council,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  it  the  fullest  authority  and  influence. 

The  "Strengthen  America"  Campaign  was  conducted  under  the  wise 
and  forceful  direction  of  Rev.  Charles  Stelzle,  Field  Secretary,  in 
1917  and  1918,  during  one  of  the  most  critical  periods  in  the  history 
of  the  fight  against  the  liquor  traffic,  when  the  issue  was  based  very 
largely  upon  its  economic  aspects.  The  campaign  was  preceded  by  a 
world-wide  study  of  the  liquor  industry,  particularly  as  it  affected 
workingmen's  jobs,  the  question  of  taxation,  the  effects  of  prohibition 
upon  farmers,  manufacturers,  railroads,  hotels,  and  general  social 
conditions,  and  particularly  with  reference  to  the  taking  away  of  men's 
personal  liberty. 


i 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  135 

Those  who  opposed  prohibition  told  us  that  if  it  ever  became  a  law, 
the  following  calamities  would  befall  us : 

One  million  workingmen  would  lose  their  jobs  and  be  thrown 
on  an  already  overloaded  labor  market ; 

The  workers  all  over  tlie  country  would  break  out  in  open  revolt 
and  rebellion; 

Taxes  would  be  so  increased  that  workingmen  would  forfeit 
their  homes ; 

Farmers  would  lose  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  annually 
because  nobody  would  buy  the  grain  and  the  fruits  which  the 
liquor  men  purchased; 

Manufacturers  of  machinery,  bar  fixtures,  glassware,  barrels, 
automobiles,  harness,  and  all  other  materials  used  in  the  production 
and  distribution  of  liquor,  would  go  bankrupt; 

Railroads  which  transported  these  articles  as  well  as  the  raw 
materials  used  in  making  liquor  would  suffer  from  a  great  reduc- 
tion  in  business; 

Saloon  and  brewery  property  would  stand  idle,  resulting  in 
practical  confiscation; 

First-class  hotels  would  close  their  doors  because  their  chief 
profit  came  across  the  bar; 

There  would  be  an  unprecedented  increase  in  the  use  of  opium 
and  other  narcotics ; 

Much  sickness  and  many  deaths  would  result  because  those 
accustomed  to  using  liquor  could  not  get  along  without  it ; 

Jails  would  be  filled  with  prisoners  because  of  the  great  increase 
of  lawlessness. 

None  of  these  things  have  happened. 

The  "Strengthen  America"  Campaign  rendered  a  most  valuable  serv- 
ice when  the  question  of  war-time  prohibition  was  under  considera- 
tion, by  meeting  directly  and  specifically  the  arguments  presented  by 
the  liquor  interests.  For  this  purpose  special  advertisements  were 
written,  and  entire  pages  of  advertising  space  were  used  in  the 
Washington  papers  while  Congress  was  in  session.  Copies  of  the 
book,  "Why  Prohibition!"  were  sent  to  senators  and  members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  to  all  others  in  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment whose  influence  might  be  exerted  in  one  way  or  another,  with 
reference  to  this  important  question. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  Campaign  was  the  development  of 
interest  in  local  communities,  looking  toward  the  purchasing  of  adver- 
tising space  in  the  daily  and  weekly  newspapers,  showing  the  physical 
and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic.  Several  hundred  thousand 
dollars  were  raised  and  spent  locally  for  this  purpose.  Sixty  different 
pieces  of  advertising  copy  were  prepared  and  furnished  to  local  com- 
munities and  individuals  throughout  the  country  without  expense  to 
them,  and  illustrative  material  was  also  furnished  for  this  purpose. 
It  is  significant  that  in  the  states  in  which  our  material  and  our 
services  were  used  in  anything  like  a  satisfactory  manner,  prohibition 
won  in  the  elections. 

Pages  of  advertising  were  also  purchased  at  critical  periods  in 
the  "Saturday  Evening  Post,"  "The  Literary  Digest,"  "The  Inde- 
pendent," and  "The  Outlook."  Advertisements  and  propaganda  mate- 
rial were  also  used  in  the  labor  papers  of  the  United  States,  to  induce 
the  support  of  workingmen. 

Thirty  telling  leaflets,  especially  for  workingmen,  although  appli- 
cable to  all  classes  of  men  and  women,  were  written,  and  about  three 
million  copies  were  distributed. 


136        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

"The  Worker,"  a  temperance  paper  for  workingmen,  was  issued 
monthly  during  the  entire  two-year  period,  and  sent  to  every  part 
of  the  United  States. 

A  dozen  high-grade  posters,  22  x  28  inches,  printed  in  colors,  were 
also  put  out,  and  proved  to  be  very  popular.  They  were  reproduced 
extensively  in  the  religious  press,  and  were  used  in  many  forms 
in  local  prohibition  campaigns.  Employers  of  labor  used  them  in 
large  quantities. 

Mass  meetings  and  open  forums  dealing  with  the  liquor  problem 
were  held  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  where  questions  were  freely 
asked  by  the  audience  and  answered  by  the  speaker. 

A  definite  campaign  was  inaugurated  among  trade  unionists,  in 
order  to  induce  them  to  separate  their  meeting-places  entirely  from 
the  influence  of  the  saloon.  Three  great  mass  meetings  were  held 
during  the  sessions  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  in  San 
Francisco,  in  Baltimore,  and  in  Buffalo. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  services  rendered  by  the  "Strengthen 
America"  Campaign  was  the  furnishing  to  the  prohibition  forces  of 
America,  without  expense,  absolutely  reliable  data  gotten  together 
by  means  of  the  most  comprehensive  study  of  the  liquor  problem 
that  had  ever  been  made  in  this  or  any  other  country. 

A  one-reel  motion  picture  entitled  "Strengthen  America"  was  made 
for  the  Campaign  by  the  Universal  Film  Company. 

Copies  of  "Why  Prohibition !"  the  300-page  volume  on  the  liquor 
problem  written  by  the  Director  of  the  Campaign,  were  sent  to  over 
2,000  labor  leaders  throughout  the  country,  with  the  suggestion  that 
they  freely  criticise  its  contents.  It  was  admitted  by  these  men  that 
there  was  no  "comeback"  in  the  argument.  Copies  were  also  widely 
distributed  by  prohibition  leaders  throughout  the  country,  particularly 
through  Anti-Saloon  League  superintendents,  and  by  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Sunday  School  Association.  Copies  were  also  sent  to 
the  members  of  several  of  the  State  Legislatures. 

While  the  Senate's  Committee  on  Agriculture  was  discussing  the 
question  of  war-time  prohibition,  the  Director  of  the  Campaign  was 
invited  to  appear  before  the  Committee  to  oppose  the  arguments  of 
the  liquor  men  with  reference  to  the  amount  of  grain  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  liquor,  and  upon  request  of  the  Chairman  a  more 
elaborate  statement  was  prepared  for  reference  purposes  by  the 
Committee. 

Acknowledgment  of  their  indebtedness  to  the  "Strengthen  America" 
Campaign  for  material  furnished,  was  gladly  made  by  prohibition 
leaders  throughout  the  country  after  the  prohibition  victory  had 
been  won. 

Denominational  Temperance  Agencies 

The  Commission  has  exercised  the  important  function  of 
bringing  the  denominational  agencies  into  consultation,  co- 
operation and  common  action.  If  time  and  space  allowed,  it 
would  be  interesting  to  present  a  summary  of  the  work  of 
of  these  denominational  agencies.  These,  however,  are  avail- 
able in  the  denominational  reports,  with  which  the  members 
of  the  Federal  Council  are  familiar.  They  have  greatly  in- 
creased during  the  past  Quadrennium  and  in  some  denomina- 
tions new  agencies  have  been  created. 


i 


REPORTS   OF    COMMISSIONS    AND    COMMITTEES  137 

Effects  of  the  Prohibition  Amendment 

At  the  request  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service  a  carefully  balanced  report  on  the  effects  of  national 
prohibition  was  prepared  by  Dr.  W.  E.  McLennan,  Director 
of  Welcome  Hall,  a  large  social  center  at  Buffalo.  In  order 
that  the  survey  might  be  thoroughly  representative  the  cities 
of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Washington,  Harrisburg,  Colum- 
bus, Chicago  and  Detroit  were  visited  and  consultation  was  had 
with  social  workers,  police  officials,  business  men  and  others 
in  daily  contact  with  all  classes  of  people. 

Dr.  McLennan  in  this  report  shows  numerous  favorable 
results  and  some  yet  in  question.  The  influence  of  prohibition 
on  general  prosperity  is  still  an  unsettled  question,  as  is  also 
the  relation  between  prohibition  and  accidents.  No  reliable 
data  can  be  secured  bearing  directly  upon  the  effect  of  pro- 
hibition on  community  life.  It  is  true,  there  is  still  drinking 
and  in  some  instances  there  appears  to  be  a  tendency  to  in- 
creased gambling. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  definitely  proved  that  emi- 
gration has  not  increased  on  account  of  prohibition  and  that 
likewise  the  drug  habit  does  not  show  a  permanent  increase 
on  account  of  the  lack  of  alcohol. 

The  most  tangible  evidences  of  the  effects  of  prohibition  are 
found  in  the  police  and  court  records  which  show  a  decrease 
in  the  number  of  ostensible  criminals  running  from  30  to 
90%.  Hospitals  report  a  marked  decrease  in  the  number  of 
admissions  for  alcoholism. 

Cooperation  with   the   World   Prohibition   Federation 

In  March,  of  the  present  year,  a  joint  conference  was  held 
with  representatives  of  the  denominational  boards  cooperating 
with  the  World  Prohibition  Federation  and  the  following 
action  was  taken: 

"The  Joint  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Temperance  So- 
ciety and  Commission  on  Temperance  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America  agrees  to  enter  into  cooperative  rela- 
tionship with  the  World  Prohibition  Federation,  in  order  that  it  may 
render  whatever  service  it  can  to  the  work  of  the  Federation  under 
the  terms  of  the  constitution  of  the  National  Temperance  Society  and 
Commission  on  Temperance." 

Statement  of  World  Prohibition  Federation 

The  World  Prohibition  Federation  has  made  the  following 

statement  of  its  work  to  the  Commission : 

Work  is  now  being  done  in  Guatemala,  Costa  Rica,  Brazil,  Chile, 
Mexico,  Cuba,  Siam,  Persia,  Japan,  Chosen,  three  centers  each  in 
India  and  China,  South  Africa,  France,  England,  Ireland,  Scotland, 
Wales,  Finland,  Esthonia  and  a  few  other  countries.  In  some  of 
these  the  work  is  limited  and  consists  mainly  in  supplying  information, 
literature  and  books  of  reference,  but  in  many  of  them  contributions 


138         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

of  money  have  been  made  for  the  translation  and  printing  of  literature 
in  the  vernacular.  This  is  being  done  in  hearty  and  sympathetic 
cooperation  with  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  Amer- 
ica, which  represents  all  of  the  major  organizations  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  engaged  in  foreign  missionary  work  and  some 
of  the  denominational  foreign  missionary  agencies. 

In  this  way  the  knowledge,  experience  and  influence  of  the  great 
missionary  boards  and  hundreds  of  missionaries  together  with  equip- 
ment are  made  available  for  the  propagation  of  the  temperance  reform. 
Just  now  these  countries  are  especially  anxious  for  reliable,  up-to-date 
facts  regarding  the  prohibition  situation  in  the  United  States.  The 
missionaries,  by  their  ability  to  read  and  translate  the  English  lan- 
guage, their  interest  in  the  home  land  and  their  zeal  for  the  good  of 
the  people  among  whom  they  work  make  this  connection  a  valuable 
asset.  It  affords  a  direct  point  of  contact  with  mission  fields,  affords 
the  natives  the  benefits  of  the  temperance  reform  in  this  country 
and  the  most  approved  methods  of  combating  the  evil.  In  short,  it 
is  capitalizing  the  results  of  one  hundred  years  of  missionary  effort 
in  behalf  of  the  temperance  reform  with  the  probability  of  avoiding 
mistakes  and  lack  of  experience  which  greatly  prolonged  the  prohibi- 
tion battle  with  us. 

A  temperance  number  of. the  Missionary  Review  of  the  World  was 
issued  containing  the  most  reliable,  up-to-date  facts  and  suggestions, 
offering  counsel  and  cooperation  throughout  the  world  in  this  great 
social  struggle.  The  numerous  responses  and  the  results  have  been 
gratifying.  The  Federation  has  Vice-Presidents  in  41  countries  and 
the  influence  of  the  Commission  on  Temperance  is  thus  multiplied 
many  times  in  many  lands.  The  plans  for  the  future  contemplate 
not  only  the  continuance  of  the  work  but  its  extension  both  in  the 
countries  already  occupied  and  those  into  which  entrance  has  not 
yet  been  made.  Some  of  the  denominational  temperance  agencies  are 
utilizing  the  papers  published  by  the  Commission  by  sending  them  to 
a  large  number  of  missionaries  instead  of  publishing  papers  of  their 
own.  This  gives  unity  to  the  work  and  unifies  the  standards  of 
procedure  suggested  by  the  several  countries. 

The  work  is  carried  on  entirely  without  reference  to  creed,  party, 
sex,  race  or  other  distinction.  Being  sociological  rather  than  theo- 
logical, all  agencies,  ecclesiastical  and  non-ecclesiastical,  cooperate 
when  and  where  the  work  can  be  done  more  effectively  and  economi- 
cally in  union  than  in  separation.  The  relation  between  the  several 
constituent  bodies  is  most  harmonious,  thus  increasing  the  moral  sweep 
and  impact  of  the  effort. 

Financial 

The  financial  support  of  these  various  phases  of  work  has 
been  rendered  cooperatively  by  the  Federal  Council,  the  Na- 
tional Temperance  Society  and  Commission  on  Temperance, 
the  United  Committee  on  War  Temperance  Activities  in  the 
Army  and  Navy,  and,  lately,  the  World  Prohibition  Fed- 
eration. 

The  detailed  report  will  be  presented  by  the  Treasurer,  but 
it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Commission  and  its  cooperating 
agencies  have,  during  the  Quadrennium,  raised  and  expended 
a  total  sum  of  over  $150,000,  is  round  numbers,  as  follows: 


REPORTS   OF    COMMISSIONS    AND    COMMITTEES  139 

National  Temperance  Society  and  Commission  on  Tem- 
perance         $50,000.00 

"Strengthen  America"  Campaign   42,000.00 

United  Committee  on  War  Temperance  Activities  in  the 
Army  and  Navy  62,000.00 

$154,000.00 

Actions  of  the  Executive  Committee   of  the   Federal 

Council 

The  Commission  has,  each  year,  in  connection  with  its  re- 
ports to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council, 
brought  before  the  Committee  important  resolutions  and  the 
action  of  the  Executive  Committee  has  had,  we  believe,  great 
influence  in  creating  and  clarifying  public  sentiment. 

Losses  During  the  Quadrenniura 

Record  should  be  made  of  the  death  of  Dr.  A.  A.  Hopkins, 
in  November,  1918,  of  whom  Dr.  D.  Stuart  Dodge  has  said : 

"Dr.  Hopkins  was  one  of  the  honored  veterans  of  the  tem- 
perance cause.  For  long  years  he  urged  its  claims  by  voice 
and  pen.  He  was  familiar  with  its  history  and  was  a  clear 
and  forcible  writer,  a  keen  debater  and  an  enthusiastic  pro- 
moter of  every  phase  of  the  movement.  He  diligently  gathered 
facts  and  arguments,  and  was  careful  to  make  no  statements 
that  could  not  be  verified.  He  studied  the  trend  of  public 
opinion  on  this  subject  and  welcomed  every  new  evidence  of 
progress.  He  was  a  wise  and  helpful  member  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  of  the  National  Temperance  Society  and  Publi- 
cation House  and  rarely  absent  from  its  sessions.  His  judg- 
ment on  all  its  discussions  and  decisions  was  much  valued,  and 
his  genial  presence  will  be  missed  at  its  meetings.  He  was 
editor  of  The  Advocate,'  the  journal  of  the  Society,  and 
always  presented  a  paper  that  would  repay  reading.  It  occu- 
pied a  prominent  place  among  temperance  publications,  and  his 
long  experience  in  literary  work  fitted  him  for  his  position. 
He  prepared  and  collected  articles  that  were  widely  appreci- 
ated. His  efficient  labors  will  give  him  an  enviable  name 
among  the  leaders  of  the  Temperance  Reform." 

Record  should  also  be  made  of  the  death  of  Mr.  A.  A.  Rob- 
bins,  in  May,  1919.  Mr.  Robbins,  who  was  in  his  eighty- 
second  year,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  original  National 
Temperance  Society  and  Publication  House  and  was  the  oldest 
member  of  its  Board  of  Managers.  His  zeal  and  service 
never  failed,  and  up  to  the  last  hour  of  his  life  he  constantly 
manifested  his  deep  interest  in  the  cause  of  temperance  and  in 
the  organization  which  he  had  helped  to  found.    Mr.  Robbins 


140        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

left  a  substantial  sum,  which,  upon  the  death  of  Mrs.  Rob- 
bins,  will  come  to  the  invested  funds  of  the  Society  for  its 
important  work. 

Matters  of  Administration 

The  administration  of  the  Commission's  work  has  been 
largely  a  matter  of  cooperation.  During  most  of  the  Quad- 
rennium  Dr.  Macfarland  served  as  the  Acting  General  Secre- 
tary. Effective  administrative  service  in  various  directions 
was  rendered  by  Rev.  Charles  Stelzle  as  Field  Secretary  and 
Director  of  the  "Strengthen  America"  Campaign,  Rev.  H.  H. 
Gill  and  Mr.  Arthur  E.  Whitney  as  Secretaries  of  the  United 
Committee  on  War  Temperance  Activities  in  the  Army  and 
Navy,  and,  during  the  past  year,  by  Rev.  Charles  Scanlon, 
Secretary  of  the  Presbyterian  Board. 

Cooperative  service  has  also  been  rendered  during  the  Quad- 
rennium  by  the  following  denominational  representatives  who 
have  served  as  Associate  Secretaries:  Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten, 
Rev.  W.  H.  Gotwald,  Rev.  Charles  Scanlon,  Rev.  L.  E.  Sellers, 
Rev.  Clarence  True  Wilson. 

Carl  E.  Milliken, 

Chairman. 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  141 

4.     Report  of  the  Committee  on  Negro  Churches 


The  Church  and  Inter-Racial  Problems 

The  work  of  your  Committee  has  related  itself  especially 
during  the  past  Quadrennium  to  the  welfare  of  the  Negro 
troops  during  the  war  and  to  efforts  in  the  interest  of  the 
peaceful  adjustment  of  the  rather  strained  relations  between 
the  races  in  this  country  on  the  return  of  the  troops  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  The  notably  efficient  and  broadly  helpful 
service  rendered  by  the  Federal  Council  for  the  Negro  race, 
both  in  camp  and  at  the  front,  has  received  grateful  recogni- 
tion by  the  Government,  the  Church,  the  press,  and  especially 
by  the  colored  people. 

We  here  record  a  brief  statement  of  the  development  of  the 
work  of  the  Committee  and  an  outline  of  its  work: 

War-Time  Service 

During  the  period  of  the  war  the  work  of  this  Committee 
was  combined  with  that  of  the  Committee  on  the  Welfare  of 
Negro  Troops  and  Communities  constituted  by  the  General 
War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches. 

This  Committee  was  appointed  in  response  to  an  appeal  by 
Professor  John  R.  Hawkins  at  the  opening  meeting  of  the 
General  War-Time  Commission  in  September,  1917.  The 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Negro  Churches  became  chair- 
man of  the  new  committee.  Professor  John  R.  Hawkins  its 
Vice-Chairman,  and  included  in  the  membership  were  men 
known  for  their  interest  in  the  relations  of  the  races,  such  as 
Dr.  James  H.  Dillard,  Mr.  George  Foster  Peabody,  Rev.  Hen- 
ry A.  Atkinson,  Rev.  M.  Ashby  Jones,  of  Atlanta,  and  promi- 
nent representatives  of  the  colored  churches,  such  as  Dr.  W.  H. 
Jernagin,  of  Washington;  Dr.  R.  E.  Jones,  President  Robert 
R.  Moton  and  Mr.  Emmett  J.  Scott,  then  connected  with  the 
War  Department.  Dr.  Thomas  Jesse  Jones  was  secured  as 
Executive  Secretary. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1918,  through  the  financial  coopera- 
tion of  the  Phelps  Stokes  Fund,  the  Committee  was  enabled 
to  secure  the  services  of  Charles  H.  Williams,  an  able  colored 
man,  who  had  been  the  physical  director  at  Hampton  Insti- 
tute, to  serve  as  field  secretary,  to  study  at  first  hand  the 
conditions  surrounding  Negro  troops,  both  in  the  cantonments 
and  adjacent  communities.  These  reports  were  made  availa- 
ble for  the  War  Department  and  the  various  welfare  agencies. 
Important  recommendations  were  heartily  welcomed  and,  in 
many  cases,  secured  an  improvement  of  unfortunate  conditions. 

The  importance  of  the  information  thus  secured  led  to  the 
calling  of  a  conference  on  August  5,  1918,  to  which  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Young 


142         FEDERAL    COUNCIL    OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

Women's  Christian  Association,  War  Camp  Community  Serv- 
ice, the  Section  on  Detention  Homes  in  the  Law  Enforcement 
Division  of  the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities,  the 
Surgeon  General's  Office  and  the  Department  of  MiHtary 
Morale  were  invited  for  consultation.  As  a  result  of  this  con- 
ference there  was  held  a  further  conference  on  September 
25  with  Assistant  Secretary  of  War  Keppel  and  General 
Mclntyre  of  the  General  Staff,  at  which  the  fullest  interest  of 
the  War  Department  was  expressed  in  the  statement  submitted 
by  Bishop  Lawrence,  Dr.  M.  Ashby  Jones  and  Dr.  R.  E.  Jones 
on  behalf  of  the  Committee. 

The  investigations  of  Mr.  Williams  showed  the  importance 
of  encouraging  colored  churches  in  communities  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  camps  to  undertake  special  work  for  the  soldiers.  Con- 
sequently, in  October,  1918,  the  Committee  secured  the  serv- 
ices of  Rev.  G.  Lake  Imes  as  Field  Secretary,  with  special 
responsibility  for  these  communities.  Mr.  Imes  continued 
this  work  up  to  June  1,  1919,  visiting  many  of  these  com- 
munities. On  the  basis  of  his  experience  he  formulated  a  plan 
of  work  for  colored  churches  located  near  the  camps,  pointing 
out  the  responsibilities  and  opportunities  for  such  work  and 
indicating  in  detail  the  kind  of  service  which  the  churches 
might  render  to  soldiers  of  their  own  race. 

Two  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Committee  also  rendered 
service  overseas.  The  Executive  Secretary,  Dr.  Thomas  Jesse 
Jones,  was  in  Europe  from  October,  1918,  to  February,  1919, 
and  Mr.  Williams  from  April  to  September,  1919.  While 
both  of  them  worked  under  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, they  maintained  active  relationship  with  the  General 
War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches.  Their  work  and 
influence  were  appreciated  by  the  general  headquarters  of  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces. 

The  Challenge  of  the  Post- War  Situation 

At  the  closing  meeting  of  the  General  War-Time  Commis- 
sion on  April  29,  1919,  it  was  provided  by  resolution  that 
arrangements  should  be  made  for  the  continuation  of  the 
work  of  the  Committee  on  the  Welfare  of  Negro  Troops  and 
Communities.  Pursuant  to  this  recommendation,  the  Admin- 
istrative Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  provide  for  the  continuation  of  such  after-war  work 
as  seemed  desirable.  As  a  result  of  this  Committee's  delibera- 
tions a  conference  of  representative  societies  and  organiza- 
tions working  among  the  colored  people  was  called  for  Sep- 
tember 4,  1919,  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Negro 
Churches,  and  Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony,  as  Secretary 
of  the  Home  Missions  Council. 

The  Conference  was  preceded  on  September  3  by  a  meet- 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  143 

ing  of  the  Committee  on  Negro  Churches.  At  this  meeting 
there  was  a  discussion  of  the  situation  created  by  recent  race 
conflicts  in  several  American  cities,  and  an  outHne  was  pre- 
pared to  be  submitted  for  the  consideration  of  the  larger  con- 
ference on  the  following  day.  The  conference  was  held  in  the 
offices  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  was  attended  by 
about  sixty  representatives  of  various  organizations.  Your 
Chairman  was  called  to  preside,  and  he  was  also  made  chair- 
man of  a  committee  which  was  authorized  to  prepare  a  state- 
ment embodying  the  conclusions  reached  after  full  and  free 
discussion  of  the  racial  situation  throughout  the  country.  This 
statement  presents  not  only  a  challenge  to  the  churches  of 
Christ  and  the  responsibility  of  the  ministry  in  securing  amica- 
ble and  fair  adjustment  of  race  relations  in  America,  but  pre- 
sents a  constructive  program  for  just  inter-racial  relations, 
with  a  plan  for  cooperation  between  the  races  through  the 
organization  of  inter-racial  committees  in  towns  and  communi- 
ties for  the  promotion  of  the  mutual  welfare  of  both  races. 
It  was  published  in  about  one  hundred  daily  papers  and  most 
of  the  religious  papers  carried  this  statement  in  whole  or  in 
part.  It  seems  to  the  Committee  of  such  importance  that  it 
is  here  presented  as  offering  a  program  of  permanent  value : 
"The  recent  race  conflicts  in  some  of  our  cities  challenge  the  at- 
tention of  the  churches  of  Jesus  Christ  to  their  responsibility  respect- 
ing an  amicable  and  fair  adjustment  of  race  relations  in  America. 

"In  the  fellowship  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of 
Christ  in  America  are  included  3,989,852  members  of  Negro  churches. 
In  speaking,  therefore,  at  this  time  for  humanity  and  justice,  we  voice 
the  mind  and  conscience  of  both  races.  The  present  situation  is  a 
challenge  to  the  churches  charged  with  the  promotion  of  the  brother- 
hood of  man,  which  look  upon  all  men  as  entitled  to  a  footing  of 
equality  of  opportunity.  This  calls  for  preaching  the  duty  of  eco- 
nomic and  community  justice  for  the  Negro,  thus  securing  peace  and 
good- will  between  the  races.  Beyond  all  else  the  present  situation 
calls  for  confession  on  the  part  of  Christian  men  and  women  of 
failure  to  live  up  to  the  standard  of  universal  brotherhood  as  taught 
by  Jesus  Christ. 

"In  the  adjustment  of  race  relations  our  country  has  in  this  crisis 
not  only  its  own  conscience  to  satisfy,  but  also  to  justify  itself  as 
a  nation  before  the  enlightened  opinion  of  mankind.  As  a  fore- 
most exponent  of  the  ideals  of  democratic  government,  the  United 
States  has  been  lifted  to  the  full  view  of  the  world.  Our  present 
settlement,  therefore,  of  race  relations  will  influence  in  a  very  large 
measure  the  settlement  of  race  relations  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
"We  must  face  frankly  the  fact  that  a  most  dangerous  inter-racial 
situation  now  threatens  our  country.  The  problems  growing  out  of 
the  presence  of  two  races  in  America  are  clearly  seen  to  be  nation- 
wide and  the  adjustments  must  necessarily  be  made  on  the  basis  of 
national  responsibility.  The  migration  of  thousands  of  Negroes  to 
the  North  emphasizes  this  fact.  The  outbreaks  in  several  cities  and 
the  persistence  of  the  anarchy  and  treason  of  lynch-law  imperil  our 
democracy. 

"The  actual  practice  of  the  principles  of  the  brotherhood  of  Christ 
can  prevent  such  conflicts  and  nothing  else  will.  The  Church  must 
offer  the  ideals,  the  program  and  the  leadership  in  this  crisis.     The 


144        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Church  must  meet  its  obligation,  or  leadership  will  pass  not  only 
to  secular  agencies,  economic  or  socialistic,  but  to  forces  that  are 
destructive  of  civilization. 

"We  must  confess  that  the  Church  and  its  ministry  as  related  to 
the  welfare  of  the  Negro  has  been  too  little  inspired  by  the  funda- 
mental principles  and  ideals  of  Jesus  Christ,  Communities  that  have 
expressed  horror  over  atrocities  abroad,  have  seen,  almost  unmoved 
and  silent,  men  beaten,  hanged  and  also  burned  by  the  mob. 

"The  Negro  has  ever  shown  profound  faith  in  God  and  has  always 
looked  to  the  Church  for  leadership,  for  counsel  and  for  guidance. 
The  Church  which  for  fifty  years  has  a  record  of  almost  unmatched 
service  in  the  education  and  betterment  of  the  race  will  now  be 
recreant  to  her  trust  and  lose  her  birthright  of  service  if  she  does 
not  meet  this  confidence  with  a  full  sense  of  responsibility  and  a 
full  measure  of  service  for  justice,  peace  and  goodwill.  To  this  end 
we  therefore  urge  upon  the  Church,  her  ministry  and  membership, 
this  constructive  program: 

"A  Constructive  Program  for  Just  Inter-racial  Relations. 

"1.  The  government,  local,  state  and  national,  should  impartially 
guarantee  to  all  classes  security  of  life  and  of  property.  Mob  vio- 
lence is  becoming  a  crowd  habit.  When  life  and  property  are  ruth- 
lessly taken,  when  men  and  women  are  lynched  with  no  protection 
from  officers  or  courts,  law  and  order  are  trampled  under  foot.  We 
call  upon  the  pulpit,  the  press  and  all  good  people  to  create  a  public 
sentiment  that  will  support  necessary  legislation  for  the  enforcement 
of  existing  laws,  that  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  may 
be  equally  assured  to  all  classes. 

"2.  The  Negro  should  have  economic  justice,  equal  opportunity 
to  get  and  hold  work  on  the  same  terms  as  other  men,  with  equal 
pay  for  equal  work,  and  with  fair  working  and  living  conditions. 
The  entrance  of  large  numbers  of  Negroes  into  the  various  indus- 
tries emphasizes  the  necessity  of  an  immediate  amicable  adjustment 
of  relations  with  white  employers  and  fellow-workers. 

"3.  We  call  upon  men  and  women  everywhere  to  protect  the 
sanctity  of  home  and  womanhood.  We  record  with  satisfaction  the 
growing  enlistment  of  Negro  leaders  in  a  program  of  education  and 
Christianization  such  as  tends  to  prevent  crimes  that  provoke  mob 
violence.  The  home  of  the  Negro  should  receive  the  same  measure 
of  respect  and  protection  as  that  of  other  Americans,  and  the  sanctity 
of  his  home  relations  should  be  safeguarded  in  every  possible  way. 
Swift  and  impartial  action  of  the  law  should  strike  the  violator  of 
the  sanctity  of  any  home,  white  or  black. 

"4.  We  recognize  as  fundamental  to  the  welfare  and  efficiency  of 
society  that  adequate  recreational  provisions  be  made  available  for 
Negro  citizens. 

"5.  We  strongly  endorse  the  plea  of  the  Negro  for  equal  travel- 
ing accommodations   for  equal  charges. 

"6.  Adequate  educational  facilities  for  Negro  children  and  youth 
should  be  provided  not  only  as  a  national  obligation,  but  also  as  a 
necessity  for  national  welfare.  We  emphasize  the  urgency  of  giving 
to  the  Negro  his  full  share  of  local  and  national  funds. 

*7.  Qualifications  for  franchise  should  be  administered  irrespec- 
tive of  race,  creed  or  color. 

"8.  Closer  cooperation  between  the  races  should  be  promoted  by 
organizing  local  committees  of  white  and  colored  people  in  towns 
and  communities  for  the  consideration  of  inter-racial  welfare.  All 
possible  agencies  should  be  enlisted  in   fostering  a  spirit  of  justice 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS  AND   COMMITTEES  145 

and  of  good-will  in  the  relations  of  one  race  to  the  other.  We 
recommend  that  the  Governor  of  each  State  appoint  a  standing  com- 
mittee for  the  careful  study  of  the  causes  underlying  race,  friction 
with  a  view  to  their  removal  and  that  Congress  be  requested  through 
a  non-partisan  committee  to  investigate  the  disturbed  and  threatening 
inter-racial  situation  throughout  the  Nation. 

"Racial  understanding  and  cooperation  furnish  the  only  sure  basis 
of  race  adjustment  in  a  democracy.  The  root  of  the  matter  is  the 
failure  to  recognize  the  negro  as  a  man.  The  basis  of  distress  on 
both  sides  is  fear,  and  fear  hath  torment.  Respect  for  Negro  man- 
hood and  womanhood  is  the  only  basis  for  amicable  race  adjustment, 
for  race  integrity  and  for  permanent  racial  peace.  If  we  talk 
democracy,  let  us  act  democracy.  If  we  propose  a  democratic  pro- 
gram for  the  protection  and  self-determination  of  the  weak  and 
oppressed  people  of  Europe  as  a  means  of  permanent  peace  and 
goodwill  abroad,  let  us  apply  the  same  program  at  home." 

The  Service  of  the  Home  Missions  Council 

Acknow^ledgment  is  gratefully  made  to  the  Home  Missions 
Council  for  its  cooperation  in  the  wide  distribution  of  this  de- 
liverance and  for  following  up  the  same  with  conferences  in 
many  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  North,  under  the  direction 
of  Secretary  Roundy.  As  a  result  of  these  meetings  with 
representative  ministers  and  churchmen  of  both  races,  the  obli- 
gation for  immediate  help  to  the  race  was  strongly  set  forth. 
Close  relations  were  established  with  organizations  of  the 
Negro,  both  ecclesiastical  and  secular,  and  definite  service  was 
rendered  in  securing  cordial  cooperation  with  Christian  organi- 
zations, especially  in  cities  where  the  colored  population  had, 
through  migration,  become  congested. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Council  valuable  studies  have 
been  made  by  Dr.  George  E.  Haynes  as  to  the  migration  of 
Negroes,  the  problem  of  congestion  and  the  relation  of  the 
race  to  industrial  and  social  life.  These  surveys  bring  us  face 
to  face  with  the  fact  that,  like  other  migrants,  multitudes  of 
Negroes,  under  new  and  strange  relations,  are  turning  aside 
from  the  Church.  It  is  of  first  importance  that  trained  and 
consecrated  Christian  leadership  be  provided  and  that  the  min- 
istry and  people  of  our  white  churches  unite  with  them  in  gen- 
erous cooperation  to  the  end  that  these  people,  to  whom  the 
Church  in  the  South  has  been  the  center  of  social  and  religious 
life,  be  held  to  the  Church. 

Recent  Developments  in  the  Racial  Problem 

Following  this  call  through  the  Federal  Council  to  the  min- 
istry and  to  the  Church  as  the  central  and  dominant  influence 
that  may  shape  the  thought  of  the  nation  and  bring  about  a 
peaceful  adjustment  of  relations  between  the  races,  several 
encouraging  movements  may  be  noted. 

The  Board  of  Bishops  of  one  of  the  largest  churches  of  the 
South  gave  a  deliverance  of  unusual  significance,  calling  upon 


146         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

their  ministers  and  people  through  pulpit,  press  and  personal 
influence  to  use  their  influence  in  the  interest  of  friendly 
intercourse  and  helpful  cooperation  between  the  races. 

In  their  plea  for  cooperation  their  deliverance  affirms  "the 
white  people  of  America  must  actively,  with  genuine  unselfish 
friendliness,  continue  to  help  the  Negro  industrially,  intellectu- 
ally and  morally,  not  only  for  the  sake  of  the  Negroes,  but 
for  the  good  of  the  whole  nation  of  which  they  are  a  con- 
stituent part.  The  white  people  cannot  render  this  help  if 
they  hold  themselves  aloof  from  the  Negroes.  The  religion 
of  Jesus  is  the  only  hope,  and  it  can  settle  this  as  well  as  every 
other  question." 

Probably  the  most  significant  appeal  ever  issued  by  a  group 
of  representative  leaders  of  the  South  is  that  sent  forth  by  the 
Inter-racial  Commission  at  its  meeting  last  August  in  Blue 
Ridge,  N.  C.  This  appeal  declares  it  to  be  their  "profound 
conviction  that  the  real  responsibility  for  the  solution  of  inter- 
racial problems  in  the  South  rests  directly  upon  the  hearts  and 
consciences  of  the  Christian  forces  of  our  land." 

They  expressed  the  conviction  that  the  "best  method  by 
which  to  approach  the  consideration  and  solution  of  such  prob- 
lems is  through  local  organizations  composed  of  the  recognized 
leaders  of  both  races." 

The  paper  then  takes  up  the  consideration  of  the  grave  in- 
justices often  suffered  by  members  of  the  Negro  race  and 
declares  "lynching  to  be  a  crime  against  the  honor  of  our  na- 
tion, that  the  Christian  people  of  the  South  are  unalterably 
opposed  to  this  savage  practice,"  and  calls  upon  the  pulpit,  the 
religious  press  and  the  Christian  forces  of  the  South  to  raise 
its  voice  "in  the  defense  of  the  sacredness  of  life  and  of  law 
and  order. 

These  leaders  of  the  South  urge  ministers  and  laymen  to 
secure  legal  justice  for  Negroes  in  the  courts  through  the  or- 
ganization of  Legal  Aid  Societies  and  other  methods.  They 
urge  adequate  and  equitable  provision  for  travelling  accom- 
modations for  the  race.  They  strongly  urge  improved  sani- 
tation and  housing  and  proper  accommodation  for  those  in 
domestic  service  in  order  to  insure  the  maximum  of  moral  as 
well  as  physical  protection. 

A  strong  plea  is  made  for  a  proper  educational  program. 
They  "urge  the  white  Christian  leadership  of  the  South  to  see 
to  it  that  adequate  buildings  and  equipment  are  provided  for 
public  schools  for  the  Negro  race  and  that  to  this  end  an 
equitable  distribution  of  school  funds  be  had." 

The  report  urges  the  ministers  to  preach  and  to  teach  their 
people  on  these  vital  inter-racial  issues,  and  to  exhort  them  to 
an  immediate  and  practical  application  of  Christian  principles 
in  all  their  relations  with  the  colored  race. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  147 

The  ministry  and  leaders  of  local  churches  of  both  races 
are  urged  to  cooperate  in  the  formation  of  "local  inter-racial 
committees  for  the  purpose  of  securing  better  inter-racial  re- 
lations to  the  end  that  peace  and  justice  may  be  observed  for 
all." 

Finally  the  report  calls  upon  "our  fellow  Christians  of  both 
races  throughout  the  South  to  unite  in  a  sincere  and  immedi- 
ate effort  to  solve  our  inter-racial  problems  with  the  spirit  of 
Christ,  according  to  the  principles  of  the  Gospel  and  for  the 
highest  interest  and  benefit  of  all  concerned. 

As  this  Inter-racial  Commission  included  about  seventy  out- 
standing leaders  among  both  races  in  the  South,  this  confer- 
ence in  its  j>ersonnel  and  far-reaching  influence  marks  a  new 
era  in  the  effort  to  promote  the  adjustment  of  race  relations 
and  the  advancement  of  the  colored  people  of  the  nation. 

The  Committee  also  gratefully  recognizes  the  significance  of 
the  Woman's  Inter-racial  Conference,  held  in  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, October  6  and  7,  1920,  in  its  influence  on  the  home 
and  on  the  moral  and  spiritual  life  of  the  womanhood  of  the 
race,  which  is  fundamental  to  all  permanent  progress  of  any 
people.  This  Conference  in  its  deliverance  will  do  more  to 
bring  the  womanhood  of  the  South  into  active  service  in  behalf 
of  the  race  than  any  other  yet  held.  In  their  findings,  which 
are  worthy  of  permanent  record,  they  deplore  the  fact  that 
there  is  friction  between  the  races,  and  add  that  this  can 
"largely  be  removed  by  the  exercise  of  justice  and  sympathetic 
consideration." 

The  Conference  appointed  a  Continuation  Committee  on 
Cooperation,  with  a  view  to  the  formation  in  each  local  com- 
munity of  a  Woman's  Inter-racial  Committee,  including  "rep- 
resentatives from  all  religious,  civic  and  social  service  bodies 
working  in  the  community."  The  report  urges  "our  respon- 
sibility for  the  protection  of  colored  women  and  girls  in  our 
homes  and  on  the  streets,"  that  "domestic  service  be  classed 
as  an  occupation  and  coordinated  with  other  world  service." 
With  a  view  to  the  conservation  of  the  life  and  health  of 
Negro  children,  it  is  recommended  that  "day  nurseries  and 
kindergartens  be  established,  together  with  public  clinics, 
and  that  mothers  be  taught  the  proper  care  of  themselves  and 
their  children."  Recognizing  "the  sacredness  of  personality 
as  the  basis  for  all  civilization,"  it  urges  that  "every  agency 
touching  the  child  life  of  the  nation  shall  strive  to  create 
mutual  respect  in  the  hearts  of  the  children  of  different  races." 

The  report  urges  "the  establishment  of  a  single  standard  of 
morals  for  men  and  women,  both  black  and  white,"  and  adds 
"we,  therefore,  pledge  ourselves  to  strive  to  secure  respect 
and  protection  for  womanhood  everywhere,  regardless  of  race 
or  color." 


148        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OP  THE   CHURCHES   OF  CHRIST 

In  view  of  the  inadequate  provision  for  the  education  of 
negro  children,  it  is  recommended  that  educational  surveys  be 
made  in  the  local  communities  and  that  efforts  be  made  to  se- 
cure more  equitable  division  of  the  school  funds,  suitable 
school  buildings  and  equipment,  longer  school  terms  and  higher 
standards  in  increased  pay  for  teachers.  On  law  and  order 
and  justice,  the  report  adds,  "as  women  we  urge  those  who 
are  charged  with  the  administration  of  the  law  to  prevent 
lynchings  at  any  cost,"  and  "we  pledge  ourselves  to  uphold 
officials  who  detect  and  prosecute  those  guilty  of  this  crime." 

As  this  group  of  representative  women  pledges  their  hearty 
approval  and  support  of  the  Commission  on  Inter-racial 
Cooperation,  its  alliance  appears  to  your  Committee  the 
strongest  force  yet  organized  in  the  nation  in  behalf  of  the 
colored  race. 

These  strong  and  progressive  statements  appear  to  your 
Committee  to  offer  a  genuinely  constructive  program,  on  the 
basis  of  which  all  good  people,  North  and  South,  can  unite 
for  the  promotion  of  genuine  cooperation  and  permanently 
helpful  relations  between  the  two  races  throughout  the  nation. 

It  is  our  conviction  that  the  Christian  ministry,  through 
wise  and  courageous  leadership,  has  the  solution  of  this  ques- 
tion in  its  own  hands.  The  ministry  can  direct  the  thought 
and  lead  the  conscience  of  the  people  as  no  other  force  can 
do.  They  can  overcome  the  growing  tendency  toward  race  dis- 
crimination and  race  prejudice,  and  make  most  effective  the 
plea  for  human  rights  and  social  justice.  They  can  awaken 
in  both  races  a  deepened  sense  of  obligation  to  service,  and 
even  sacrifice,  for  all  depressed  and  needy  people.  The  prin- 
ciples and  ideals  of  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  can  alone  meet 
and  master  the  unholy  spirit  of  discrimination  against  any 
race,  and  the  pulpit  of  the  nation  can  create  among  all  people 
the  ideals  of  brotherliness  and  the  principles  of  justice  and 
goodwill  that  shall  bring  all  races  into  harmonious  cooperation 
and  mutual  service. 

Wilbur  P.  Thirkield, 

Chairman. 


THE    NEED    FOR    A    UNITED    APPROACH    TO 
THE    CHURCHES    EDUCATIONAL   TASK 


Report  of  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education 


In  its  report  to  the  last  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education  attempted, 
through  a  comprehensive  survey,  to  arouse  the  churches  to 
a  sense  of  the  vital  importance  to  democracy  of  the  churches' 
teaching  work.  The  report  called  attention  to  the  fact  that, 
notwithstanding  a  widespread  and  growing  interest  in  religious 
education  throughout  the  country,  and  several  promising  ex- 
periments in  various  centers,  yet,  taken  as  a  whole,  the  teach- 
ing work  of  the  churches  was  alarmingly  meagre  in  amount 
and  ineffective  in  quality:  that  agencies  of  the  churches  en- 
gaged in  education  were  dealing  each  with  a  specialized  field 
and  that  there  was  a  singular  lack  of  intelligent  cooperation 
and  of  correlation  of  programs,  either  in  respect  to  agencies 
within  individual  denominations  or  agencies  interdenomina- 
tional in  character.  In  view  of  this  situation  the  Federal 
Council  took  the  following  action: 

"That  the  Federal  Council  authorize  and  request  the  Commission  on 
Christian  Education,  in  conference  with  the  Administrative  Commit- 
tee of  the  Federal  Council  and  with  the  officers  of  the  agencies  hereby 
affected,  to  invite  the  various  officially  constituted  interdenomina- 
tional organizations  engaged  in  religious  educational  work  at  their 
early  mutual  convenience  to  meet  in  joint  session,  for  the  purpose 
of  canvassing  the  inter-relationships  of  their  several  tasks  and  the 
possibilities  of  closer  coordination  of  interchurch  activities  in  this 
field." 

Attempts  to  Coordinate  Existing  Agencies 

In  accordance  with  this  action  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Commission  invited  to  a  conference  at  Cleveland,  Septem- 
ber 24,  1917,  the  Executive  Committees  of  the  following  organ- 
izations: Commission  on  Christian  Education;  Council  of 
Church  Boards  of  Education;  Sunday  School  Council  of 
Evangelical  Denominations;  Missionary  Education  Movement 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada ;  World^s  Sunday  School  As- 
sociation; International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee, 

All  of  the  organizations  invited  were  represented  and  a  full 
discussion  was  had  touching  the  scope  and  work  of  each  of 
these  organizations  and  the  relationship  of  the  work  of  each 
to  that  of  the  others.  The  conference  resulted  in  the  follow- 
ing formal  action: 

"It  is  the  sense  of  this  conference  that  the  many  inter-relationships 
of  the  various  tasks  in  which  the  organizations  here  represented  are 
engaged  make  it  desirable  that  there  should  be  some  comprehensive 
method  provided  for  the  effective  coordination  of  effort  and  division 
of  labor  on  the  part  of  these  organizations." 

149 


150        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

"We  recommend  to  each  of  the  six  bodies  in  this  conference, 

The  Commission  on  Christian  Exiucation  of  the  Federal  Council, 
The  International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee, 
The  Missionary  Education  Movement, 
The  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education, 
The  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations, 
The  World's   Sunday   School   Association, 
the  appointment  of  a  Joint  Committee  composed  of  the  Chairman 
and  Executive  Secretary  of  each  organization  above  named  or  two 
other  designated   representatives   of   each   body   to   meet   as   often 
as  necessary  to  consider  common  problems  and  to  work  out  plans 
of  cooperation   for  the  various  organizations,   it  being  understood 
that  the  representatives  so  appointed  to  the  Joint  Committee  will 
report  the  findings  of  the  Committee  to  the  body  in  its  free  action. 
"We   further  recommend: 

That  the  Committee  thus  constituted  be  asked  to  consider 
seriously  the  problems  of  cooperation  and  division  of  labor  that 
have  been  under  consideration  at  this  meeting  and  at  its  early 
convenience  to  call  this  representative  group  together  again  and 
report." 

The  Convener  of  this  Joint  Committee  reports  that  an 
attempt  was  made  to  call  the  Committee  together  but  that,  in 
the  first  instance,  the  minds  of  the  representatives  of  the  bodies 
named  had  become  preoccupied  with  the  duties  occasioned  by 
the  Great  War  and,  later,  the  organization  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  created  an  expectation  that  the  activities 
proposed  for  this  Joint  Committee  would  be  taken  over  by  that 
body.  Since  then,  certain  significant  steps  have  been  taken 
by  several  of  the  bodies  named  which  may  result  in  more  or 
less  radical  reorganization  in  the  case  of  some  of  them,  at 
least. 

Cooperation  with  Councils  of  Churches 

Early  in  the  Quadrennium  the  Commission  on  Interchurch 
Federations  began  an  active  campaign  for  the  organization  of 
local  communities.  The  Commission  on  Christian  Education 
was  asked  to  assist  in  formulating  an  educational  policy  for 
these  local  councils,  outlining  the  steps  necessary  for  planning 
a  program  of  education  for  the  local  community.  This  marks 
a  new  approach  to  the  problem  of  Christian  education,  inas- 
much as  heretofore  such  programs  have  been  prepared  and 
promoted  as  national,  rather  than  local,  undertakings.  Hav- 
ing in  mind  the  needs  of  local  communities  especially,  the 
Commission  on  Christian  Education  outlined  for  itself  the 
following  objectives: 

1.  Community  surveys,  to  determine  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
educational  problems  in  the  local  community. 

2.  The  formulation  of  a  comprehensive  program  of  religious  edu 
cation  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  local  community  and  utilizing  the 
resources  available  in  the  federated  churches. 

3.  The  working-out  of  plans  for  expert  supervision. 

4.  The  perfecting  of  plans  for  securing  among  the  churches  re- 
cruits for  the  work  of  teaching  and  for  educational  leadership,  and 
for    securing,    in    colleges,    theological    seminaries    and    universities. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  151 

suitable  opportunities  for  professional  training.  In  this  the  Commis- 
sion will,  so  far  as  possible,  work  through  other  agencies  already 
at  work  upon  similar  tasks  for  the  churches. 

5.  The  correlating  of  all  educational  activities  proposed  by  other 
departments  or  Commissions  of  the  Federal  Council,  to  this  end, 
working  in  the  most  intimate  relation  to  the  other  Commissions. 

Reorganization  of  the  Commission 

For  some  time  it  had  been  apparent  that  there  was  an  in- 
herent weakness  in  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  officially  constituted  educational 
agencies  of  the  churches  were  not  organically  related  to  the 
Commission.  The  charge  was  sometimes  made  that  the  very 
separate  existence  of  the  Commission  made  the  task  of  coor- 
dination more  difficult  as  the  Commission  itself  had  to 
be  coordinated.  After  due  consideration  it  was  decided  to 
reorganize  the  Commission  so  as  to  make  it  consist  of  official 
representatives  of  the  agencies  themselves.  The  action  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Commission,  providing  for  such 
reorganization,  was  taken  April  12,  1918,  and  read  as  follows : 

"It  seems  desirable  that  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education  of 
the  Federal  Council  be  reconstituted  so  as  to  become  a  joint  Com- 
mission composed  of  official  representatives  of  the  following  organi- 
zations :  The  Council  of  Church  Boards ;  Missionary  Education 
Movement;  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denomina- 
tions ;  the  World's  Sunday  School  Association ;  together  with  a  like 
number  to  be  appointed  by  the  Federal  Council  in  the  usual  manner, 
in  order  to  secure  the  closest  coordination  among  interchurch  forces 
in  the  field  of  religious  education  in  this  country.  The  number  of 
representatives  should  not  exceed  twenty  from  each  organization. 
If  this  is  agreed  upon  by  these  several  organizations,  then  the  present 
Commission  on  Christian  Education  should  be  discontinued." 

This  action  was  subsequently  amended  so  as  to  limit  to  ten 
each  the  number  of  representatives  of  official  agencies  of  the 
churches  engaged  in  education,  while  the  privilege  of  nomi- 
nating five  representatives  each  was  extended  to  other  similar 
but  unofficial  agencies  in  the  field  of  Christian  education.  The 
organizations  named  submitted  in  due  time  their  lists  of  nomi- 
nees, who  were  then  duly  appointed  to  membership  on  the 
Commission.  Dr.  John  H.  Finley  was  persuaded  to  accept 
the  Chairmanship  of  this  new  Commission  and  Prof.  William 
Adams  Brown  accepted  temporarily  the  position  of  Chairman 
of  the  Executive  Comittee.  It  was  hoped  that  this  reorgani- 
zation would  bring  the  Commission  into  the  most  sympathetic 
relations  with  the  various  educational  agencies  of  the  churches 
and  that  its  policies  would  be,  in  fact,  their  policies.  At  this 
time  it  was  contemplated  to  hold  a  general  Convocation  on 
Religious  Education,  bringing  together  the  persons  responsible 
for  the  various  phases  of  education  to  consider  their  common 
task  and  work  out  together  methods  for  more  perfect  coor- 
dination of  their  respective  programs. 


152         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

As  we  look  back  upon  the  history  of  the  Commission  during 
the  last  two  years  since  these  steps  were  taken  it  may  seem 
that  little  has  been  done  except  to  mark  time.  The  reasons 
for  this  apparent  inactivity  are  as  follows : 

1.  Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement.  It  seemed  at  one  time  that  this  agency  would 
probably  serve  the  purpose  which  the  Commission  was  in- 
tended to  fulfill.  It  did,  in  fact,  project  and  partially  carry 
out  an  exhaustive  survey,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Walter 
S.  Athearn.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  this  undertaking, 
which  promised  so  much  for  the  cause  of  religious  education, 
was  halted,  and  it  is  earnestly  hoped  that  some  way  may  be 
found  to  resume  it  again.  If  that  is  done,  the  logical  place 
for  such  activities  to  be  centered  is  in  the  Federal  Council's 
Commission  on  Christian  Education.  If  this  Commission  is 
to  function  at  all  in  connection  with  the  local  Councils  of 
Churches,  no  small  part  of  its  task  will  be  the  making  of 
surveys.  It  ought  to  have  at  hand  the  personnel  and  equipment 
necessary  for  making  and  interpreting  such  local  surveys.  But 
this  would,  of  course,  involve  the  provision  of  necessary  funds. 

2.  Soon  after  his  appointment  as  Chairman  of  the  Commis- 
sion, Dr.  Finley  was  called  away  on  a  mission  for  the  Red 
Cross  in  the  Near  East.  Dr.  William  Adams  Brown,  also, 
was  soon  obliged  to  withdraw  from  the  Executive  Committee, 
and  the  acting  Executive  Secretary  was  transferred  to  the 
Survey  Department  of  the  Interchurch  Movement.  The  ac- 
tivities of  this  Movement,  taken  together  with  the  absence  of 
all  the  administrative  officers  of  the  Commission,  sufficiently 
account  for  its  failure  to  function. 

3.  Another  handicap  has  been  the  lack  of  available  funds. 
Action  was  taken  by  the  Federal  Council  at  the  meeting  of 
its  Executive  Committee  at  Atlantic  City  in  December,  1919, 
recommending 

1.  That  the  Federal  Council  take  immediate  steps  to  enable  the 
Commission  on  Christian  Education  to  function  actively,  providing 
it  with  a  permanent  secretary,  office  staff  and  adequate  budget ;  and, 

2.  That  the  Commission  as  thus  constituted  undertake  at  once 
to  perfect  its  relationships  with  interdenominational  and  affiliated 
agencies  concerned  with  Christian  education ;  and, 

3.  That  the  Commission,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  proceed  with 
its  plans  for  studying  the  teaching  work  of  the  churches  in  its 
entirety  and  devising  methods  for  securing  greater  efficiency  through 
mutual  understanding  and  closer  cooperation. 

Notwithstanding  this  action,  however,  conditions  have  not 
been  favorable  for  providing  the  necessary  funds  and  equip- 
ment so  as  to  enable  the  Commission  to  undertake  any  large 
program  of  service. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  153 

Other  Lines  of  Work 

The  Commission  has  not  been  altogether  quiescent,  never- 
theless, and  desires  at  this  point  to  express  appreciation  of 
the  courtesy  of  the  Commission  on  Social  Service  in  providing 
desk  space  and  stenographic  assistance  during  the  past  year. 
During  this  time  members  of  this  Commission,  though  not 
acting  officially,  have  cooperated  with  the  Commission  on 
Interchurch  Federations  in  preparing  a  second  program  of 
Christian  Education  for  the  use  of  departments  of  religious 
education  in  local  Church  Councils.  The  Commission  has  also, 
through  its  acting  Secretary,  and  in  cooperation  with  the 
Missionary  Education  Department  of  the  Interchurch  Move- 
ment, prepared  a  Graded  Program  of  Missionary  Education 
for  the  Church  School,  in  which  an  attempt  is  made  to  cor- 
relate current  missionary  text-book  material  with  the  lesson 
material  of  the  Sunday  school.  The  Commission  has  coop- 
erated, in  a  similar  way,  with  the  Federal  Council's  Commis- 
sion on  Social  Service,  in  preparing  a  brief  Course  for  Adult 
Classes  for  the  Discussion  of  the  Problems  of  Work  and 
Wealth,  and  has  attempted  to  bring  about  active  cooperation 
between  the  Commission  on  Social  Service  and  the  Committee 
on  Adult  Courses  of  the  International  Sunday  School  Les- 
sons Committee.  The  Acting  Secretary  has  also  given  much 
time  to  cooperation  with  the  Committee  on  the  War  and  the 
Religious  Outlook  in  the  preparation  of  its  forthcoming  re- 
port on  "The  Teaching  Work  of  the  Church."  These  activ- 
ities are  illustrations  of  the  kind  of  service  which  a  thoroughly 
organized  and  well-equipped  Commission  on  Christian  Edu- 
cation might  continually  render  to  the  several  Commissions 
of  the  Federal  Council  itself,  quite  apart  from  the  service 
which  it  might  render  to  other  bodies,  less  closely  related  to 
the  Council. 

The  Commission  might  also  use  its  good  offices  to  bring 
into  more  sympathetic  and  helpful  relations  to  the  churches 
various  bodies  which  are  not  officially  connected  with  the  de- 
nominations, in  the  sense  of  being  directly  controlled  by  them, 
but  which  nevertheless  do  operate  within  the  field  of  the  local 
church — such  bodies  as  the  Christian  Association,  the  Young 
People's  Societies  (undenominational),  the  Boy  Scouts,  Girl 
Scouts,  Campfire  Girls,  etc.  There  is  a  tendency  upon  the 
part  of  officially  constituted  bodies  to  ignore  these  organiza- 
tions. It  would  seem  wiser  for  all  to  be  brought  into  brotherly 
and  close  cooperative  fellowship,  and  this  might  be  accom- 
plished if  only  there  were  some  agency  generally  recognized 
as  disinterested  but  empowered  to  take  the  initiative  in  bring- 
ing them  together  into  counsel.  Indeed,  requests  have  already 
come  to  the  Commission  from  several  such  bodies  that  such 
steps  be  taken. 


154        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Need  for  a  Closer  Coordination  of  Existing  Agencies 

The  present  moment  seems  propitious  for  making  a  much 
more  serious  effort  than  has  yet  been  made  for  bringing  into 
common  council  and  effective  cooperation  all  the  agencies  of 
the  churches  concerned  with  Christian  education.  There  is 
to-day  a  widespread  conviction  that  something  must  be  done 
to  provide  more  adequately  for  the  religious  training  of  the 
young.  The  need  of  such  training  is  really  appalling,  as  dis- 
closed by  the  incomplete  survey  of  the  Interchurch  Movement. 
Various  agencies  are  reaching  out  independently  to  meet  this 
felt  need.  The  Sunday  schools  have  greatly  broadened  their 
program  and  are  now  seriously  seeking  time  for  weekday  as 
well  as  Sunday  classes.  The  missionary  agencies  are  expand- 
ing constantly  their  program  for  missionary  education.  The 
social  service  agencies  are  already  considering  a  comprehen- 
sive program  of  instruction  and  training  in  service.  The 
Qiristian  Associations  are  issuing  continually  new  programs 
of  education  and  new  text-books. 

Impelled  by  this  consciousness  of  need,  several  of  these 
agencies  are  just  now  considering  changes  in  organization  and 
policy.  The  Sunday  School  Council  and  the  International 
Sunday  School  Association  have  already  decided  to  merge 
their  activities  in  a  single  organization.  The  International 
Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee  has  appointed  a  special 
committee  to  frame  a  policy  for  its  adoption.  The  Mission- 
ary Education  Department  of  the  Interchurch  Movement  must 
determine  upon  a  future  policy.  The  Council  of  Church 
Boards  is  also  in  process  of  reorganization.  By  the  first  of 
January  or  February,  1921,  the  issues  affecting  these  various 
bodies  will  have  been  largely  decided.  They  may  be  decided 
in  such  a  way  as  to  facilitate  the  close  cooperation  of  all  in 
the  working  out  of  a  common  program  of  Christian  education 
for  the  local  church,  yet  comprehensive  enough  to  cover  the 
whole  life  of  child  and  adult.  Or  they  may  be  so  decided 
as  to  make  still  more  difficult  such  cooperation.  But,  once 
decided,  it  may  be  many  years  before  the  possibility  of  such 
adjustments  as  are  most  vital  and  necessary  can  be  so  easily 
considered  as  at  the  present  moment. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Commission  on  Christian 
Education  feels  that  this  matter  is  of  sufficient  importance  to 
be  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Federal  Council  itself,  to 
deal  with  in  such  manner  as  may  seem  to  it  wise.  At  its  last 
meeting  the  following  recommendation  was  passed : 

"That,  in  view  of  the  movements  now  taking  place,  involving  re- 
organization or  readjustment  on  the  part  of  the  agencies  of  the 
churches  which  are  engaged  in  Christian  education,  the  Federal 
Council  consider  the  reorganization  of  its  work  in  the  field  of  Chris- 
tian education,  in  such  a  way  as  to  secure  a  better  coordination  of 
the  various  educational  aspects  of  the  work  of  the  denominations." 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  155 

What  that  reorganization  should  be,  the  Commission  does 
not  suggest.  It  may  be  thought  expedient  to  assemble,  through 
an  invitation  issued  in  the  name  of  the  Federal  Council,  all 
those  agencies  concerned  with  Christian  education,  in  the  hope 
that,  out  of  such  a  convocation,  the  agencies  themselves  may 
devise  some  plan  for  effective  cooperative  activity  and  for 
correlating  their  various  programs.  It  may  seem  wise  to  con- 
tinue the  present  Commission,  with  or  without  some  modifica- 
tions of  its  organization,  seeking  to  relate  it  still  more  vitally 
to  existing  agencies  and  devising  some  plan  for  financing  its 
work.  It  is  possible  that  the  Federal  Council  may  deem  it  best 
to  abolish  the  Commission,  recognize  some  one  or  more  of  the 
existing  agencies  as  the  official  agency  of  the  churches  func- 
tioning in  this  field,  and  related  to  the  Council  directly  through 
one  of  its  administrative  officers  who  would  then  become,  in 
effect.  Educational  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council.  But 
whatever  plan  may  finally  be  decided  upon,  it  is  the  conviction 
of  the  executive  officers  of  the  Commission  on  Christian  Edu- 
cation that  the  matter  is  of  sufficient  importance  to  engage 
the  earnest  attention  of  the  Federal  Council  and  of  such  im- 
mediate urgency  that  action  ought  not  to  be  long  deferred. 

John   H.    Fin  ley. 

Chairman. 

Benjamin    S.    Winchester, 

Acting  Secretary. 


THE  CHURCH  AND  A  WORLD-WIDE 
BROTHERHOOD 


1.     Report  of  the  Commission  on  International  Justice 
and  Goodwill 


With  July,  1914,  the  world  as  we  had  known  it  up  to  that 
time  came  to  an  end.  The  war  shook  down  the  edifice  of  our 
whole  civilization  and  left  humanity  without  a  home  or  a 
shelter.  Things  can  never  be  as  before.  The  old  Balance  of 
Power  maintained  with  such  difficulty  cannot  be  restored.  We 
are  face  to  face  with  new  problems  and  new  tasks. 

As  we  view  the  world  today  we  see  so  much  confusion 
that  every  thoughtful  man  and  woman  who  loves  country  and 
humanity  is  seriously  considering  the  morrow  with  its  possi- 
bility of  evil.  The  tragedy  of  the  last  six  years  cannot  be 
measured  in  the  number  of  dead  as  the  result  of  the  war ; 
not  in  the  devastation  and  ruin  in  France  and  Belgium  and 
other  European  countries ;  not  in  the  billions  of  treasure 
thrown  away  in  the  mad  orgy  of  slaughter,  but  must  be 
measured  in  the  fact  that  out  of  this  gigantic  struggle  the 
world  has  apparently  learned  little  or  nothing  from  its  agony 
during  those  years  of  disaster,  suffering,  death  and  sorrow. 

With  the  armistice,  national  greed  and  selfishness  came  to  the 
front  to  an  alarming  extent.  Altruism  and  the  spirit  of 
cooperation  which  held  the  Entente  together  during  the  war 
almost  entirely  disappeared  with  the  coming  of  peace.  War 
left  its  heritage  of  hate  which  expressed  itself  in  a  hundred 
forms.  Suspicion  and  distrust  lurked  in  every  nation.  A  score 
of  petty  wars  are  now  raging  between  the  newly  created 
nations,  each  one  of  which  is  fighting  either  to  pay  off  old 
scores  chalked  up  against  the  nations  of  which  they  were 
formerly  a  part  and  by  which  they  were  oppressed;  or  else 
fighting  to  get  more  land  and  privileges,  to  which  they  have 
little  or  no  legitimate  claim. 

The  treaties  that  have  been  signed  and  which  were  supposed 
to  end  war  do  not  guarantee  the  peace  of  the  world.  There 
have  been  established  wide  areas  of  national  hatred.  There 
are  more  ''irredenta"  campaigns  under  way  today  than  at  any 
other  period  of  modern  history.  Powder  magazines  have  been 
established  in  a  dozen  different  sections  of  Europe,  and  enough 
explosive  in  national  disappointments  and  racial  hatreds  has 
been  hidden  away  to  blow  up  the  whole  world  at  any  time. 
The  old  dependence  of  the  nations  upon  armament  must  be 
abandoned.    As  Dr.  Jefferson  said  som**  time  ago : 

"Error  never  walks  naked  across  the  earth.  Militarism  has  gotten  its 
tenacious  grip  on  the  world  by  the  use  of  the  magic  of  delusive 
words.    Its  power  lies  in  the  sophistries  which  it  proclaims  as  incon- 

156 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  157 

trovertible  axioms.  It  works  its  will  by  putting  out  men's  eyes,  and 
it  puts  out  men's  eyes  by  throwing  into  them  the  acid  of  beliefs  that 
are  false." 

The  militarist  has  but  little  left  to  base  his  theory  upon.  For 
years  the  nations  consciously  or  unconsciously  invited  the 
huge  conflict  through  which  civilization  has  just  passed.  Even 
those  who  supposed  that  war  had  been  made  impossible  be- 
cause of  the  huge  national  interests  involved,  learned  that  no 
bonds  were  sacred  when  a  society  is  developed  upon  the  wrong 
principles  and  guided  by  false  moral  precepts. 

The  League  of  Nations 

The  supreme  hope  for  the  future  is  in  the  League  of 
Nations.  This  is  the  one  worth-while  definite  thing  that  has 
come  out  of  the  war.  The  call  for  our  nation  to  enter  this 
League,  and  help  make  it  a  really  effective  instrument  for 
righting  wrongs  and  adjusting  national  difficulties,  is  the  great- 
est moral  call  that  has  ever  come  to  the  Church  in  all  its 
history.  The  peace  of  the  world  and  the  hope  for  humanity 
rest  upon  the  proper  strengthening  and  functioning  of  the 
League. 

We  can  no  longer  talk  of  the  League  of  Nations  as  a  mere 
hope  for  the  future.  It  is  a  realized  fact  of  the  present.  It  is 
a  going  concern.  Forty-two  nations  have  joined  it,  and  up  to 
the  present  time  it  has  accomplished  the  following  things : 

It  formed  its  council  and  called  its  assembly  together  in  November. 

It  has  begun,  through  a  committee  of  experts,  a  survey  of  arma- 
ments to  the  end  that  plans  shall  be  devised  for  their  gradual 
reduction. 

It  has  established  successful  administrative  commissions  in  the  Saar 
Valley  and  at  Dantzig. 

It  has  brought  together  conferences  to  consider  the  economic,  finan- 
cial and  labor  problems  which  perplex  the  world. 

It  has  made  arrangements  for  the  registration  and  publication  of 
all  treaties  to  avoid  secret  diplomacy. 

It  has  taken  up  the  task  of  arbitrating  the  dispute  between  Sweden 
and  Finland  concerning  the  possession  of  the  Aaland  Islands,  to 
avoid  threatened  war  between  those  countries. 

It  has,  acting  in  accord  with  one  of  its  articles,  formulated  through 
its  advisory  committee  of  jurists,  of  which  the  Hon.  Elihu  Root 
was  a  leading  member,  a  plan  for  a  permanent  court  of  international 
justice,  which  the  Committee  has  recommended  should  be  given  ulti- 
mate mandatory  jurisdiction  in  justiciable  questions. 

The  League  was  not  able  to  function  in  the  war  between  Poland 
and  Russia  because,  being  an  unfinished  part  of  the  Great  War, 
this  was  not  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Allied  Powers. 

It  has  purchased  a  large  hotel  in  Geneva  which  is  being  remodeled 
and  win  become  when  completed  the  capitol  building  of  the  world. 

It  has  made  an  estimated  budget  for  the  expenditure  of  the  first 
year  of  its  existence  amounting  to  approximately  $400,000  a  month. 

America  has  only  one  question  to  decide  and  that  is  whether 
or  not  she  will  join  with  the  other  peace-loving  democratic 
nations  of  the  world  in  a  truly  serious  effort  to  make  war 


158        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

difficult  and  ultimately  impossible  by  substituting  for  it  an 
orderly  judicial  procedure. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  an  effective  international  machine 
has  been  constructed  by  which  reason  and  conciliation  can 
take  the  place  of  war  in  the  settlement  of  dispute.  Amend- 
ments may  be  needed  to  perfect  it,  but  these  can  be  easily 
made. 

There  is  one  clear  and  incisive  call  to  the  churches  of  Christ 
in  America  at  the  present  time,  and  that  is  the  call  for  cooper- 
ation on  the  part  of  all  men  and  women  of  goodwill  to  the 
end  that  our  nation  may  speedily  and  heartily  become  a  part 
of  this  great  international  enterprise.  The  influence  of  the 
Church  will  be  worth  nothing  to  humanity  if  in  a  time  like 
this  it  rests  content  with  a  mere  policy  of  peace  and  security 
which  can  be  founded  only  on  force  and  huge  military  prepa- 
rations. Such  a  course  will  be  a  practical  acceptance  of 
materialism. 

Either  America  must  be  an  active  member  of  and  partici- 
pant in  the  work  of  the  League  of  Nations,  or  else  our  nation 
will  be  forced  to  withdraw  from  the  rest  of  the  world  and 
establish  a  gigantic  military  and  naval  machine,  which  in  turn 
will  become  a  menace  to  the  peace  of  the  world.  The  day  of 
selfish  nationalism  is  past.  The  problem  that  faces  our 
churches  now  is  this:  Shall  we  make  "America  First"  by 
making  her  a  servant  of  humanity,  or  shall  we  allow  the  selfish 
interests  to  create  in  our  nation  a  force  that  will  add  to  the 
world's  turmoil  and  load  of  hatred?  This  report,  therefore, 
reaffirms  what  was  said  by  the  same  Commission  under  dif- 
ferent circumstances. 

"Only  as  the  churches  of  America  positively  adopt  an  attitude  and 
a  policy  of  constructive  statesmanship,  courageously  endorsing  and 
promoting  these  practical  programs  that  embody  in  international  re- 
lations the  ideals  of  universal  human  brotherhood,  can  they  take 
their  proper  place  in. the  moral  and  spiritual  leadership  of  the  nation 
and  of  the  race.  They  must  insist  that  the  pressing  need  for  our 
day  and  generation  is  comprehensive  policies  and  constructive  activi- 
ties creating  a  truly  Christian  world  order.  They  must  hold  that 
for  the  long  future,  policies  and  activities  that  beget  mutual  con- 
fidence and  goodwill  among  the  nations  should  occupy  our  first 
thought,  should  be  given  our  supreme  endeavors  and  should  not 
for  one  moment  be  obscured  by  the  confusion  of  the  moment.  Their 
definition  and  adoption  constitute  our  pressing  need.  These  are  ends 
to  which  the  thought  and  energy  of  our  own  nation  should  be 
imperiously  directed." 

The  Commission 
The  Commission  has  occupied  an  important  but  exceedingly 
difficult  position  during  the  Quadrennium  just  closing.  Its 
primary  purpose  is  to  promote  international  friendship  and 
goodwill,  but  with  the  coming  of  the  world  war  all  agencies 
and  energies  of  civilized  man  were  devoted  to  the  task  of 
destroying  and  killing.  War  psychology  has  in  it  no  place 
for  the  preaching  and  teaching  of  such  a  Commission  as  this. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  159 

It  seemed  that  the  wave  of  hatred  rose  to  a  greater  height  in 
inverse  ratio  to  the  distance  from  the  actual  fighting  line,  and 
here  in  America  we  found  it  very  difficult  to  create  any  en- 
thusiasm for  the  ideals  as  expressed  in  the  program  and  con- 
stitution of  the  Commission.  However,  the  Commission  not 
only  succeeded  in  holding  together,  but  because  of  the  fact  of 
its  cooperation  with  the  World  Alliance  for  International 
Friendship  through  the  Churches  and  the  Church  Peace 
Union,  since  the  war,  has  made  considerable  progress  and  a 
contribution  of  no  mean  value  to  the  task  of  rebuilding  a 
broken  world. 

The  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill  has 
done  all  of  its  work  through  the  World  Alliance  and  in  coop- 
eration with  the  Church  Peace  Union. 

Soon  after  the  organization  of  the  World  Alliance  in  1914, 
an  arrangement  was  made  between  this  new  body  and  the 
Commission,  whereby  the  two  organizations  would  be  able  to 
operate  with  a  joint  executive  committee.  This  plan  has  been 
maintained  ever  since.  Up  to  January  1,  1919,  the  Commis- 
sion and  the  World  Alliance  maintained  joint  offices.  In 
January,  1919,  the  World  Alliance  offices  were  united  with 
The  Church  Peace  Union,  and  since  that  time  all  the  executive 
work  of  the  Commission  has  been  done  through  the  offices  of 
The  Church  Peace  Union.  Its  own  office  is  maintained  only 
nominally  in  connection  with  the  Commission  on  Relations 
with  the  Orient. 

War  Service  of  the  Commission 

With  the  entry  of  America  into  the  World  War,  special 
duties  at  once  confronted  all  of  the  churches.  The  Commission 
cooperated  with  a  specially  appointed  committee  to  prepare 
for  the  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  which  was  held  in 
Washington,  May  8-9,  1917.  The  document  that  was  adopted, 
entitled  ''The  Duty  of  the  Church  in  this  Hour  of  Need" 
attracted  widespread  attention. 

One  of  the  most  significant  services  rendered  by  the  churches 
was  through  the  joint  committee  known  as  the  National  Com- 
mittee on  the  Churches  and  the  Moral  Aims  of  the  War 
formed  by  the  Church  Peace  Union  and  the  League  to 
Enforce  Peace,  with  which  the  Commission  and  the  World 
Alliance  worked  in  cooperation.  This  Committee  undertook 
the  task  of  helping  to  educate  the  people  of  the  United  States 
in  the  aims  of  the  war,  and  these  were  defined  in  the  terms 
of  what  President  Wilson  had  set  forth  in  his  message : 
Democracy  and  some  form  of  partnership  or  league  of  na- 
tions that  will  substitute  judicial  procedure  for  war  in  the 
settlement  of  international  disputes,  and  it  was  the  purpose 
of  the  Committee  to  present  the  Christian  and  ethical  implica- 
tions of  international  goodwill. 


160        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Committee  had  as  its  guests  Rev.  Sir  George  Adam 
Smith,  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford,  Rev.  Arthur  T.  Guttery, 
Rev.  Daniel  Couve,  and  a  dozen  other  important  speakers, 
representing  both  England  and  France.  Through  close  coop- 
eration with  the  American  representatives  of  the  British  and 
French  Foreign  Offices,  it  came  to  be  recognized  as  the  official 
agency  representing  the  churches  during  the  period  of  the  war. 
Some  forty  of  the  leading  churchmen  of  America  freely  gave 
their  services.  Meetings  were  held  in  300  cities  throughout 
America,  and  at  a  conservative  estimate  800,000  to  1,000,000 
people  were  reached.  Study  courses  were  prepared  dealing 
with  the  new  world  order  that  must  come  out  of  the  war. 
Before  the  Paris  Covenant  was  published,  this  Committee  had 
edited  and  published  a  series  of  six  lessons  on  the  League  of 
Nations,  which  were  distributed  to  the  churches,  and  about 
100,000  copies  were  used.  The  entire  work  cost  about 
$100,000,  and  through  the  Commission  on  International 
justice  and  Goodwill,  all  the  leading  Protestant  denominations 
were  enlisted,  and  through  the  Church  Peace  Union  and  the 
World  Alliance,  the  Roman  Catholics  and  Jews  were  brought 
in,  so  that  the  National  Committee  on  the  Churches  and  the 
Moral  Aims  of  the  War  may  be  said  to  be  probably  the  most 
representative  committee  that  has  ever  attempted  to  speak  in 
America  for  the  total  religious  life  of  our  people. 

When  the  war  came  to  a  victorious  end,  we  were  at  once 
faced  with  the  necessity  of  setting  to  work  to  help  build  a 
new  world  order  in  which  the  repetition  of  such  a  disaster 
to  civilization  would  be  made  forever  impossible. 

The  Commission  cooperated  with  the  International  Com- 
mittee of  the  World  Alliance  in  calling  and  arranging  for  a 
meeting  of  the  Christian  representatives  of  all  the  nations  to 
be  held  at  The  Hague,  Holland,  September  30  to  October  2, 
1919.  There  were  representatives  of  fourteen  nations  present, 
and  here  an  arrangement  was  brought  about  by  which  the 
broken  lines  of  communication  between  the  warring  nations 
could  be  reestablished.  At  this  meeting  a  small  executive 
committee  was  appointed  and  authorized  to  prepare  for  an- 
other conference  to  be  held  in  1920.  This  Executive  Com- 
mittee met  April  30,  1920,  at  Geneva,  and  made  plans  for  the 
meeting  of  the  World  Alliance  which  was  held  at  St.  Beaten- 
berg  on  August  25-29,  1920.  There  were  over  200  delegates 
present  from  22  nations.  In  each  one  of  these  nations  there 
is  a  well-established  Council  of  the  Alliance  representing  the 
best  in  the  religious  life  of  the  people. 

Dr.  George  Nasmyth,  the  International  Organizer,  did  a 
marvelous  piece  of  work  in  organizing  these  nations.  For  this 
work  he  gave  his  life,  for  he  was  stricken  with  typhoid  fever 
immediately  following  the  conference  in  St.  Beatenberg,  and 
died  in  the  hospital  in  Geneva  a  week  later.     No  braver  and 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  161 

truer  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ  ever  lived.  He  carried  out  his 
task  with  sincerity  and  singleness  of  purpose.  The  whole 
Christian  world  is  indebted  to  him  for  his  labors  of  the  last 
two  years,  and  we  in  America  who  knew  him  best  record  our 
appreciation  of  him,  and  wish  to  put  in  this  form  our  expres- 
sion of  sincere  sympathy  for  his  wife,  his  children,  his  father 
and  mother. 

The  plans  for  the  Alliance  have  been  worked  out  with  great 
thoroughness  and  care,  and  it  is  through  this  world  organiza- 
tion of  the  churches  that  this  Commission  will  find  its  greatest 
field  of  usefulness. 

Committee  on  Interchange  of  Preachers  and  Speakers 
Between  the  Churches  of  America,  Great  Britain  and 
France. 

The  plan  for  interchange  of  ministers  and  speakers  between 
Great  Britain  and  France  grew  out  of  the  war,  and  has  been 
developed  quite  fully  through  an  organization  in  London  and 
one  in  New  York.  The  French  Committee  has  not  been  estab- 
lished, all  the  visitors  coming  from  this  latter  country  being 
sent  through  the  Federation  of  Churches,  or  being  invited 
directly  by  our  American  Committee.  Our  Committee  in 
America  is  made  up  of  fifteen  members,  five  of  whom  are 
nominated  by  the  Federal  Council,  five  by  the  World  Alliance 
for  International  Friendship  through  the  Churches,  and  five 
by  the  Church  Peace  Union.  The  Chairman  is  President 
William  Douglas  Mackenzie,  and  the  Secretary  of  this  Com- 
mission serves  as  its  secretary.  During  the  life  of  this  Com- 
mittee it  has  had  as  its  guests  a  number  of  prominent  men 
from  both  countries — Bishop  Gore,  Rev.  Arthur  T.  Guttery, 
Principal  Alfred  E.  Garvie,  Rev.  Daniel  Couve,  Rev.  Alex- 
ander Ramsay,  Rev.  R.  C.  Gillie,  Canon  E.  A.  Burroughs, 
and  Mr.  Harold  Spender,  and,  cooperating  with  the  Mayflower 
Council,  has  acted  as  hosts  for  Gen.  Nivelle,  Col.  Azan,  and 
Rev.  Andre  Monod,  representing  the  French  churches. 

This  Committee  has  sent  the  following  persons  to  England, 
who  have  given  able  service  in  our  common  cause : 

During  July  of  this  year,  Dr.  Thomas  Sims,  of  Melrose, 
Mass. ;  Rev.  C.  Thurston  Chase,  of  Lynn ;  Rev.  Harry  Foster 
Burns,  of  Dorchester,  who  rendered  yeoman  service  in  the 
cause,  and  President  Lynn  Harold  Hough,  of  Northwestern 
University.  Dr.  Hough  has  won  for  himself  a  circle  of  very 
cordial  admirers  in  England.  During  his  visit  he  preached  at 
Carr's  Lane,  Birmingham ;  the  City  Temple,  London ;  Princes 
Street,  Norwich,  and  at  Sherwell,  Plymouth,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  visit  of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation.  On  each  occasion 
his  message  was  cordially  appreciated. 

At  the  end  of  July,  1920,  Dr.  Merrill,  of  the  Brick  Church, 


162        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Fifth  Avenue,  arrived  in  London.  His  three  Sundays  were 
devoted  to  Lyndhurst  Road  (Dr.  Horton's),  Hampstead ; 
Westminster  Chapel  (Dr.  Jowett's),  and  the  Parish  Church 
of  Dundee,  Scotland.  Dr.  Merrill's  frank  and  friendly  pres- 
ence and  manner  of  speech  carried  confidence  everywhere,  and 
did  much  to  dispel  suspicions  on  doubtful  points  which  had 
exercised  the  minds  of  timid  and  hesitating  people  acquainted 
with  America  only  through  the  newspapers. 

It  was  at  Plymouth  that  Rev.  S.  Parkes  Cadman,  although 
born  in  England,  was  heard  by  many  English  people  for  the 
first  time.  Though  he  has  often  visited  England  and  is  well 
known  in  certain  churches,  he  has  never  reached  so  wide  an 
audience  from  a  civic  and  national  platform  as  on  this  visit, 
and  his  great  powers  have  never  been  employed  in  a  better 
or  more  popular  cause.  He  visited  Plymouth,  Dartmouth, 
Southampton,  Cambridge,  Nottingham,  Manchester,  Sheffield, 
Lincoln  and  several  places  in  Essex,  besides  speaking  to  10,000 
people  in  the  Albert  Hall  in  London. 

Dr.  Boynton  arrived  in  England  too  late  for  the  Mayflower 
celebrations,  but  when  he  came  he  proved,  as  he  always  does, 
a  host  in  himself.  The  English  Committee  is  asking  for  his 
return. 

Among  the  others  who  visited  England  and  did  good  service 
were  Prof.  McCown ;  Dr.  Frederick  Lynch ;  Dr.  Charles 
Thompson,  and  Dr.  Macfarland.  The  Secretary  of  this  Com- 
mission also  spoke  on  a  number  of  important  occasions  in 
London.  The  British  Committee  arranged  a  luncheon  at  the 
Criterion  Restaurant  at  which  about  sixty  prominent  men  were 
present.  Plans  for  making  the  work  of  the  Committee  more 
efficient  were  discussed  at  this  meeting,  and  a  plan  of  action 
agreed  upon.  The  union  of  the  English-speaking  people  is 
essential  to  the  peace  of  the  world.  Such  a  union  can  come 
about  only  through  our  better  acquaintance.  The  union  must 
not  be  based  upon  selfish  interests,  but  upon  the  desire  of 
service.  The  Committee  therefore  holds  a  place  of  great 
responsibility  and  offers  an  opportunity  for  real  constructive 
service  in  the  years  ahead. 

Publications 

During  the  Quadrennium  most  of  the  literature  that  has  been 
sent  out  by  the  Commission  has  been  prepared  by  other  organi- 
zations, and  it  has  been  largely  propaganda  material.  Last 
year  the  World  Alliance  established  a  new  magazine,  known 
as  "World  Friendship.''  The  Commission  is  cooperating  in 
publishing  this  magazine,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  become 
the  recognized  agency  in  the  field  of  publication  through  which 
the  churches  of  America  will  speak  on  all  questions  of  Inter- 
national Justice  and  Goodwill. 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  163 

Secretarial  Activities 

The  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council,  the  General 
Secretary  of  the  World  Alliance  and  this  Commission,  the 
Educational  Secretary,  Dr.  Lynch,  and  the  Associate  Secretary, 
Mr.  Gordon,  are  all  busy  at  the  task  of  making  effective  the 
Commission's  program.  All  of  these  officials  have  spoken  at 
various  conferences,  have  attended  innumerable  meetings  of 
allied  organizations,  have  served  on  committees,  and  in  every 
possible  way  sought  to  keep  before  the  American  people  the 
place  and  responsibility  of  our  nation  and  our  churches  in 
the  new  world  order. 

Plans  for  the  Future 

The  Commission  is  now  cooperating  with  the  World  Alliance 
and  the  Church  Peace  Union  in  entertaining  Dr.  R.  C.  Gillie, 
Rev.  Alexander  Ramsay,  Canon  E.  A.  Burroughs,  and  Mr. 
Harold  Spender,  delegates  from  England  to  take  part  in  the 
Mayflower  celebrations ;  also  General  Nivelle,  and  Andre 
Monod,  representatives  from  the  churches  of  France.  Meet- 
ings have  been  arranged  in  some  sixty  cities.  Celebrations 
under  the  general  aegis  of  the  Mayflower  Council  will  culmi- 
nate in  the  commemorative  meeting  to  be  held  in  Boston  in 
connection  with  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

Program 

The  following  program  has  been  adopted  by  this  Commission:   . 

1.  Following  up  energetically  the  program  of  1919  and  1920,  making 
effective  in  every  community  the  work  through  the  local  committees 
that  have  been  established. 

2.  Cooperate  with  the  World  Alliance  in  preparation  for  the  meet- 
ings of  the  International  Committee. 

3.  Make  a  study  of  the  relations  between  Mexico  and  other  coun- 
tries of  Latin  America  and  the  United  States  and  work  for  a  more 
complete  acquaintance  and  understanding,  and  for  a  peaceful  solution 
of  the  problems  involved  on  the  basis  of  a  true  Christian  under- 
standing. 

4.  Assist  in  furthering  legislation  in  the  United  States  that  will  do 
away  with  discriminatory  acts  in  favor  of  one  race  of  people  as 
over  against  another. 

5.  Assist  in  the  work  of  the  Committee  on  Interchange  of  Speakers 
and  Preachers  between  America,  Great  Britain  and  France. 

6.  Carry  on  a  campaign  of  education  through  the  country  con- 
cerning development  and  operation  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

7.  Cooperate  in  issuing  a  graded  series  of  lessons  on  the  spirit, 
purpose  and  constitution  of  the  League  of  Nations  and  other  sub- 
jects pertaining  to  international  organization  and  activities. 

8.  Cooperate  with  the  World  Alliance  in  publishing  a  monthly 
magazine  of  international  news,  comment  and  suggestions  as  related 
to  the  churches. 

9.  Cooperate  with  the  American  agencies  in  the  work  of  feeding 
the  famine-stricken  people  of  central  Europe. 


164        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

10.  Cooperate  with  those  agencies  that  are  working  for  a  new 
social  order  based  on  Christian  principles. 

11.  Help  to  secure  at  once  10,000  members  of  the  American  Council 
of  the  World  Alliance. 

Recommendations 

1.  That  the  present  relationship  existing  between  this  Commission 
and  the  World  Alliance  be  maintained  and  strengthened. 

2.  That  this  Commission  recognize  in  the  World  Alliance  and  its 
constituent  Councils  that  have  already  been  organized  in  the  22 
nations,  the  logical  and  proper  channel  through  which  it  is  to  function. 

3.  That  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  be  asked 
to  reconsider  the  whole  question  of  relationships  between  the  various 
Commissions  and  Committees  with  a  view  to  unifying  and  simplifying 
the  work  of  the  Council.  At  present  there  is  duplication  and  con- 
fusion. Either  this  Commission  must  be  given  a  larger  place  in 
the  work  of  the  Council  and  the  promise  of  fuller  coordination  in 
efforts  now  being  made  by  various  Commissions  of  the  Federal 
Council  in  relation  to  international  matters,  or  else  the  Commission 
should  be  reduced  to  the  status  of  a  committee.  This  is  a  matter 
that  needs  careful  consideration,  and  a  decision  should  be  arrived 
at  only  after  full  conference  with  all  the  parties  and  agencies  inter- 
ested. 

Conclusion 

Our  civilization  is  in  serious  danger  of  perishing  just  as 
have  others  in  the  past  and  because  of  the  same  reasons.  It 
is  only  as  we  apply  the  ethics  of  Christianity  to  the  problems 
of  national  and  international  relations  that  we  can  hope  to 
solve  our  problems  and  rid  ourselves  of  the  ills  that  beset  us. 
As  long  as  we  insist  upon  maintaining  the  ancient  foundations 
upon  which  the  nations  of  old  were  built,  just  so  long  we 
will  build  only  to  see  our  fairest  and  best  structures  topple 
to  ruins  about  our  ears. 

Now  is  the  time  when  all  men  and  women  of  goodwill 
without  as  well  as  within  the  Church  should  join  in  a  supreme 
effort  to  build  and  secure  an  enduring  structure  of  national 
and  international  life  founded  upon  the  life  and  teachings  of 
Jesus  of  Nazareth. 

The  Church  has  always  been  on  trial,  but  not  in  such  a 
dramatic  way  as  at  present.  The  war  focused  all  eyes  upon 
this  organization  which  for  1900  years  has  been  claiming  to 
be  the  chief  agency  for  good  in  all  the  world.  How  is  the 
Church  to  meet  the  future?  If  the  tasks  that  the  world  im- 
poses upon  it  are  too  great,  then  the  world  will  not  much 
longer  care  for  a  Church  that  is  simply  a  duplicate  of  the 
common  order  of  the  world.  If  the  Church  will  meet  the 
demands  upon  her  she  must  realize  first  of  all  that  she  must 
be  more  than  an  echo  of  the  market-place,  the  halls  of  Parlia- 
ment and  the  thousand  noises  of  the  daily  press. 

The  Church  must  preach  in  season  and  out  of  season  the 
ideals  of  a  new  world  order.     This  means  a  new  evaluation 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  165 

of  patriotism  in  the  light  of  each  nation's  relation  to  its 
neighbor.  It  means  that  the  spirit  of  unselfishness  as  applied 
to  the  individual  life  must  be  applied  to  the  life  of  the  nations 
and  the  nations'  conduct.  It  means  that  the  truculent,  haughty- 
spirit  which  characterizes  so  much  of  a  nation's  vaunted 
sovereignity  and  which  often  degenerates  into  mere  insolence 
must  be  superseded  by  a  humble  spirit  and  a  kindlier  frame 
of  mind.  This  will  be  no  easy  task  for  a  nation.  Every 
minister  is  a  preacher  of  goodwill,  and  the  Church  itself  is  the 
embodiment  of  Christian  principles  should  be  the  chief  agency 
of  friendship  among  the  nations  of  the  earth. 

The  Church  must  have  a  specific  program.  This  does  not 
mean  that  the  Church  is  to  enter  the  political  arena,  that  it  is 
to  devise  political  schemes  or  to  seek  out  mechanistic  methods 
of  securing  world  peace,  but  it  must  have  a  program  based 
upon  sound  principles.  One  of  the  first  steps  in  this  program 
is  to  bring  about  a  better  acquaintance  between  the  Christians 
of  the  different  nations.  Bonds  of  contact  have  been  estab- 
lished between  the  leaders  of  the  church  life  of  America  and 
the  church  leaders  of  other  nations ;  twenty-two  or  more 
nations  have  been  enlisted  through  the  World  Alliance  and 
forty  nations  through  the  Conference  on  Faith  and  Order. 
Another  organization  held  a  preliminary  meeting  this  last 
summer  looking  forward  to  a  universal  conference  of  the 
Churches  on  Christian  Life  and  Work.  Through  these  organi- 
zations the  Church  in  America  is  offered  an  opportunity  of 
strengthening  its  friendships.  As  we  come  to  know  each  other 
across  national  boundaries  we  learn  to  appreciate  other's  point 
of  view,  and  thus  fit  ourselves  to  bear  one  another's  burdens 
and  help  to  make  them  our  common  burden.  After  all,  that 
which  rises  above  party  lines  and  nationalist  consideration, 
in  the  heart  of  all  true  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ,  is  the  desire 
of  His  followers  everywhere  to  bring  in  His  Kingdom  on  earth, 
and  make  His  rule  of  justice  and  righteousness  the  rule  under 
which  all  men  live  and  all  nations  shall  govern. 

Finally  the  Church  if  it  is  to  function  in  this  field  must 
federate  its  efforts.  As  President  Faunce  has  said :  "Slowly, 
irresistibly,  the  world  is  moving  toward  a  federation  of  all 
churches  in  the  common  task  of  Christianity."  This  federa- 
tion of  the  churches  must  parallel  and  keep  pace  with  the 
League  of  Nations. 

Christianity  when  it  has  been  tried  has  never  failed  in  any 
of  the  great  crises  of  history.  The  Church  has  been  weak 
often,  divided  always,  but  when  she  has  once  seen  her  respon- 
sibility she  has  met  it  squarely  and  has  triumphed.  The  great 
evil  that  has  menaced  and  thwarted  mankind  is  war  and  until 
this  is  removed  and  its  recurrence  made  impossible  among 
civilized  nations  every  hope  and  aspiration  of  the  individual 


166        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

as  well  as  of  the  nations  can  be  only  partially  realized.  Now 
is  the  supreme  opportunity  for  the  Church  to  make  a  contribu- 
tion, the  greatest  in  all  her  history  by  infusing  the  nations  with 
the  spirit  of  Christ  and  putting  behind  the  League  of  Nations 
the  combined  moral  sentiment  of  the  Christians  in  all  lands. 
This  new  and  untried  instrument  will  become  the  means  of 
bringing  in  that  golden,  happy  day  for  which  men  have  longed 
through  the  centuries,  which  the  seers  saw  as  the  climax  of 
men's  genius  and  the  prophets  foretold  as  the  ultimate  achieve- 
ment of  man's  work,  in  cooperation  with  God,  to  establish 
Christ's  Kingdom  upon  the  earth. 

W.  H.  P.  Faunce,  Chairman, 
Henry  A.   Atkinson,   Secretary. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  167 

2.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 

Four  eventful  years  have  passed  since  our  last  report.  The 
United  States  has  shared  in  Europe's  great  war  tragedy.  That 
war  has  indeed  ended,  but  its  aftermath  of  increased  national 
consciousness,  distorted  moral  vision  and  depleted  spiritual 
vigor  has  had  serious  consequences  here  in  America  as  well  as 
in  Europe. 

During  these  years,  epochal  events  have  also  been  happening 
in  the  Far  East.  For  the  most  part  we  have  been  silent  on- 
lookers, considerably  stirred  indeed,  but,  on  the  whole,  passive 
spectators.  Our  mental  and  emotional  attitudes,  especially 
toward  Japan,  have  been  deeply  affected.  The  outlook  for  the 
decades  ahead  is  by  no  means  reassuring.  The  need  is  greater 
today  than  it  ever  has  been  that  the  problems  of  America's  re- 
lations with  the  Far  East  should  be  thoroughly  studied  and 
widely  understood  and  especially  that  their  solution  should  be 
sought  from  the  standpoint  of  Christian  principles  and  Chris- 
tian ideals. 

For  there  is  no  possible  solution  for  these  vast  and  terrifying 
world  race-problems  other  than  the  Christian  solution.  Truth- 
fulness, goodwill,  fair  dealing,  justice  and  courtesy  between 
nations  and  races  can  alone  turn  aside  the  fearful  possibilities 
that  clearly  lie  across  our  pathway.  Christian  principles  and 
especially  Christian  deeds  can  alone  bring  in  the  longed-for 
golden  age,  when  nations  shall  learn  war  no  more. 

When  this  Commission  was  established  in  December,  1914, 
it  was  entitled,  "The  Commission  on  Relations  with  Japan." 
Experience  soon  showed  the  need  of  enlarging  its  scope  and 
increasing  its  membership.  Action  to  this  effect  was  taken  by 
the  Council  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  in  1916.  This  Com- 
mission, therefore,  has  been  functioning  in  its  present  form 
for  four  years. 

The  members  of  this  Commission  have  been  selected  with 
a  view  to  securing  representatives  of  Christian  interests  op- 
erating in  China,  Japan  and  Korea,  of  the  different  sections 
of  the  United  States,  and  also  of  the  different  constituent 
bodies  of  the  Council.  At  the  same  time  effort  has  been  made 
to  keep  the  whole  number  within  moderate  limits.  Members 
living  in  New  York  City  constitute  the  Executive  Committee. 

We  necessarily  place  in  the  forefront  of  this  report : 

A  General  Survey  of 

America's  Relations  with  the  Far  East 

(1916-1920) 

History  has  a  most  inconvenient  habit  of  mingling  political, 
economic,  social,  moral  and  religious  movements.  This  is  why 
history  is  so  difficult  to  understand.     Students,  and  especially 


168         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

casual  observers,  too  often  fail  to  see  the  intricate  interplay 
of  the  multitudinous  factors  at  work.  They  accordingly  de- 
scribe what  they  see  in  terms  that  are  too  few,  too  simple  and 
too  superficial.  Alleged  news,  moreover,  is  oftentimes  in  fact 
subtle  propaganda,  seeking  to  shape  popular  opinion  for  pre- 
determined ends.  These  considerations  are  especially  appli- 
cable to  America's  relations  with  China  and  Japan.  And  still 
further,  the  average  American  reader  desires  to  secure  in  a 
brief  paragraph,  or  at  least  in  a  single  page,  a  full  statement 
of  America's  relations  with  Japan.  He  wants  to  know  in  a 
single  sentence  whether  or  not  Japan  is  playing  fair  with  the 
world.  Is  or  is  not  Japan  a  menace  to  America?  He  is  im- 
patient with  ifs  and  buts.  He  wants  black  or  white,  an  un- 
equivocal indictment  or  a  complete  acquittal  and  he  wants  it 
quick.  Any  writer,  who,  without  too  obvious  a  disregard  of 
the  facts,  can  pen  brilliant  sentences  and  state  the  situation  in 
a  few  simple  terms  and  with  lurid  outlook,  easily  catches  the 
mind  of  our  people. 

Whoever,  therefore,  would  know  the  real  facts  and  under- 
stand the  real  situation,  must  be  ever  on  his  guard  against 
over-simplification  of  the  question  and  especially  against  sweep- 
ing generalizations,  plausible  propaganda  and  confident  proph- 
ecies. However  brilliant  the  writer  may  be,  nay,  in  propor- 
tion as  he  is  brilliant,  is  he  to  be  watched. 

The  Problem  of  the  Japanese  in  California 

The  American-Japanese  problem  has  passed  through  four 
distinct  periods. 

1.  From  1880  to  1900.  Japanese  laborers  were  induced  to 
come  to  California  in  the  eighties  in  orders  to  fill  the  gap  made 
by  dirrtinishing  Chinese  labor.  Not  until  late  in  the  nineties, 
however,  did  the  annual  arrivals  pass  the  two  thousand  mark. 
The  first  period  was  free  from  race  feeling  or  opposition. 

2.  From  1900  to  1907.  One  of  the  consequences  of  the 
American-Spanish  war  was  our  annexation  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  In  the  Organic  Act  of  annexation  we  required  the 
abrogation  of  all  peon  labor  contracts.  This  set  free  thou- 
sands of  Asiatic  laborers.  Ten  thousand  Japanese  young 
men  landed  in  San  Francisco  in  1900.  This  began  the  trouble 
and  the  new  period.  Large  immigration  direct  from  Japan 
soon  sprang  up,  stimulated  by  steamship  and  immigration 
companies.  In  1907  it  amounted  to  30,226  (including  immi- 
grants to  Hawaii). 

Throughout  those  years  there  was  growing  opposition  in 
California.  When  it  became  evident  that  something  must  be 
done,  in  order  to  forestall  legislation  against  the  Japanese 
like  that  against  the  Chinese,  the  Japanese  Government  agreed 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  169 

to  stop  all  new  Japanese  labor  immigration  to  America.  This 
is  the  now  famous  Gentlemen's  Agreement.  It  was  made  in 
1907  but  did  not  get  into  full  operation  until  toward  the  end 
of  the  year.  Immigration  fell  at  once.  For  five  years  more 
Japanese  were  leaving  yearly  than  were  entering  the  United 
States.  Between  July  1,  1908,  and  June  30,  1920,  the  total 
increase  of  Japanese  population  in  Continental  United  States 
by  arrivals  over  departures  was  12,174.  This  includes  not  only 
wives  and  children  who  came  to  join  husbands  and  parents, 
but  also  large  numbers  of  merchants  and  clerks,  whose  number 
has  greatly  increased  because  of  the  phenomenal  increase  in 
trade  between  America  and  Japan. 

3,  From  1907  to  1913.  In  the  two  earlier  periods,  Japanese 
in  America  were  chiefly  day  laborers  in  general  competition 
with  American  labor.  Because  Japanese  under-lived,  under- 
bid and  outworked  their  white  competitors,  American  labor 
developed  opposition.  They  were,  however,  much  sought  after 
by  American  planters,  especially  by  owners  of  large  estates. 
Japanese  were  convenient  migratory  hands,  diligent,  patient, 
sober,  on  the  whole  reliable  and  out  of  the  way  as  soon  as  the 
work  was  over. 

Japanese,  however,  ere  long  began  to  understand  the  eco- 
nomic opportunities.  They  saw  the  great  profits  that  would 
be  theirs  in  cultivating  the  land  on  their  own  account.  They 
began  to  lease  small  patches  for  short  periods  or  to  take  it 
on  crop-contracts.  By  their  intensive  work  they  reaped  large 
rewards.  Some  began  to  purchase  agricultural  land  in  fee 
simple.  This  it  was  that  was  made  the  occasion  for  the  second 
wave  of  anti- Japanese  agitation  and  the  crisis  which  culmi- 
nated in  1913.  A  land  law  was  enacted,  forbidding  the  sale 
to  aliens  ineligible  for  American  citizenship  of  any  agricul- 
tural lands  whatsoever  and  also  forbidding  its  lease  to  such 
aliens  for  more  than  three  years.  At  the  time  of  the  passage 
of  that  law,  Japanese  individuals  owned  26,988  acres  all  told, 
which  was  two-tenths  of  one  per  cent.  (.0023)  of  the  culti- 
vated area  of  the  State.  But  they  also  cultivated  nearly 
200,000  acres  more  on  lease  and  crop-contracts. 

4.  From  1913  to  1920.  Spurred  by  the  great  economic  ad- 
vantages of  cultivating  their  own  land,  Japanese  sought  ways 
of  ownership  not  forbidden  by  the  new  law.  They  soon  found 
that  they  could  form  American  corporations  using  the  names 
of  their  American  born  children  (being  American  citizens) 
and  in  the  names  of  these  corporations  they  could  purchase 
and  lease  land.  This  accordingly  they  began  to  do.  By  the 
end  of  1919  these  corporations  had  purchased  an  additional 
47,871  acres.  They  were  also  cultivating  on  lease  and  on  crop- 
contracts  383,287  acres. 

Moreover,  after  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement  went  into  ef- 


170        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

feet,  many  Japanese  men,  already  in  America,  began  to  desire 
to  remain  here  permanently.  Those  accordingly  who  were 
already  married  began  to  send  for  their  wives  and  children, 
while  those  who  were  not  married  began  to  secure  wives 
through  their  parents  in  Japan  (so-called  "picture  brides"). 
During  the  years  since  the  Gentlemen's  Agreement  went  into 
full  operation  (July  1,  1907-June  30,  1920)  although  16,073 
more  Japanese  men  left  America  (including  Hawaii)  than  en- 
tered, yet  35,381  more  women  entered  than  left.  As  for  Con- 
tinental United  States,  while  28,115  wives  and  14,712  children 
have  come  to  us,  the  total  increase  by  excess  of  admittances 
over  departures  during  this  period  has  been,  as  given  above, 
12,174.  Japanese  travelers,  merchants,  students,  government 
officials  and  the  like  were  admitted  to  the  extent  of  14,546. 
It  is  important,  however,  to  note  that  during  the  past  ten 
years  the  population  of  the  State  of  California,  according  to 
the  United  States  Census,  has  increased  by  1,049,312.  while 
the  Japanese  population  has  increased  by  about  28,838,  only 
3.6  per  cent,  of  the  whole  increase.  These  facts  are  ignored 
by  agitators. 

The  development  in  California  of  so  many  Japanese  homes, 
with  the  natural  increase  in  Japanese  children  from  one  and 
two  hundred  a  year  in  1906  and  1907  to  more  than  four  thou- 
sand each  year  since  1917,  together  with  the  purchase  of 
land  by  ways  regarded  in  California  as  evading  the  purpose 
and  spirit  of  the  law,  has  been  the  occasion  for  the  new 
agitation. 

Politicians  have  found  in  this  situation  an  opportunity  for 
creating  strong  anti-Japanese  feeling  and  of  capitalizing  it  for 
their  personal  and  party  interests.  Highly  exaggerated  and 
sensational  accounts  have  been  widely  circulated,  asserting  an 
ominous  Japanese  birthrate,  bound  in  the  very  near  future  to 
swamp  the  white  race.  The  Japanese  Government  has  been 
charged  with  duplicity  and  crafty  plans  for  acquisition  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  people  of  California  were  duly  influenced 
and  on  November  2,  1920,  the  drastic  legislative  program 
proposed  by  the  agitators  was  adopted. 

It  forbids  not  only  the  sale  of  agricultural  land  to  Japanese 
in  any  form  whatsoever,  unless  that  right  is  granted  by  treaty, 
but  it  also  forbids  all  leases,  including  crop-contract  leases. 
Guardians  of  minor  Japanese  children  (American  citizens)  in 
whose  names  their  parents  may  purchase  land  or  make  leases 
must  be  American  citizens  appointed  by  the  courts. 

No  Japanese  or  Chinese  may  hereafter  purchase  shares  or 
stock  in  any  company,  association  or  corporation  entitled  to 
hold  or  acquire  agricultural  land.  Opportunity  for  invest- 
ments by  Asiatics  is  thus  greatly  curtailed. 

This  initiative  land  law  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  668,483  to 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  171 

222,086  against.  The  size  of  the  negative  vote  is  a  surprise, 
for  the  Governor  and  the  principal  parties,  candidates  and 
papers  all  supported  the  law.  Several  strong  groups,  however, 
were  formed  shortly  before  the  election.  They  published 
opposition  pamphlets  and  placed  in  the  advertising  columns  of 
most  of  the  papers  throughout  the  state  for  two  or  three  days 
before  the  election  powerful  reasons  for  voting  "no"  on  the 
referendum. 

Congress  will  no  doubt  regard  the  California  vote  as  con- 
stituting a  mandate  for  some  positive  federal  law  specifically 
and  completely  stopping  Japanese  immigration.  Two  propo- 
sals are  already  before  it.  The  bills  introduced  by  Senator 
Phelan  and  Congressman  Lee  propose  to  amend  the  present 
geographical  zone  exclusion  section  so  as  to  cover  Japan. 
Governor  Stephens  proposes  the  enactment  of  laws  similar 
to  the  present  laws  dealing  with  the  immigration  to  and  treat- 
ment of  Chinese  in  the  United  States.  If  either  course  is 
followed  we  may  expect  increased  tension  between  America 
and  Japan. 

Anti-Japanese  agitators  also  propose  to  amend  the  Federal 
Constitution  so  as  to  deny  American  citizenship  to  American- 
born  Asiatics.  Bills  to  this  effect  have  already  been  intro- 
duced in  both  Houses  of  Congress. 

Four  Important  Factors 

For  an  adequate  understanding  of  the  American,  and  es- 
pecially of  the  Calif ornian,  state  of  mind  in  regard  to  the 
Japanese  situation,  several  international  factors  demand  our 
attention. 

The  Shantung  Question 

Japan's  dealings  with  China  have  had  profound  influence 
on  American  feelings  toward  Japan.  In  1914  Japan  captured 
Tsingtau  and  took  and  has  kept  virtual  possession  of  the  en- 
tire province  of  Shantung.  In  1915  she  undertook  secret 
negotiations  with  China,  presenting  twenty-one  demands.  In 
its  communication  in  regard  to  this  matter  to  our  Department 
of  State,  Japan's  Foreign  Office  reported  only  fourteen  out  of 
the  twenty-one  demands.  In  May  of  that  year,  after  four 
months  of  diplomatic  negotiations,  she  forced  China  by  an 
ultimatum  to  accept  her  modified  terms.  In  1917  Japan  made 
secret  arrangements  with  Great  Britain,  France,  Italy  and 
Russia  regarding  the  transfer  to  herself,  at  the  anticipated 
victorious  ending  of  the  war,  of  German  rights  in  Shantung. 
These  secret  treaties  became  known  in  America  only  in  con- 
nection with  discussions  of  the  Paris  Peace  Conference. 
Throughout  the  war  period  Japan  exercised  powerful  influence 
on  Chinese  internal  politics  by  the  presence  there  of  her  mili- 
tary forces  and  by  her  financial  loans,  creating  and  supporting 


172         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

the  corrupt,  pro- Japanese  Au-fu  party.  In  1919  at  the  Paris 
Peace  Conference,  after  giving  informal  assurances  that  she 
would  return  to  China  all  German  political  rights  in  Shantung 
in  case  of  their  being  left  to  her  by  the  Council,  the  Versailles 
Treaty  transferred  to  Japan  unconditionally  all  German  rights 
and  possessions  in  that  peninsula.  These  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  were  widely  denounced  in  America  as  absolutely  unfair 
and  humiliating  to  China  and  as  ominous  for  the  whole  world. 
Suspicious  critics  declared  that  Japan  would  never  return 
them.  Japan's  further  proposal  in  Paris  that  the  Covenant  of 
the  League  of  Nations  should  contain  a  clause,  pledging  the 
member-nations  of  the  League  to  the  principle  of  equality  in 
race  treatment,  was  generally  misunderstood  and  misrepre- 
sented as  a  subtle  effort  to  secure  freedom  for  Japanese  im- 
migration to  white  men's  lands. 

When  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  came  before  our  American 
Congress  in  1919,  nothing  evoked  such  universal  condemnation 
there  and  throughout  the  country  as  the  clauses  of  the  Treaty 
dealing  with  Japan's  acquisition  of  German  rights  in  Shant*ung. 
While  violent  expressions  of  that  sympathy  and  indignation 
were  often  due  to  the  desire  of  certain  elements  in  and  out 
of  Congress  to  defeat  President  Wilson  and  the  League,  that 
sympathy  and  indignation  were  also  widely  felt  and  expressed 
by  friends  of  President  Wilson  and  of  the  League. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  during  the  entire  period  of 
the  war,  Americans  as  a  whole  watched  Japan's  procedures 
with  deepening  feelings  of  sympathy  for  China  and  with  grow- 
ing suspicion  and  indignation  against  Japan.  This  widespread 
mistrust,  whether  right  or  wrong,  of  Japan's  political  and 
military  doings  and  alleged  ambitions  in  China,  has  been  one 
of  the  potent  factors  in  the  American- Japanese  question.  It 
has  not  yet  spent  its  force. 

The  Korean  Question 

To  prevent  the  domination  of  Korea  by  China  and  Russia, 
Japan  fought  two  wars,  that  with  China  in  1894  and  that  with 
Russia  in  1904.  In  1910  Japan  annexed  Korea,  making  it  a 
part  of  her  Empire.  In  this  act,  every  nation,  including  the 
United  States,  acquiesced  without  a  word  of  protest. 

Japan  forthwith  entered  on  a  course  of  strenuous  efforts  to 
promote  the  assimilation  of  the  Korean  people.  In  many  re- 
spects the  Japanese  administration  of  the  government  and  her 
development  of  the  resources  were  admirable.  But  in  March, 
1919,  a  remarkable  movement  began  in  Seoul,  rapidly  spread- 
ing throughout  the  Empire,  demanding  complete  independence. 
Japanese  police,  gendarmes  and  soldiers  exercised  their  power 
in  brutal  fashion  to  repress  the  demonstrations,  largely  in  vain. 
A  tragedy  of  vast  proportions  rapidly  developed  which  in  due 
time  received  the  fullest  publicity  in  America.    This  gave  fresh 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  173 

impetus  to  the  American  suspicions  of  and  indignation  against 
Japan. 

Neither  in  this  case  nor  in  that  of  the  Shantung  question 
was  the  American  press  or  people  patient  with  efforts  of  writ- 
ers or  speakers  to  explain  or  to  understand  the  Far  Eastern 
situation  in  the  light  of  the  decades  of  preceding  history. 
Japan  in  truth  has  not  been  the  only  sinner.  Russia,  Germany, 
France,  Great  Britain,  China  and  Korea  as  well  as  Japan  had 
all  been  playing  their  political  games.  Intrigue,  secret  treaties, 
bribes,  blufifs,  threats,  ultimatums,  military  and  naval  prepara- 
tions and  occasional  fighting — all  the  nations  had  used  these 
methods.  In  full  justice  to  Japan  much  must  be  said  in  her 
defense  and  much  also  must  be  said  in  condemnation  of  each 
of  the  great  predatory  powers  of  Europe. 

Japan's  extraordinary  and  highly  hopeful  liberal  movement 
during  the  two  decades  between  1870  and  1890  was  checked 
and  reversed  by  the  ominous  procedures  of  Germany  in  Shan- 
tung, of  Russia  in  Siberia,  Manchuria,  Korea  and  Mongolia,  of 
England  in  Central  and  South  China  and  of  France  in  South 
China.  China  and  Korea  themselves,  moreover,  have  not  been 
altogether  without  blame.  Japan's  rapidly  developed  army  and 
navy  alone  saved  her  life  from  the  aggressive  Russian  Bear. 
Moreover,  it  was  not  until  a  year  after  America  entered  the 
war  that  it  was  at  all  certain  that  Prussian  militaristic  im- 
perialism might  not  win  and  dominate  the  whole  world.  Japan 
has  throughout  the  recent  decades  conducted  her  national  poli- 
cies in  the  light  of  these  conditions  and  contingencies. 

But  American  writers  and  readers  want  to  see  things  simple, 
as  either  black  or  white.  Japan  is  now  the  popular  scapegoat 
on  which  to  lay  the  sins  of  the  nations  in  the  Orient.  The 
result,  moreover,  is  an  unreasoning  emotional  state  of  mind 
in  America  that  is  cause  for  grave  anxiety. 

The  Siberian  Question 

Japan's  relations  with  Russia  and  Siberia  have  constituted 
another  factor  disturbing  American  feeling  toward  Japan. 
The  double-dealing  of  the  Japanese  General  Staff  in  secretly 
dispatching  to  Siberia  forces  far  in  excess  of  those  agreed  on 
by  the  Governments  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
together  with  the  extraordinary  amount  of  friction  that  de- 
veloped between  American  and  Japanese  troops  in  Siberia, 
has  had  disastrous  effects. 

The  Presidential  Campaign  of  1920 

It  is  deeply  to  be  regretted  that  international  relations  should 
be  embittered  in  the  interest  of  local  politics.  Such,  however, 
is  undoubtedly  the  case.  Parties  and  candidates  must  have  is- 
sues to  debate  and  policies  to  advocate.  The  people  must  be 
interested  to  vote  for  this  man  or  that  party. 


174        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Brief  reference  must  be  made  to  four  principal  events  in 
this  campaign,  so  far  as  it  affects  the  American-Japanese 
question. 

( 1 )  The  campaign  was  opened  in  Congress  by  the  introduc- 
tion in  both  Senate  and  House  of  several  anti- Japanese  bills, 
already  referred  to.  In  California  the  campaign  began  with 
the  formation  of  the  Oriental  Exclusion  League  having  a 
program  of  drastic  legislation  along  many  lines. 

Both  in  Washington  and  especially  in  California  bitter  in- 
sulting speeches  have  been  delivered,  taking  advantage  of  the 
general  ignorance  and  appealing  to  race-prejudice.  Alleged 
statistics  have  been  used  that  are  quite  misleading.  The  three 
factors  referred  to  above,  creating  American  mistrust  of 
Japan,  have  been  skillfully  utilized.  This  campaign  has  been 
steadily  poisoning  the  American  mind  throughout  our  land 
making  increasingly  difficult  the  enactment  of  legislation  af- 
fecting Japanese  in  this  country,  based  on  justice  and  good- 
will. 

(2)  In  the  fall  of  1919  effort  was  made  by  Californian  poli- 
ticians to  have  Governor  Stephens  call  a  special  session  of  the 
California  State  Legislature  to  enact  at  once  the  legislation 
demanded.  The  Governor,  to  his  credit  be  it  said,  declined 
to  do  so,  stating  that  before  action  the  Report  of  the  State 
Board  of  Control  on  the  Oriental  in  California  should  be  re- 
ceived.   This  Report  was  finally  made  public  in  June,  1920. 

The  Governor  transmitted  it  to  Secretary  of  State  Colby 
with  a  covering  letter  in  which  he  affirmed  that  the  Japanese 
question  cannot  be  solved  by  any  legislation  that  California 
can  lawfully  enact ;  that  it  is  a  national  question ;  that  for  its 
solution  a  new  treaty  should  be  negotiated  and  suitable  laws 
should  be  enacted  by  Congress.  He  brushed  aside  all  economic 
questions  and  asserted  that  the  real  question  is  racial.  He  was 
careful  to  state  that,  while  racial,  it  is  not  one  of  superiority 
and  inferiority  but  entirely  one  of  difference.  He  called  for 
complete  and  absolute  exclusion  of  Japanese  immigration. 

(3)  The  House  Committee  on  Immigration  held  hearings 
on  the  Japanese  question  in  California  and  Washington  in 
the  month  of  July.  The  attitude  of  the  Committee  is  reported 
as  having  been  fair  and  judicial.  The  sensational  sections  of 
the  press,  however,  naturally  reported  the  sensational  features 
of  the  hearings,  serving  further  to  inflame  the  feelings  of  the 
public. 

(4)  Both  the  principal  political  parties,  by  their  platforms, 
by  the  speeches  of  the  various  candidates  for  state  and  national 
offices,  and  especially  by  the  public  utterances  of  their  presi- 
dential candidates,  have  vied  with  each  other  in  their  anti- 
Japanese  attitudes,  seeking  thereby  to  win  the  vote  of  the  state. 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND  COMMITTEES  175 

The  political  situation  as  regards  the  Japanese  question  closely 
parallels  the  procedure  forty  years  ago  by  which  Republicians 
and  Democrats  alike  repeatedly  bid  for  the  vote  of  California 
by  developing  and  then  by  appealing  to  anti-Chinese  feelings. 
The  result  was  the  enactment  of  anti-Chinese  legislation 
humiliating  to  the  Chinese  and  shameful  for  us,  that  still 
stands  on  our  statute  books,  some  of  it  declared  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to  contravene  our  treaties 
with  China. 

Reactions  in  Japan 

Each  period  of  anti-Japanese  agitation  and  legislation  in 
America  has  naturally  called  forth  a  corresponding  anti-Amer- 
ican reaction  in  Japan,  the  intensity  there  closely  responding 
to  the  intensity  here.  From  1907  until  1917  in  both  countries 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  German  propaganda  was  at 
work,  taking  advantage  of  every  opportunity  to  alienate  us,  in 
spite  of  the  remarkable  friendship  that  had  existed  for  half  a 
century.  Germany's  world  ambitions  would  have  been  much 
furthered  if  America  and  Japan  could  have  been  brought  into 
armed  collision.  The  famous  "Yellow  Peril"  cartoon  by  Em- 
peror William,  together  with  numberless  articles  in  the  daily 
press  and  monthly  magazines  steadily  for  many  years,  culti- 
vated the  opinion  that  war  between  America  and  Japan  is 
inevitable.    This  is  now  a  "fixed  idea"  held  by  not  a  few. 

When  the  second  crisis  was  reached  (May,  1913)  many 
confidently  believed  that  war  was  imminent.  A  false  cable- 
gram announced  in  America  that  a  mob  of  20,000  Japanese 
was  clamoring  for  war  with  America.  American  forces  in  the 
Philippines  were  suddenly  mobilized  and  held  for  weeks  in 
expectation  of  a  Japanese  attack.  Americans  in  Japan  were 
so  deeply  concerned  that  letters  and  cablegrams  were  sent  to 
California  and  to  many  influential  personages,  urging  that  Cal- 
ifornia be  persuaded  not  to  pass  the  proposed  drastic  law. 
Secretary  Bryan  went  to  California  to  dissuade  and  mediate, 
but  the  State  Legislature  passed  the  bill  and  Governor  Johnson 
signed  it,  though  both  believed  that  possibly  it  might  mean  war. 

In  December,  1919,  when  the  Japanese  Government  realized 
how  strong  was  the  rising  flood  of  anti-Japanese  feeling,  in 
the  hopes  of  allaying  the  agitation,  it  announced  that  passports 
for  "picture  brides"  would  not  be  granted  after  February, 
1920.  This  has  apparently  availed  nothing  so  far  as  allaying 
the  agitation  is  concerned. 

In  each  period  of  tension  the  Japanese  press  has  teemed 
with  bitter  denunciations  of  America's  Christian  professions 
and  un-Christian  practices.  Since  July  of  this  year  a  fresh 
outburst  of  anti-American  articles  and  speeches  has  fanned 
Japanese  indignation  into  intense  activity. 

"It  is  absolutely  impossible,"  writes  the  Editor  of  the  Niroku 


176        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

in  September,  1920,  "for  the  Japanese  to  submit  to  the  unjust 
and  inhuman  action  of  California.  .  .  .  The  ill  feeling 
against  America  created  in  the  minds  of  the  Japanese  will  be 
indelible.  ...  If  the  peace  of  the  world  is  stained  by  blood, 
Calif ornians  should  remember  that  the  responsibility  for  it  will 
devolve  upon  themselves.  ...  To  exclude  Japanese  immi- 
grants for  their  industry  is  clearly  a  massacre-like  act  against 
the  Japanese." 

The  Osaka  Asahi,  writing  during  the  same  week,  says  in  a 
lengthy  editorial,  "The  latest  (anti- Japanese)  agitation  is  more 
drastic  than  anything  before.  It  goes  without  saying  that  it 
is  contrary  to  the  principle  of  justice  and  humanity  and  from 
the  viewpoint  of  a  fair  observer  there  is  not  the  slightest  justi- 
fication for  the  movement." 

The  Yorodzu  editorial  commenting  on  the  negotiations  be- 
tween the  two  Governments  remarks,  among  other  things,  that, 
"if  the  Japanese  Government  overlooks  the  inhuman  agitation 
of  the  Phelanites,  the  Japanese  in  California  will  be  victimized. 
The  matter  is  one  of  life  and  death  to  the  Japanese  race.  .  .  . 
The  question  is  far  graver  than  the  destruction  of  the  Lusi- 
tania  which  enraged  the  Americans."  Returning  to  the  ques- 
tion a  few  days  later,  after  referring  to  the  utterances  of  Sena- 
tor Harding,  Governor  Cox,  the  platforms  of  the  Republican 
and  Democratic  parties,  the  resolutions  of  the  American  Le- 
gion, and  the  "columns  of  slanders  and  vituperations  on  Japan 
and  her  people"  in  the  California  press,  it  asserts  that  "the 
people  of  America  are  determined  to  exclude  the  Japanese  in 
the  same  way  as  the  Chinese  even  at  the  risk  of  war.  Whether 
Japan  likes  it  or  not  the  Americans  are  already  challenging 
Japan  to  war." 

The  Kokumin  declares  (September  29)  that  "the  California 
question  is  a  great  issue  involving  the  fate  of  the  Japanese 
race."  In  an  earlier  article  the  editor,  describing  America's 
post-war  state  of  mind  said,  that  the  great  war  had  made 
America  an  "enfant  terrible  of  the  first  order." 

The  Tokyo  Nichi  Nichi  declares  that  "Japan  wants  nothing 
but  equal  treatment  with  the  whites.  .  .  .  The  anti-Japanese 
agitation  in  America  is  primarily  due  to  race  prejudice.  .  .  . 
Japan  and  America  should  endeavor  to  rectify  the  discrimina- 
tory treatment  to  which  Japanese  have  been  subjected.  .  .  . 
We  may  put  up  with  material  losses,  but  it  is  impossible  for 
even  the  patient  Japanese  to  tolerate  the  impairment  of  their 
national  honor." 

The  anti- American  agitation  in  Japan  became  so  intense  in 
late  September  and  October  that  many  cablegrams  were  given 
on  the  first  pages  of  our  principal  papers,  in  many  cases  with 
startling  headlines.  Talk  of  war  was  renewed,  especially  in 
the  headlines.    The  most  eminent  Japanese  have  been  taking 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  177 

part,  some  of  them  seeking  to  promote  and  some  to  allay  the 
irritation.  Marquis  Okuma,  according  to  a  cable  of  September 
29,  was  arranging  for  a  meeting  of  a  hundred  leaders  "with 
the  object  of  arousing  public  opinion  .  .  .  against  the  un- 
lawful attitude  of  Calif ornian  Americans."  This  statement 
was  later  denied  as  being  based  on  a  falsified  interview,  but 
the  denial  was  not  cabled  to  America. 

Baron  Goto  (October  6)  seeking  to  allay  the  agitation  called 
it  "merely  a  phase  of  the  Presidential  election.  .  .  .  The^ 
people  must  remain  cool  and  refuse  to  permit  the  vote-catching 
politicians  of  either  country  to  stampede  them.  .  .  .  The 
problem  must  be  settled  honorably  on  both  sides,  and  the 
Japanese  must  appeal  to  the  sense  of  honor  and  justice  of 
America." 

Mr.  Hayashi,  addressing  (October  5)  the  Seiyukai  (the 
majority  party)  said,  "We  must  do  our  best  and  ask  the 
American  people  to  think  in  ways  of  humanity  and  justice 
and  in  conformity  with  the  moral  obligations  and  friendship 
of  the  two  countries." 

So  anxious  did  Americans  in  Japan  become  that  they  cabled 
(October  6)  the  following  joint  resolution  to  Secretary  of 
State  Colby: 

"We,  the  American  Associations  of  Yokohama  and  Tokio,  in  a 
conference  definitely  representing  all  American  interests  in  Japan, 
business,  missionary  and  professional,  have  resolved  to  acquaint 
our  countrymen  with  the  intense  feeling  aroused  throughout  Japan 
by  the  present  action  in  California,  threatening  the  destruction  of 
the  traditional  friendship  and  a  future  estrangement  between  the  two 
peoples.  We  earnestly  beg  our  countrymen  to  act  with  sober  delib- 
eration and  patience,  trusting  the  respective  governments  to  find  a 
solution  satisfactory  and  effective,  without  affronting  Japan  or  sacri- 
ficing the  principles  of  equity  on  either  hand." 

On  the  other  hand,  in  fairness  to  Japan  we  should  also  note 
that  in  Japan  as  in  America  there  are  editors  who  are  keeping 
cool  heads  and  giving  wise  counsel.  They  see  and  state  the 
facts  about  as  they  are.  The  Osaka  Mainichi  (August  8)  ex- 
presses the  hope  that  "the  question  will  be  approached  and 
settled  in  a  spirit  of  coolness  and  justice.  It  is  undesirable 
for  either  country  to  go  to  war  over  such  a  question."  "Amer- 
icans," says  the  Tokyo  Nichinichi  (September  30),  "are  apt 
to  get  excited  in  the  general  elections,  and  such  a  time  is  not 
opportune  for  taking  action  on  the  Californian  bill.  It  is  not 
too  late  to  consider  the  matter  after  the  general  elections." 

Early  in  October  a  representative  Japanese  group  in  Cali- 
fornia cabled  to  Japan  urging  calmness  and  avoidance  of 
rash  words  or  deeds  in  spite  of  the  anticipated  passage  of 
the  referendum.  This  message  from  California  was  scorned 
and  ridiculed  by  some  of  the  papers  and  commended  by 
others.     Impartial  Americans  recognize  that  the  Japanese  in 


178        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

California  have  carried  themselves  with  dignity  and  good 
sense  during  a  trying  time. 

Many  Japanese  papers  agree  that  immigration  to  America 
will  be  and  may  well  be  absolutely  stopped.  What  they  are 
indignant  about  is  the  drastic  differential  treatment  to  which 
the  Japanese  lawfully  in  California  are  to  be  subjected — which 
to  them  is  an  intolerable  himiiliation. 

"In  Japan,"  remarks  the  Osaka  Asahi  (September  24), 
"much  misguided  speculation  is  being  indulged  in,  owing  to 
the  difficulty  of  ascertaining  the  real  facts.  .  .  .  This  prob- 
lem can  be  settled  only  by  the  awakening  of  the  Americans 
and  the  forbearance  of  the  Japanese."  After  describing  the 
proposed  referendum  law,  it  goes  on:  "Its  provisions  are  by 
no  means  radical.  .  .  .  The  position  of  the  Japanese  in 
America  deserves  deep  sympathy,  but  such  being  the  case,  we 
can  only  hope  that  they  will  endeavor  to  promote  their  inter- 
ests within  the  scope  allowed  by  the  American  law." 

These  quotations  give  some  indication  of  the  lamentable  in- 
ternational tension  developed  in  Japan.  It  is  evident  from 
scores  of  articles  in  both  the  California  and  the  Japanese  press 
that  on  neither  side  of  the  Pacific  is  there  an  adequate  general 
understanding  of  the  case.  Few  papers  and  few  politicians 
present  the  facts  fairly,  adequately  or  impartially.  Each  side 
sees  bogies;  most  writers  are  eager  to  capitalize  the  situation 
in  some  way  for  his  party  or  personal  interest. 

Japanese  and  American  Naval  Programs 

Lowering  clouds  are  on  the  horizon  due  to  the  naval  pro- 
grams of  America  and  Japan.  American  papers  announced 
with  strident  headlines  the  declarations  of  Secretary  Daniels 
as  to  making  the  American  navy  "second  to  none."  According 
to  our  present  program  by  1923  it  will  in  fact  be  the  strongest 
navy  in  the  world.  The  transference  to  the  Pacific  of  a  large 
squadron  was  also  duly  noted  by  the  press.  No  thoughtful 
student  of  international  relations  can  fail  to  see  what  im- 
pressions such  facts  and  such  a  spirit  must  make  on  Japan. 
In  this  brief  survey  of  the  international  situation  we  can  quote 
from  only  two  statements  in  the  Japanese  press*  The  article 
(Osaka  Asahi,  September  10)  is  long,  thoughtful  and  moder- 
ate. "While  the  question  of  military  disarmanent  is  complex, 
that  of  naval  disarmament  is  very  simple.  .  .  .  For  practical 
purposes  therefore  Great  Britain,  America  and  Japan  are  to- 
day the  only  naval  powers  of  the  world.  .  .  .  We  all  know 
that  Americans  love  to  be  the  greatest  in  the  world  in  every- 
thing. If  warships  are  to  be  merely  decorations,  Mr.  Daniels* 
*second-to-none'  navy  will  constitute  a  great  national  adorn- 
ment. .  .  .  But  the  policy  of  the  United  States  Secretary 
of  Navy  has  indescribably  affected  Japan.   .    .    .   When  there  is 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  179 

no  further  need  of  discussion,  the  Japanese  silently  set  about 
doing.  .  .  .  There  is  nothing  strange  in  the  fact  that  the  naval 
extension  bill  (calling  for  over  yen  600,CXX),0(X))  was  passed 
by  the  Diet  without  a  single  dissenting  voice  or  even  an  inter- 
pellation. The  military  menace  from  America  has  produced 
such  a  strong  impression  on  the  minds  of  our  people.  As  we 
have  often  said,  it  is  difficult  for  the  majority  of  the  Japanese 
to  regard  America  as  a  particularly  peace-loving  country.  .  .  . 
Most  international  disputes  arise  from  misunderstandings  and 
we  wonder  if  Japan  and  America  are  exceptions  to  this  rule. 
.  .  .  The  launching  of  great  naval  extension  programs  in 
Japan  and  in  America  is  not  the  way  to  insure  the  peace  of 
the  world."  The  article  concludes  with  the  suggestion  that  the 
Japanese  Government  should  propose  to  Great  Britain  and 
America  a  conference  with  a  view  to  retrenchment  in  naval 
programs. 

On  September  30,  the  same  paper  in  another  careful  and 
moderate  article  again  returns  to  the  question  of  a  rival  pro- 
gram in  the  naval  developments  of  America  and  Japan.  "There 
is  not  much  difference  between  Japan  and  America  in  that 
imperialists  exist  in  both  countries.  .  .  .  Progressive  men 
should  not  forget  that  the  militarists  of  Japan  and  foreign 
countries  are  alike  enemies  to  them.  Nor  should  it  be  for- 
gotten that  there  are  influential  progressivists  in  America  and 
that  they  are  espousing  the  cause  of  peace.  If  an  excuse  is 
given  to  the  militarists,  it  may  lead  to  an  unnecessary  naval 
race  between  Japan  and  America,  and  will  this  not  involve  the 
two  countries  in  consequences  which  were  not  even  dreamed 
of  at  the  outset?  Except  a  very  few  fanatics,  no  one  in  this 
country  dreams  of  a  Japanese- American  War,  but  all  must 
recognize  that  the  danger  of  such  a  contingency  is  already 
brewing.  Nothing  is  more  foolish  than  to  make  Japan  and 
America  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  Great  Britain  and  Ger- 
many." 

Will  American  Christians  have  anything  worth  while  to  say 
about  our  national  military  and  naval  policies? 

Liberalism  in  Japan 

Japan  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  ardently  militaristic  and 
imperialistic — ^the  Prussia  of  the  Orient.  There  is  a  sense  in 
which  there  is  some  justification  for  this  view.  Those  who 
urge  it,  however,  as  a  rule  neither  understand  nor  correctly 
represent  Japan.  When  her  leaders  discovered  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  last  century  the  predatory  character  and  policies 
of  the  major  nations  of  Europe  they  realized  that  their  only 
hope  of  safety  in  the  militarized  world  was  to  play  the  game 
as  they  played  it.  Japan  then  began  to  develop  her  army  and 
her  navy,  learning  from  Germany,  England  and  France.     It 


180        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

was  because  of  her  success  in  adopting  European  military 
organization  and  equipment  that  she  was  able  to  stop  the  Rus- 
sian flood,  saving  herself  and  incidentally  Qiina  and  Korea 
from  complete  domination  and  virtual  annexation  by  Europe. 

When  the  great  war  came  on,  Japan  saw  her  opportunity 
to  get  even  with  her  European  competitors  in  the  game  of 
grab.  Imperial  ambitions  took  possession  of  her  principal 
leaders.  Her  liberals  were  pushed  into  the  background.  For 
four  years  it  looked  as  though  mere  brute  force  would  be 
triumphant  throughout  the  world,  as  though  right  could  be 
ignored  with  impunity. 

Then  America  entered  the  war.  A  new  alignment  of  forces 
took  place.  Ideals  moved  to  the  front.  Right  displaced  might. 
Might  must  be  used  only  to  establish  right.  The  faint-hearted 
and  the  weak  gained  new  courage  and  new  power.  Prussia's 
tyrannical  military  machine  quailed,  faltered  and  then  suffered 
crushing  defeat  on  the  blood-soaked  fields  of  Flanders. 

These  amazing  facts  in  the  Occident  had  mighty  conse- 
quences in  the  Orient.  The  Korean  uprising  was  not  its  only 
effect.  In  Japan,  liberals  gained  new  life.  The  nation  was 
startled  with  anxious  questions.  What  does  it  mean  that  well- 
nigh  omnipotent,  imperial  governments,  Russia,  Austria,  Ger- 
many, totter  and  fall,  while  ill  organized  and  badly  governed 
democracies  can  somehow  pull  through  and  conquer  in  the 
most  colossal  war  of  history  ?  What  does  it  mean  that  pacifist 
America  can  suddenly  be  aflame  with  martial  zeal,  put  on  her 
newly  forged  armor  and  plunge  headlong  into  the  maelstrom 
of  blood  and  fire? 

These  events  set  even  militaristic  and  imperialistic  Japan 
thinking  along  new  lines.  Liberalism  has  in  consequence  been 
sweeping  through  Japan  with  fresh  torrents  of  life.  During 
the  past  three  years,  scores,  nay  hundreds,  of  Japanese  have 
come  to  America  to  study  us,  our  system,  our  sources  of  moral 
energy  and  our  ideals.  They  find  a  situation  most  confusing. 
We  assert  our  love  of  justice,  humanity  and  democracy,  and 
they  see  many  things  in  harmony  with  these  assertions.  But 
they  also  see  how  we  treat  the  negro  and  they  especially  note 
our  attitude  toward  and  our  laws  dealing  with  Asiatics. 

Shall  liberalism  flourish  and  finally  prevail  in  Japan  ?  That 
depends  largely  on  America.  If  Japanese  receive  just  treat- 
ment at  our  hands,  if  we  place  right  above  might,  goodwill 
and  fair  play  above  selfishness  and  prejudice  in  our  dealings 
with  Japan  and  the  Japanese,  the  liberal  movement  in  Japan 
will  prevail.  If  selfishness,  race  prejudice,  unfair  dealings 
and  humiliating  race  discrimination  are  the  outstanding  facts 
of  America's  relations  with  Japan,  what  chance  will  Japanese 
liberalism  have? 

In  truth  the  only  hope  of  ever  having  a  truly  progressive 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  181 

and  liberal  China  and  Japan,  free  from  the  domination  of 
militaristic  leaders,  depends  on  their  being  able  to  secure  from 
America,  and  the  West  generally,  fair,  just  and  courteous  treat- 
ment, free  from  humiliation,  granted  by  us  merely  because 
these  are  right. 

And  it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  an  Asia  supporting 
large  armies,  for  whatever  reason,  inevitably  means  an  America 
likewise  heavily  armed.  Thus  fateful  are  the  consequences 
of  our  attitude  toward  and  treatment  of  Asiatics. 

Miscellaneous  Factors 

The  foregoing  survey  has  dwelt  only  on  the  more  con- 
spicuous events  and  forces  that  have  been  operating  during 
the  past  few  years.  It  may  be  well,  however,  to  mention  in 
the  briefest  possible  way  a  number  of  other  recent  important 
elements  that  are  having  their  influence  on  the  international 
situation. 

We  should  not  overlook  the  hopeful  situation  which  devel- 
oped during  the  years  1915,  1916,  1917,  1918  and  to  the  spring 
of  1919.  Anti-Japanese  feeling  in  California  was  distinctly 
ebbing  during  the  war.  Japanese  responded  generously  to  the 
successive  financial  drives,  for  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  and  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
for  the  Red  Cross  and  for  the  Liberty  Loans.  Japanese  sub- 
scribed several  millions.  They  also  responded  to  the  appeals 
of  the  State  to  cultivate  all  the  land  and  to  raise  all  the  food 
possible.  Their  response  in  this  direction  has  been  part  of  the 
cause  of  their  undoing;  the  critics  have  attacked  most  bitterly 
the  increase  of  the  land  cultivated  by  Japanese  and  the  large 
proportion  of  the  crops  raised  by  these  ''aliens  ineligible  to  be- 
come citizens."  In  the  spring  of  1919  Californian  politicians 
started  their  1920  campaigns.    At  once  the  horizon  darkened. 

In  the  second  place  we  must  refer  even  though  briefly  to 
the  five  important  American  groups  which  have  visited  Japan 
during  the  present  year,  namely:  (1)  The  International 
Relations  Committee  of  the  San  Francisco  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, headed  by  Mr.  Wallace  Alexander  and  President  Ben- 
jamin Ide  Wheeler;  (2)  Mr.  Lamont  and  his  party  for  the 
promotion  of  the  Bankers  Consortium  to  deal  with  the  re- 
habilitation of  China's  finances;  (3)  The  notable  party  headed 
by  Mr.  Vanderlip,  having  such  other  members  as  Messrs. 
Darwin  P.  Kingsley,  Henry  W.  Taft  and  Lyman  Gage ;  (4) 
The  Congressional  party  consisting  of  several  score  Repre- 
sentatives and  Senators  with  their  wives  and  daughters,  who 
visited  the  Philippines,  China,  Korea  and  Japan  during  the 
months  of  July  and  August;  and  (5)  Delegates  numbering 
about  four  hundred  and  fifty  to  the  World's  Sunday  School 
Convention  held  in  Tokyo  in  the  early  part  of  October.    The 


182         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

influence  of  these  groups  on  America  and  on  the  Orient,  grow- 
ing out  of  their  many  meetings,  social  and  official,  has  not 
yet  had  time  to  appear  but  the  ultimate  effects  cannot  be  slight. 
The  Japanese  press  took  advantage  of  the  presence  of  the 
Sunday  School  delegates  in  Tokyo,  who  were  there  to  press 
home  on  Japanese  leaders  the  excellency  of  Christianity,  to 
discuss  vigorously  the  American- Japanese  question. 

In  an  editorial  entitled,  "The  Convention  should  preach  to 
California,"  the  Kokumin  says:  "It  is  the  Americans  of  Cali- 
fornia who  stand  in  the  greatest  need  of  Christian  philan- 
thropy. .  .  .  Will  not  American  Christians  reconsider  their 
own  attitude?  It  is  the  height  of  brazen  audacity  and  shame- 
lessness  to  preach  Christianity  to  Japan  instead  of  to  Cali- 
fornia." 

Briefest  mention  should  also  be  made  to  the  formation  in 
America  of  about  twenty  local  groups  of  influential  Americans 
taking  the  name  of  "League  of  the  Friends  of  Korea."  Their 
frequent  meetings  are  educating  American  opinion  along  the 
lines  for  which  they  exist. 

A  large  and  an  influential  society  called  the  American-Japan 
Society  has  been  formed  in  Japan.  It  has  begun  the  publica- 
tion of  an  ambitious  magazine  entitled,  "America- Japan." 
Publications  in  America  seeking  to  inform  and  influence  Amer- 
ican opinion  as  to  things  Oriental  are:  The  Japan  Review; 
The  Korea  Review ;  Asia ;  The  Far  Eastern  Fortnightly ;  East 
and  West  News. 

Activities  of  the  Commission 

In  the  foregoing  pages  we  have  sketched  with  utmost  brevity 
the  situation  as  it  has  been  developing  during  the  past  few 
years.  The  activities  of  the  Commission  have  of  course  been 
directed  with  a  view  to  these  conditions.  These  activities  have 
in  the  first  instance  been  carried  on  by  means  of  conferences, 
sometimes  of  the  Commission  by  itself,  sometimes  with  emi- 
nent Japanese,  Chinese  and  Koreans  temporarily  visiting  this 
country,  sometimes  with  missionaries  from  the  Far  East.  At 
times  these  conferences  have  dealt  with  specific  topics  of 
special  interest.  Sometimes  the  purpose  has  been  social,  giving 
welcome  to  visitors  from  those  far  away  lands,  to  let  them 
know  that  American  Christians  are  keenly  interested  in  them 
and  desire  to  promote  right  understandings  of  and  attitudes 
toward  them  on  the  part  of  our  entire  people. 

The  activities  of  the  Commission  also  include  the  publica- 
tion of  pamphlets  bearing  upon  the  relations  with  the  Far 
East  and  the  treatment  of  Asiatics  in  America. 

In  the  fall  of  1916  the  Commission  held  a  large  and  im- 
portant all  day  Conference  on  Oriental  Relations  with  returned 
missionaries  from  the  Far  East,  secretaries  of  mission  boards 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  183 

having  work  in  the  Orient  and  other  Christian  leaders  specially 
interested  in  the  Orient.  Several  significant  resolutions  were 
adopted  which  were  confirmed  by  the  Quadrennial  Meeting 
of  this  Council  and  a  special  committee  was  appointed  to  pre- 
sent them  to  President  Wilson  and  the  Foreign  Relations  Com- 
mittees of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  This 
was  done  in  January,  1917,  the  President  granting  an  inter- 
view lasting  half  an  hour.  The  presentation  to  the  Com- 
mittees of  the  Senate  and  House  proved  of  sufficient  interest 
to  lead  to  their  reconvening  in  the  afternoon  for  continued  con- 
sideration of  the  whole  question  of  American  relations  with 
the  Far  East. 

A  review  of  the  books  and  pamphlets  published  by  the  Com- 
mission from  the  beginning  of  its  work  up  to  the  middle  of 
1917  showed  that  a  total  of  over  seven  million  pages  had  been 
issued.  Information  of  the  work  of  the  Commission  was  sent 
to  important  leaders  in  Japan,  from  many  of  whom  valuable 
replies  were  received  during  the  summer.  These  are  given  in 
the  Annual  Report  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  1917.  An 
account  is  also  there  given  of  the  four  important  Japanese 
Missions  to  America,  to  members  of  which  the  Commission 
extended  its  hospitality  and  courtesies. 

The  Commission  rendered  what  aid  it  could  to  the  success 
of  the  renewed  visit  to  America  of  Mr.  B.  Suzuki,  represent- 
ing Japanese  organized  labor.  It  also  expressed  to  Dr.  V.  K. 
Wellington  Koo,  the  Minister  from  China,  the  desire  of  the 
Federal  Council  to  render  such  moral  assistance  as  it  might 
in  securing  the  complete  stoppage  of  the  commercial  importa- 
tion of  opium  into  China. 

During  1918  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission  devoted  much 
time  to  the  campaign  conducted  by  the  "National  Committee 
on  the  Churches  and  the  Moral  Aims  of  the  War."  Consid- 
erable literature  of  the  Commission  on  Oriental  relations  was 
placed  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  "Huts"  and  the  "Camp  Libraries." 
The  secretary  also  completed  and  published  the  volume  en- 
titled "American  Democracy  and  Asiatic  Citizenship." 

The  outstanding  feature  in  the  work  of  the  Commission 
during  1919  was  the  large  number  of  conferences  held  with 
Japanese,  Koreans  and  returned  missionaries  in  regard  to  the 
Korean  uprising  and  Japanese  methods  of  repression.  The 
Commission  published  in  August  the  pamphlet  on  the  "Korean 
Situation." 

During  1919,  the  new  anti- Japanese  agitation  got  under 
headway  as  already  stated  in  the  foregoing  pages.  The  Com- 
mission studied  the  situation  with  care  and  early  in  the  new 
year  (1920)  the  Secretary  issued  two  pamphlets,  one  dealing 
with  the  charges  that  Japan  had  violated  the  "Gentlemen's 


184         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

Agreement"  and  the  other  describing  and  criticising  the  drastic 
legislative  program  of  the  anti-Japanese  agitators. 

The  slow  introduction  by  the  Japanese  Government  of  the 
promised  reforms  in  Korea  and  the  continued  vigorous  de- 
mand by  Korean  leaders  for  complete  independence  from 
Japan,  together  with  the  formation  in  America  of  a  powerful 
anti- Japanese  pro-Korean  movement,  led  to  many  conferences 
of  the  Commission  and  to  the  publication  in  May,  1920,  of 
the  second  pamphlet  on  "The  Korean  Situation." 

In  view  of  the  anti- Japanese  campaign  in  California  and 
the  proposed  referendum  alien  land  law,  together  with  the 
tense  situation  that  has  developed  in  Japan,  the  Commission 
issued  to  the  American  press  (October  25)  a  statement  on: 

The  Christian  Attitude  on  the  California-Japanese  Question 

Japan  and  California  are  both  intensely  aroused  over  the  prob- 
lems, discussions  and  political  programs  connected  with  the  presence 
of  Japanese  in  California.  This  Commission  was  established  by  the 
Federal  Council  in  1914,  in  order  to  examine  the  entire  question  of 
American  relations  with  Asia  and  Asiatics  from  the  standpoint  of 
Christian  principles  with  a  view  to  promoting  a  solution  in  accord 
with  these  principles.  For  six  years  it  has  been  steadily  dealing 
with  this  problem. 

I.  It  is  pertinent,  therefore,  for  this  Commission  to  call  upon  all 
men  of  goodwill,  both  in  America  and  Japan — 

1.  To  refuse  to  be  stampeded  into  precipitate  action  by  the  vote- 
catching  propaganda  of  politicians  who  appeal  to  race  prejudice  and 
strive  to  arouse  mob   feeling. 

2.  To  urge  that  all  the  facts  be  taken  into  consideration.  Partisan 
statements  of  any  group  are  to  be  discounted. 

3.  To  await  the  results  of  the  Conference  of  their  responsible 
representatives   in  Washington  and  Tokyo. 

II.  To  Americans  this  Commission  would  state : 

1.  While  the  local  stress  of  the  Japanese  problem  in  California  is 
not  easily  appreciated  by  states  not  similarly  affected,  we  should  all 
remember  that  the  question  has  international  aspects  of  the  gravest 
import  in  vvhich  the  whole  nation  has  a  right  to  be  heard.  Cali- 
fornia's legitimate  ends  can  best  be  secured  through  Washington. 
We  therefore  urge  California  to  work  out  its  local  problem  in  the 
closest  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  State.  Any  other  method 
is  bound,  sooner  or  later,  to  involve  our  country  in  international 
complications. 

2.  Only  the  patient  exercise  of  the  principles  of  honor,  justice  and 
fair  play  between  nations  and  races  can  afford  any  real  or  perma- 
nent solution  to  a  confessedly  difficult  problem.  We  wish  to  urge 
every  effort  to  avoid  humiliating  race-discriminatory  laws  which  will 
only  aggravate  the  situation. 

3.  The  victory  of  the  growing  liberal  movement  in  Japan,  which 
has  been  battling  valiantly  against  a  long  dominant  arbitrary  mili- 
tary bureaucracy,  is  essential,  if  Japan  is  to  enter  into  right  relations 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  185 

with   the    rest   of   the   world.     Yet   that   victory    is   endangered   by 
unjust  anti- Japanese  agitation  and  legislation   in  America. 

4.  Americans  sliould  keep  clearly  in  mind  certain  important  facts. 
The  total  population  of  California,  for  instance,  has  increased  in 
ten  years  by  1.048,987,  while  the  Japanese  population  has  increased 
about  38,500,  chiefly  by  births.  This  is  3.6  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
increase.  The  entire  Japanese  population  in  California  (approxi- 
mately 80,000)  is  but  2.3  per  cent,  of  the  whole  population.  Out  of 
11,389,894  acres  under  cultivation,  Japanese  own  74,769  acres,  which 
is  six-tenths  of  one  per  cent  (.()06).  They  also  cultivate  on  lease 
or  crop-contract  383,287  acres,  which  is  3.3  per  cent.  As  for  Japan- 
ese births  in  California  in  1917,  they  numbered  4,108  to  47,313 
whites,  or  8.7  per  cent.  Such  facts  do  not  warrant  the  assertions 
of  agitators. 

III.  To  Japanese  this  Commission  would  state: 

1.  The  great  body  of  citizens  throughout  the  United  States,  par- 
ticularly those  in  the  churches  for  whom  we  are  entitled  to  speak, 
stands  for  justice  and  fair  play  in  the  relations  of  the  two  countries 
and  in  the  treatment  of  Japanese  in  America. 

2.  Expressions  in  Japan  of  confidence  in  America's  sense  of  honor, 
justice  and  humanity  are  highly  appreciated  here.  We  confidently 
believe  that  a  large  body  in  America  will  exert  itself  to  take  such 
steps  for  the  fundamental  solution  of  the  American  Japanese  prob- 
lem as  will  ultimately  justify  that  confidence. 

3.  At  the  same  time  it  should  be  clearly  understood  in  Japan,  as 
well  as  in  America,  that  the  question  is  by  no  means  so  simple  or 
so  easy  of  solution  as  extremists  of  either  side  usually  represent. 
The  misunderstandings,  the  misrepresentations  and  the  wrongdoing 
are  not  all  on  one  side.  To  set  matters  right,  not  only  a  new 
treaty,  but  proper  legislation  is  needed  both  in  Tokyo  and  in 
Washington. 

4.  Japanese  also  need  to  keep  certain  facts  clearly  in  mind.  Be- 
cause of  their  presence  in  large  numbers  in  California,  Californians 
are  confronted  with  real  difficulties  that  call  for  real  solution. 
Japanese  have  settled  in  several  rather  restricted,  fertile,  agricultural 
areas,  tending  to  form  "colonies,"  relatively  impervious  to  American- 
ization, and  where  the  white  population  constitutes  a  minority.  For 
this  "colonization"  the  Californians  are,  indeed,  in  part  responsible, 
since  the  strong  opposition  of  a  different  social  group  has  tended  to 
prevent  their  wider  distribution.  It  nevertheless  constitutes  a  serious 
factor  in  the  situation.  Some  Japanese,  moreover,  have  evaded  the 
spirit  and  purpose  of  our  laws,  especially  in  the  matter  of  immigrant 
smuggling.  And  there  is  also  the  delicate  patriotic  question  of  the 
double  allegiance  of  American-born  Japanese  children.  These  facts 
are  widely  felt  to  create  an  ominous  situation  requiring  thorough- 
going legislative  remedies.  Japanese  should  be  reminded,  moreover, 
that  a  very  considerable  group  in  California  earnestly  desires  to 
have  these  problems  solved  in  ways  that  are  at  once  honorable  for 
Japan  and  safe  for  California. 

IV.  In  conclusion,  we  urge  all  men  of  goodwill,  both  in  America 
and  Japan,  to  join  in  expecting  the  best  and  not  the  worst,  and  in 
finding  a  real  solution.  For  this,  time  and  patience,  open-mindedness 
and  sincerity,  with  friendly  hearts  and  wise  heads,  are  absolutely 
necessary.  Legislation  in  Tokyo  and  in  Washington,  after  mutual 
conference  and  agreement,  should  be  enacted  to  rectify  the  difficulties 


186        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

of  double  allegiance,   of   local   congestion   and   of    immigration,    on 
principles  that  are  just  and  honorable  for  all. 

A  Fundamental  Solution  Needed 

For  fifty  years  the  problem  of  how  to  deal  with  Asiatics  in 
America  has  been  constantly  with  us.  From  Dennis  Kearny 
to  James  Phelan  it  has  been  used  for  personal  and  party  ni- 
terests,  bringing  humiliation  on  America,  injustice  to  Asiatics 
and  strained  international  relations.  Laws  are  now  proposed 
more  dangerous  than  any  that  have  thus  far  been  passed, 
threatening  injustice  to  Japanese,  embroiling  our  relations  with 
Japan  and,  if  enacted,  creating  among  us  an  ever-growing 
group  of  Asiatics  who  must  perforce  be  loyal  to  their  foreign 
Asiatic  Governments  instead  of  to  the  land  in  which  they 
are  born.  Until  the  Asiatic  question  is  settled  on  Christian 
principles  it  will  grow  increasingly  difficult  and  dangerous. 

But  how  may  it  be  solved?  This  Commission  believes  that 
a  fundamental  solution  involves  the  following  principles  and 
procedures : 

1.  The  Asiatic  question  is  one  for  national  solution.  Local  legis- 
lation in  California  will  be  futile.    It  will  but  aggravate  the  problem. 

2.  The  Gentlemen's  Agreement  has  served  its  day  and  should  now 
be  superseded  by  laws  determined  by  Congress  and  administered  by 
American  officials. 

3.  The  regulation  of  immigration  from  every  country  should  be 
handled  on  the  same  general  principles.  This  alone  will  avoid  hu- 
miliating race  discrimination. 

4.  The  amount  of  immigration  which  America  can  wisely  admit 
from  any  given  people  should  not  exceed  the  number  of  that  people 
that  we  can  assimilate,  Americanize  and  steadily  employ.  This 
amount  should  be  continuously  adjusted  in  view  of  carefully  ascer- 
tained facts,  to  the  changing  economic  conditions  of  the  country. 

5.  The  standards  for  naturalization  should  be  raised  and  the  privi- 
lege of  citizenship  should  then  be  open  to  every  one  lawfully  in 
America  who  duly  qualifies. 

6.  All  special  laws  dealing  with  the  Chinese  should  be  repealed. 
Chinese  in  America  should  be  under  the  same  laws  that  are  applied 
to  others,  and  should  receive,  as  our  treaties  promise,  "most  favored 
nation"  treatment. 

A  word  with  regard  to  the  abandonment  of  the  Gentlemen's 
Agreement  is  desirable.  So  long  as  Japanese  immigration  to 
America  is  regulated  by  the  Agreement  and  administered  by 
the  Japanese  Government,  it  will  be  made  the  occasion  of 
continual  friction.  However  excellent  that  Agreement  may  be 
in  its  provisions  and  however  faithfully  the  Japanese  Govern- 
ment may  administer  it,  politicians  seeking  an  issue  on  which 
to  solicit  votes  can  misrepresent  the  facts  and  create  tension. 
Japan,  moreover,  should  be  relieved  of  the  duty  of  admin- 
istering a  law  for  our  benefit,  intrinsically  obnoxious  to 
Japanese.  It  gives  Japanese  politicians  opportunity  to  attack 
their  government. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  187 

If  difficulties  arise  in  America  over  Japanese  immigration 
the  criticism  and  agitation  of  our  people  and  politicians  should 
be  directed  against  our  own  Government,  not  against  Japan. 

Christian  Responsibility 

The  most  serious  aspect  of  the  fifty  years  of  America's  anti- 
Chinese  and  anti-Japanese  agitations  and  legislation  is  that  the 
Churches  have  paid  so  little  attention  to  the  problems  raised 
and  have  permitted  the  enactment  of  so  much  legislation  based 
on  ignorance  and  prejudice. 

If  the  Churches  are  in  earnest  with  their  missionary  pro- 
grams in  China  and  Japan,  as  they  unquestionably  are,  should 
they  not  be  equally  interested  in  securing  honest  facts,  in  call- 
ing for  justice  and  fair-play  and  in  the  enactment  of  proper 
laws?  Among  the  serious  obstacles  to  the  upbuilding  of  the 
Kingdom  of  God  in  Japan  for  a  decade  has  been  and  still  is 
the  anti-American  feeling  produced  in  Japan  by  the  unfair 
treatment  and  humiliating  legislation  directed  against  the 
Japanese  here  in  America,  which  they  regard  as  un-Christian. 

Christians  should  be  the  first  to  realize  that  the  era  of  race 
isolation  has  ended.  Space  has  been  abolished.  "The  sea  is 
no  more,"  The  great  races  are  inevitably  entering  upon  deep- 
ening and  widening  contacts.  Because  of  these  facts,  new 
problems  are  emerging  of  incalculable  range  and  significance. 
They  concern  every  phase  of  our  life,  the  economic,  indus- 
trial, commercial,  political,  social  and  racial.  None  of  these 
problems,  however,  can  be  solved  save  by  the  application  of 
Christian  principles.  Who  will  apply  these  principles  if  not 
Christians?  What  are  Christians  and  churches  for,  unless  to 
apply  Christian  principles  and  save  the  world  from  destruc- 
tion? This  work  cannot  be  done  by  individuals  nor  even  by 
single  communions  acting  separately.  Only  the  united  and 
determined  activity  of  the  whole  Christian  body  in  America 
can  hope  effectively  to  grapple  with  the  great  and  pressing 
problems  immediately  before  us. 

As  Japanese  leaders  see  and  are  saying,  this  American- 
Japanese  question  is  at  heart  a  moral  and  a  religious  issue. 
The  Osaka  Asahi  of  September  29,  1920,  in  a  long  editorial 
entitled  "Parochial  Christianity"  says:  "The  fundamental 
question  relates  to  justice  and  humanity  .  .  .  The  best  means 
of  solving  the  trouble  is  mutually  to  extend  the  application 
of  the  principle  of  justice  and  humanity  beyond  racial  boun- 
daries. .  .  .  The  tenets  of  Christianity  should  not  be  so 
parochial.  .  .  .  It  is  incumbent  on  the  Japanese  and  Ameri- 
cans who  will  attend  the  World's  Sunday  School  Convention 
to  prepare  the  way  for  the  settlement  of  this  serious  problem 
in  accordance  with  the  real  creed  of  Christianity." 

The  Yorodzu  of  Tokyo  of  the  same  date  declares :    "There 


188        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

is  no  longer  any  semblance  of  justice  and  humanity  in 
America.  .  .  .  The  present  situation  is  such  that  neither 
the  Republician  nor  Democratic  candidate  for  the  Presidency 
can  win  the  election  unless  they  declare  themselves  in  favor 
of  (anti- Japanese)  aggression.  .  .  .  We  should  appeal  to  the 
public  opinion  of  the  world  regarding  the  action  of  America 
in  trampling  us  imderfoot." 

Here  is  a  mighty  challenge  to  the  Churches  of  America. 
What  will  they  do  about  it? 

A  Constructive  Christian  Policy 

While  the  general  situation,  however,  is  dark  with  threaten- 
ing clouds,  it  is  by  no  means  hopeless.  Few  Americans  are 
aware  of  the  strength  of  the  liberal  and  anti-militaristic  move- 
ment in  Japan.  Japan's  aggressions  and  misdeeds  in  Korea, 
Shantung  and  Siberia  are  the  doings  of  her  imperialistic 
bureaucracy,  largely  in  reaction  against  the  un-Christian  poli- 
cies and  practices  in  the  Far  East  of  so-called  Christian  coun- 
tries of  the  West.  These  countries  have  been  too  often  domi- 
nated by  predatory  imperialistic  ambitions.  The  overthrow 
of  aggressive  militarism  in  Europe,  and  the  general  adoption 
of  a  genuine  policy  of  international  justice  accompanied  by 
adequate  instrumentalities  for  its  attainment  and  by  effective 
measures  for  early  disarmament,  will  mightily  strengthen  this 
liberal  movement  in  Japan.  The  militaristic  spirit  dies  hard 
everywhere — but  it  dies.  And  it  will  die  in  Japan,  especially 
if  America  will  do  its  part  for  establishing  a  world  in  which 
there  will  be  no  more  preying  of  the  nations  of  Christendom 
on  those  of  the  non-Christian  world. 

American  Christians  should  take  every  legitimate  step  to 
promote  goodwill  in  America  toward  both  Japan  and  China. 
Our  laws  dealing  with  Chinese  in  America  are  in  conflict  with 
solemn  treaty  pledges.  Chinese  should  no  longer  be  subjected 
to  humiliating  race  legislation. 

Laws  should  be  enacted  that  will  enable  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment to  protect  the  lives  and  property  of  aliens  of  what- 
ever race  or  people.  For  lack  of  such  laws,  our  Government 
is  not  yet  in  a  position  to  fulfill  its  treaty  obligations  toward 
any  people. 

While  it  may  not  be  wise  for  the  Churches  as  such  to  urge 
these  specific  legislative  proposals,  the  moral  and  spiritual  prin- 
ciples involved  should  be  widely,  authoritatively  and  enthusi- 
astically proclaimed  from  all  our  pulpits  and  all  Christians 
should  be  urged  to  do  their  duty  as  Christian  citizens  to  secure 
the  proper  legislation  in  regard  to  these  matters. 

No  more  important  duty  rests  upon  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America  than  that  of  establishing  right  international  rela- 
tions and  of  securing  goodwill  among  the  nations.     For  this, 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  189 

real  justice  and  fair-dealing  with  Japanese  and  Chinese  in 
America  are  essential.  The  Golden  Rule  must  be  applied. 
Christ's  teaching  of  brotherhood  and  its  actual  practice  can 
alone  solve  the  grave  problems  of  races  and  nations  that  are 
ominously  looming  up  before  us. 

Seven  years  ago,  when  tension  in  Japan  was  keen  over  Cali- 
fornia's anti-alien  land  law,  Lord  Bryce,  passing  through 
Japan,  was  asked  by  Baron  Makino,  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, what  Japan  should  do  to  secure  justice  and  fair  treatment 
for  Japanese  in  America. 

"Trust  America,"  he  said.  "America  has  such  a  keen  sense 
of  justice  that  in  the  end  she  will  do  the  right  thing." 

This  advice,  says  Baron  Makino,  is  the  policy  Japan  has 
been  following.  But  do  we  not  see  plainly  that  if  Japan  is 
to  maintain  her  trust  in  us  we  must  deal  with  her  and  her 
problems  in  a  way  that  will  justify  that  trust?  Christians 
have  important  political  responsibilities  in  these  matters. 

Wm.  I.  Haven, 

Chairman. 
Sidney    L.    Gulick, 
Secretary. 

APPENDIX 

Statistics  of  Japanese  in  America  and  in  California 

Such  wild  alleged  statistics  as  to  Japanese  in  America  have 
be*^.n  published  that  it  seems  desirable  to  put  on  record  here 
the  actual  facts. 

Japanese  in  Continental  United  States  according  to  the 
United  States  Census  of  1910  numbered  72,157,  of  whom 
41,356  were  in  California. 

The  Gentlemen's  Agreement  got  into  full  working  order  by 
July  1,  1908.  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  General  of  Immi- 
gration up  to  June  30,  1919,  are  available.  Compiling  the 
figures  there  given  we  find  the  following  to  be  the  facts: 

Total  admissions  to  America  (including  Hawaii)    116,728 

Total  departures  from  America  (including  Hawaii)    97,841 

Increase   (including  Hawaii)    18,887 

The  California  State  Board  of  Control  issued  a  Report,  in 
June,  1920,  on  the  Oriental  in  California.  It  estimates  that 
the  number  of  Japanese  in  California  (December  31,  1919) 
was  87,279.  On  a  following  page  (p.  27)  it  added  that  out  of 
this  number  about  5,000  are  children  who  as  a  matter  of  fact 
have  returned  to  Japan.  At  the  request  of  the  Board  the 
Japanese  Association  of  America  took  a  Census.  It  reported 
that  the  total  number  of  Japanese  in  California  was  78,628 
(cf.  p.  165). 
To  test  the  validity  of  the  method  used  by  the  Board  of 


190        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Control  (which  assumes  that  Japanese  population  in  California 
can  be  estimated  by  subtracting  "emigrants"  from  "immi- 
grants" altogether  ignoring  "non-immigrants"  and  "non-emi- 
grants") the  same  method  has  been  used  for  estimating  the 
Japanese  population  in  the  two  states  of  Washington  and 
Oregon.  It  was  found  that  the  increases  for  the  same  period 
were  respectively  5,664  and  669.  The  total  increase  for  the 
three  states  would  then  be  31,925.  In  order  that  this  may  be 
possible  a  decrease  in  the  Japanese  population  in  the  rest  of 
the  country  would  have  to  be  17,207.  But  if  this  is  true,  then 
the  total  Japanese  population  in  all  the  rest  of  the  country 
December  31,  1920,  would  be  only  1,904  Japanese.  This  is  a 
manifest  absurdity.  We  conclude  that  the  figures  of  the  Jap- 
anese Association  of  America  are  more  reliable  than  those  of 
the  California  State  Board  of  Control. 

The  Japanese  birthrate  in  California  has  been  variously  al- 
leged to  be  "a  child  every  year"  for  every  "picture  bride," 
and  also  to  be  "five  times  as  great  among  Japanese  as  among 
the  whites,"  threatening  to  flood  California  with  "more  Japan- 
ese than  white  persons  in  thirty  years."  "And,"  says  Senator 
Phelan,  "they  immediately  convey  real  estate  to  those  infant 
children  almost  as  fast  as  they  are  born."  The  following 
figures  refute  such  wild  allegations. 

The  total  population  in  California  increased  during  the  cen- 
sus period  (1910-1920)  by  1,049,312  while  the  Japanese  popu- 
lation increased  by  about  28,838  (accepting  the  Japanese  Cen- 
sus of  1919).    This  is  3.6  per  cent  of  the  whole  increase. 

Japanese  children  born  in  California  in  1917  numbered  4,108 
to  47,313  white  children,  or  8.7  per  cent.  During  the  calendar 
year  1918,  according  to  the  Report  of  the  State  Board  of 
Control  (p.  146),  "picture  brides"  entering  San  Francisco 
numbered  524.  Up  to  February  29,  1920,  they  had  given  birth 
all  told  to  182  children.  That  is  to  say  34.8  per  cent  became 
mothers.  One  wonders  how  many  children  a  similar  group 
of  American  families  would  have  had  during  the  same  period. 

In  regard  to  land  ownership  in  California  according  to  the 
California  State  Board  of  Control  (p.  48)  Japanese  own  74,769 
acres.  This  is  six-tenths  of  one  per  cent  (.006)  of  the  total 
cultivated  land  in  California  (11,389,894  acres).  They  also 
cultivate  on  lease  and  crop-contracts  383,287  acres  which  is  3.3 
per  cent  of  the  cultivated  land.  There  still  remains  in  Cali- 
fornia 16,541,550  acres  of  "unimproved  farm  land." 

The  U.  S.  A.  Census 

1900,  1910  and  1920 

The  Bureau  of  the  Census  issued  November  16,  1920,  a 
preliminary  announcement  of  a  few  figures  in  regard  to  the 
Japanese  population  in  the  States  of  California,  Oregon  and 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES 


191 


Washington,  and  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii.  They  are  ap- 
pended in  full  in  tabular  form.  Attention,  however,  may  be 
called  to  some  of  the  surprising  facts  disclosed  by  the  table. 

1.  The  total  population  of  California  increased  from  1,485,- 
653  in  1900  to  2,377,549  in  1910,  and  to  3,426,861  in  1920. 
At  those  same  dates  the  Japanese  population  numbered  re- 
spectively, 10,151;  41,358  and  70,196.  Stated  in  percentages 
the  Japanese  population  constituted  0.7  per  cent. ;  1.7  per  cent., 
and  2  per  cent,  of  the  total  population  in  1900,  1910  and  1920, 
respectively.  The  point  to  be  noted  is  the  large  increase  of 
the  general  population. 

2.  In  Hawaii,  the  Japanese  population  constituted  39.7  per 
cent,  of  the  total  population  in  1900;  41.5  per  cent,  in  1910 
and  42.7  per  cent,  in  1920,  the  figures  being  61,111;  79,675 
and  109,269,  respectively.  In  other  words  the  relative  in- 
crease of  the  Japanese  population  has  been  very  small  indeed. 

3.  The  Japanese  population  in  California  showed  an  increase 
of  307.4  per  cent,  between  1900  and  1910,  immigration  hav- 
ing been  free  until  1908;  while  during  the  decade  between 
1910  and  1920  the  increase  was  69.7  per  cent.,  consisting 
chiefly  of  women  and  children. 

4.  The  proportion  of  Japanese  males  to  females  in  California 
in  1900  was  94.6;  in  1910  it  was  84.9  per  cent.,  and  in  1920 
it  was  63.2  per  cent.  In  Hawaii  the  proportion  of  males  to 
females  at  the  three  dates  was  respectively,  77 .7  per  cent. ; 
68.8  per  cent.,  and  57.3  per  cent. 


California 

Oregon 

Washington 

Hawaii 

Figures 

Per 
Cent 

Figures 

Per 
Cent 

Figures 

Per 
Cent 

Figures 

Per 
Cent 

Census  1920 
TotalPop.  of  State... 

Jap.  Population 

Males 

3,426,861 
70,196 
44,364 
25,832 

98. 

2. 

63.2 

36.8 

783,389 
4,022 
2,722 
1,300 

99.5 

0.5 

67.7 

23.3 

1,356,621 

17,114 

11,173 

5,941 

98.7 

1.3 

65.3 

34.7 

255,912 

109,269 

62,643 

46,626 

57.3 

42.7 

S7  3 

Females 

4?  7 

Census  1910 

Total  Population 

Jap.  Population 

Males  . 

2,377,549 

41,358 

35,116 

6,240 

98.3 

1.7 

84.9 

15.1 

672,765 

3,418 

3,124 

294 

99.5 
0.5 

91.4 
8.6 

1,141,990 

12,929 

11,241 

1,688 

98.9 

1.1 

86.9 

13.1 

191,909 
79,675 
54,784 
24,891 

58.5 
41.5 
68  8 

Females 

31  ? 

Census  1900 

Total  Population 

Jap.  Population 

Males 

1,485,053 

10,151 

9,598 

553 

99.3 
0.7 

94.6 
5.4 

413,536 

2,501 

2,405 

96 

99.4 
0.6 

96.2 
3.8 

518,103 
5,617 

5,432 
183 

98.9 
1.1 

96.7 
3.Z 

154,001 
61,111 
47,508 
13,603 

60.3 
39.7 

77  7 

Females 

??3 

Increase  of  Jap.  Pop. 
1910-1920 

28,840 
31,205 

69.7 
307.4 

604 
917 

17.7 
36.7 

4,185 
7,312 

32.4 
130.2 

29,594 
18,564 

37  1 

1900-1910 

30  4 

192        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Gentlemen's  Agreement 

Japan  has  been  charged  with  violation  of  the  Gentlemen's 
Agreement.  In  support  of  the  charges  anti-Japanese  agita- 
tors present  statistics  which  at  first  appear  quite  convincing. 
An  article  in  the  World's  Work  for  October,  1920,  for  in- 
stance, gives  the  following  table: 

Number  of  Japanese  Arrivals 

Year  Number  Year  Number 

1902 14,455  1911 6,441 

1903 20.041  1912 8,589 

1904 14,382  1913 11,672 

1905 11.021  1914 13,016 

1906 14,243  1915 12,237 

1907 30,645  1916 12,707 

1908 18,238  1917 13,584 

1909 3.925  1918 15.280 

1910 4.125  1919 16,075 

Commenting  on  this  table  the  author  remarks  that  when  the 
Gentlemen's  Agreement  went  into  operation  (1908)  it  resulted 
in  a  sharp  diminution  of  Japanese  immigration,  but  its  effi- 
cacy has  been  slowly  wearing  away.  More  Japanese  immi- 
grants, he  says,  "are  landing  on  the  coast  than  arrived  during 
the  years  previous  to  the  Agreement." 

But  the  table  and  his  use  of  it  are  quite  misleading.  In  the 
first  place,  these  figures  include  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  They 
also  include  all  "non-immigrants,"  i.e.,  transient  travellers.  It 
is  also  implied  that  all  these  thousands  are  new  immigrants 
entering  America  to  stay  and  nothing  whatever  is  said  about 
departures. 

The  facts  are  that  from  July  1,  1908,  to  June  30,  1920,  the 
total  number  of  Japanese  admitted  to  Continental  United 
States  was  79,738.  Of  these.  14.712  were  laborers  with  proper 
passports  who  had  been  in  America  before ;  23,318  were  vari- 
ous other  classes  also  returning  to  America  with  proper  pass- 
ports. Those  admitted  as  wives  numbered  24,298  and  as 
children  10,417.  The  number  of  travellers,  merchants,  stu- 
dents and  the  like  who  entered  during  the  eleven  years  was 
14,556.  This  includes  all  who  went  through  America  to 
Europe  and  back  again — being  counted  therefore  twice.  Jap- 
anese who  left  America  numbered  80,432.  The  increase  by 
admittances  over  departures  was  thus  only  12,174,  chiefly 
women  and  children.  In  the  light  of  these  facts,  the  alleged 
alarming  Japanese  immigration  is  seen  to  be  in  reality  exceed- 
ingly small.  The  Gentlemen's  Agreement  has  been  adminis- 
tered effectively. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  193 

Future  Japanese  Population  in  California 

Prophets  naturally  prophesy.  Several  have  appeared  in 
California  dealing  with  the  question  of  Japanese  population. 
One  declared  that  at  the  present  rate  of  increase  in  forty 
years  Japanese  in  America  would  number  2,000,000,  in  eighty 
years  10,000,000,  and  in  one  hundred  and  forty  years  100,- 
000,000.  Another  declares  that  "if  the  present  ratio  were 
maintained  for  the  next  ten  years  there  would  be  150,000 
children  of  Japanese  descent  born  in  California  in  1929  and 
but  40,000  white  children.  And  in  1949  the  majority  of  the 
California  population  would  be  Japanese,  ruling  the  state." 

On  the  basis  of  these  fearsome  anticipations,  California 
voted  the  referendum  land  law  and  now  expects  Congress  to 
provide  for  the  absolute  stoppage  of  Japanese  immigration. 
They  have  been  told  that  if  this  is  done  Japanese  population 
in  California  will  slowly  diminish  and  become  negligible  as 
has  the  Chinese. 

The  prophets  are  misleading  the  people,  as  always  happens 
when  they  are  neither  inspired  nor  particularly  careful  in 
dealing  with  the  "facts." 

Even  if  Japanese  "immigration"  be  completely  stopped  it  is 
not  likely  that  the  Japanese  population  will  "dwindle  away." 
There  are  already  in  California  some  15,000  Japanese  women 
of  child-bearing  age,  most  of  them  still  young.  There  are 
approximately  20,000  Japanese  children  of  whom  presumably 
one-half  are  girls  who  will  be  married  in  the  course  of  the 
next  fifteen  to  twenty  years.  There  are  approximately  40,000 
men,  of  whom  about  25,000  are  not  married.  Some  of  these 
will  return  to  Japan  permanently;  some  will  die  without 
marrying.  But  not  a  few,  becoming  prosperous,  will  go  to 
Japan,  find  their  wives  and  return  with  them  to  America. 

Under  these  circumstances,  while  it  would  be  foolish  to 
forecast  the  future  Japanese  population  in  any  statistical  way, 
it  is  quite  clear  that  even  though  Japanese  immigration  may 
be  completely  stopped  by  federal  legislation,  Japanese  popula- 
tion in  America  and  in  California  is  not  likely  ever  to  "dwin- 
dle." For  a  decade  or  two,  departures  and  deaths  may  perhaps 
balance  births  and  arrivals  of  wives,  parents  and  children. 
But  a  growing  Japanese  population  will  always  be  with  us. 
This  fact  should  be  recognized  and  frankly  faced.  Energetic 
steps  should  be  taken  to  give  that  population  full  justice  and 
equality  of  treatment.  Only  so  shall  we  have  a  right  to  expect 
it  to  be  really  Americanized  and  thoroughly  loyal. 

S.  L.  G. 


194        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

3.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  Religious 
Bodies  in  Europe 

A  new  face  at  the  door  demands  both  interest  and  interpre- 
tation. Likewise  a  new  Commission  appearing  in  these  days 
of  muhifarious  activity  is  bound  to  give  a  reason  for  its  exist- 
ence. This  Commission  on  Relations  with  ReHgious  Bodies 
in  Europe  is  the  ecclesiastical  reaction  to  that  principle  of 
intimacy  between  nations,  which  has  already  superseded  former 
persuasions  of  national  isolation,  for  just  as  it  is  inevitably 
true  in  commercial,  financial,  educational,  and  political  rela- 
tionships that  no  group  is  sufficient  of  itself  and  must  needs 
relate  itself  to  other  groups  in  order  to  secure  its  own  soul,  so 
it  is  preeminently  true  in  church  life.  The  fortunes  of  the 
churches  of  Europe  are  of  immense  influence  upon  the  churches 
of  America,  as  those  of  America  are  upon  the  churches  of 
Europe.  The  war,  which  has  changed  everything,  has  not 
failed  to  alter  religious  conditions.  To  the  churches  in  many 
countries  of  Europe  has  come  distress  and  disaster  which  place 
the  religious  life  of  the  nation  in  utter  jeopardy.  Churches 
have  been  demolished,  their  strength  depleted  by  huge  losses 
of  membership  through  death  and  through  disease,  by  financial 
disability  due  to  stringent  or  inflated  monetary  conditions. 
Theological  seminaries  are  crippled  for  lack  of  professors  and 
equipment.  Religious  journalism  has  been  reduced  of  neces- 
sity to  pitiable  proportions.  Starvation  has  forced  the  personal 
equation  to  the  front  and  the  religious  institution  has  shared 
the  weakness  and  the  distress  of  humanity.  Surely  if  ever 
there  was  a  time  when  the  churches  of  the  world  which  have 
been  graciously  delivered  from  the  pestilence  which  walketh 
in  darkness  and  the  destruction  which  wasteth  at  noonday, 
should  approach  in  a  Christian  and  neighborly  spirit  these 
distraught  disciples,  it  is  now.  That  is  the  reason  for  this 
particular  Commission — to  afford  the  avenue  of  approach  of 
sympathy,  of  fellowship  and  of  help  to  these  suffering  and 
needy  churches.  The  Friendly  Visitor  is  the  appointee  of  this 
Commission;  it  has  been  his  business  to  move  from  place  to 
place,  bearing  to  peoples  of  different  nationalities  and  tongues 
the  warm-hearted  message  of  the  Christian  sympathy  of  our 
American  churches,  meanwhile  observing  and  reporting  back 
to  us  what  forms  of  practical  Christian  help  are  both  impera- 
tive and  possible. 

Other  Christian  representatives  meet  groups,  sometimes  de- 
nominationally, sometimes  locally,  and  with  them  confer  re- 
garding the  vital  interests  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  and  that 
mutuality  of  service  which  shall  conserve  them.  Just  as  the 
whole  round  world  is  bound  with  gold  chains  about  the  feet 
of  God,  so  with  another  golden  chain  of  sympathy  and  fellow- 
ship of  mutual  understanding  and  common  aspiration  would 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  195 

we  bind  together  the  Christian  churches  of  the  world,  sharing 
with  them  our  abundance  and  receiving  for  ourselves,  as  we 
effectualize  our  Master's  principle  of  neighborliness,  new  im- 
pressions of  what  Christ  means  to  the  world  and  new  aspira- 
tions more  completely  to  install  His  Kingdom.  If  one  is 
tempted  to  think  that  this  is  a  meagre  and  unrewarding  under- 
taking by  the  Federal  Council  in  times  like  these,  the  pragmatic 
reply  is  the  scriptural  one,  "Come  and  see."  Read  the  report 
and  then  revise  a  perhaps  hasty  judgment. 

This  Commission  was  thus  organized  because  of  a  clear 
call  from  our  brothers  and  sisters  across  the  sea.  In  re- 
sponse to  this  call  which  had  been  voiced  largely  through 
personal  visitation  of  representatives  of  the  church  bodies 
in  Europe  and,  it  may  also  be  said,  by  the  visitation  of  our 
own  representatives  to  the  churches  across  the  ocean,  the 
Administrative  Committee  appointed  a  Committee  which 
reported  directly  to  the  Executive  Committee  last  December 
as  follows : 

"During  the  past  few  years  the  Federal  Council,  through  its 
Administrative  Committee,  its  officers,  and  especially  through  the 
interchange  of  visitors  between  the  churches  of  the  various  nations, 
has  been  gradually  establishing  both  diplomatic  and  practical  relation- 
ship with  federations  of  churches  and  similar  organizations  in  foreign 
countries,  so  that,  at  the  present  time,  these  relationships  constitute 
an  important  body  of  its  work. 

"On  September  11,  1919,  the  Administrative  Committee  took  the 
following  action: 

'VOTED :  That  the  President  of  the  Council,  the  Chairman  of 
the  Administrative  Committee  and  the  General  Secretary  be  ap- 
pointed a  special  committee,  with  power  to  add  to  their  number, 
to  take  up 

'(1)  The  principles  of  our  relationship  to  the  national  religious 
bodies  in  foreign  countries;  (2)  the  application  of  that  principle 
to  these  specific  cases,  with  a  view  of  making  an  adequate  report 
to  the  Executive  Committee  in  December.' 

"At  the  special  Cleveland  meeting  of  the  Council  the  Committee 
of  Fifteen  had  made  the  following  statement: 

'The  Federal  Council  shall  sustain  such  a  relationship  as  will 
effect  the  best  results  in  cooperative  activity  with  other  organiza- 
tions, movements  and  bodies  serving  common  ends  ...  of  other 
nations.' 

"Your  Committee  has  already  recommended  to  the  Administrative 
Committee  that  it  secure  authorization  to  appoint  a  special  committee 
to  have  general  charge  over  such  relationships. 

"It  is  to  be  noted  with  interest,  in  a  number  of  cases,  that  testi- 
mony has  come  to  us  that  the  work  of  cooperation  and  federation 
in  various  foreign  countries  has  been  stimulated  and  in  some  cases 
initiated  through  the  influence  of  our  own  Federal  Council. 

"The  relationships  which  have  grown  up  and  the  intervisitations 
which  have  been  made  have  all  tended  toward  the  world  unity  of 
spirit  and  purpose  which  all  of  the  evangelical  churches  throughout 
the  world  are  seeking. 


196        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

"This  procedure  should  be  encouraged  and  your  Committee  believes 
that  the  proper  body  to  deal  in  these  relationships  with  the  federa- 
tions of  churches  and  similar  organizations  in  other  countries  is  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

"The  various  constituent  bodies  of  the  Federal  Council  in  many 
cases  have  their  own  direct  association  with  related  bodies  in  other 
nations,  which  should  not  in  any  way  be  interfered  with,  but  which 
may  be  so  constituted  as  to  develop  and  strengthen  the  common 
relationships  between  all  the  evangelical  churches  of  the  nations  con- 
cerned. The  constituent  bodies  should  thus  endeavor  to  strengthen 
those  cooperative  relationships  between  the  churches  as  a  whole  in 
their  international  aspects,  as  well  as  their  own  particular  connections. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  foreign  mission  boards  of  our  constituent 
denominations. 

"There  is  a  great  area  of  interest,  of  an  ecumenical  nature,  common 
to  all  the  evangelical  churches,  and  this  might  well  be  committed  by 
the  constituent  denominations  and  by  their  boards  and  by  any  other 
organizations  dealing  with  these  matters,  to  the  Federal  Council,  or, 
at  least,  their  consideration  should  be  in  conference  with  the  Federal 
Council. 

"We  recommend,  therefore,  that  the  Executive  Committee  author- 
ize the  Administrative  Committee  to  take  up  these  matters,  together 
with  the  specific  proposals  that  have  come  to  us  from  the  Swiss 
Churches  and  other  bodies  in  Europe. 

"We  recommend  that  consideration  be  given  to  the  appointment 
of  a  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Evangelical  Church  Bodies 
in  the  countries  of  Europe  and  that,  if  desirable,  the  Executive 
Committee  arrange  for  the  constitution  of  such  a  Commission. 

"We  recommend  that  consideration  be  given  to  the  question 
whether  a  joint  conference  of  representatives  of  our  constituent 
bodies  and  of  other  interested  organizations  should  not  be  called 
to  consider  the  whole  question  of  the  relation  of  American  Protestant 
churches  to  the  development  of  the  Protestant  evangelical  forces  in 
European  countries  and  the  Near  East. 

The  Administrative  Committee  appointed  the  Commis- 
sion on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  subject 
to  approval  by  the  Council  itself.  This  Commission  was 
made  up  by  appointment  on  the  part  of  the  constituent 
bodies.  The  Commission  met  on  January  22,  1920,  and 
completed  its  organization,  appointing  committees  as  fol- 
lows: 

(1)  Committee  on  Physical  Relief  in  Europe  and  the  Near  East. 

(2)  Committee  on  Relief  of  Churches  in  Europe. 

(3)  Committee  on  Fraternal  Relations. 

The  Commission  met  again  at  an  all  day  session  on  Feb- 
ruary 3.  The  following  report  of  the  Committee  on  Fra- 
ternal Relations  was  adopted: 

"Your  Committee  makes  the  following  report  and  recommenda- 
tions : 

"1.  That  the  Federal  Council,  acting  through  its  Commission  on 
Relations  with  the  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe  (exclusive  of  France 
and  Belgium),  should  be  regarded  as  the  body  representing  the 
American  Protestant  Evangelical  Churches  in  such  interdenomina- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  197 

tional  relationships.  It  therefore  appears  desirable  in  the  interest  of 
harmony  and  effectiveness  that  all  interdenominational  matters  should 
be  referred  to  the  Federal  Council,  which  will  promptly  and  gladly 
facilitate  them  and  thus  form  a  convenient  agency  for  serving  the 
desired  purposes.  The  various  organizations  interested  should  be 
invited  to  cooperate  with  the  Federal  Council  in  this  phase  of  its  work. 

"2.  That  a  communication  should  be  sent  to  similar  bodies  in 
Europe,  where  such  bodies  exist,  announcing  the  organization  of  this 
Commission  and  the  natural  desire  we  feel,  as  representing  the 
Churches  cooperating  in  the  Federal  Council,  of  entering  into  fra- 
ternal relations  with  them;  that  we  designate  persons  to  represent 
us  in  such  correspondence,  and  express  the  desire  that  the  European 
bodies  designate  persons  to  represent  them,  in  the  belief  that  the 
advantages  of  thus  drawing  together  will  be  apparent. 

"3.  That  we  express  the  hope  that,  in  those  countries  where  sin  "lar 
bodies  do  not  exist,  a  joint  committee  of  the  several  churches  in 
each  country  will  be  appointed,  either  formally  or  informally,  or 
the  purpose  of  establishing  such  relationships  between  the  chui  h 
bodies  as  a  whole. 

"4.  That  proposals  such  as  those  made  by  Pastor  Adolph  Keller, 
of  the  Swiss  Churches,  should  be  undertaken  and  carried  out  in 
relation  to  the  churches  of  various  countries  of  Europe  in  general 
along  the  lines  of  these  recommendations." 

The    following   report    of   the    Committee    on    Relief    of 
European  Churches  was  approved: 

"1.  That  the  Protestant  churches  in  each  nation  should  be  en- 
couraged to  form  a  committee  representing  all  the  evangelical  de- 
nominations at  work  in  that  nation  and  all  sums  not  otherwise  desig- 
nated should  be  sent  by  the  American  churches  to  such  committees 
through  the  medium  of  this  Commission. 

"2.  That  such  committees  be  requested  to  submit  programs  and 
budgets  of  their  entire  work  and  to  specify  the  part  thereof  which 
they  propose  to  raise. 

"3.  That  each  of  these  committees  be  requested  to  appoint  a 
finance  committee  of  three  representative  business  men  who  will 
receive  all  sums  sent  from  the  United  States,  make  payments  in 
accordance  with  the  approved  budget  and  audit  all  accounts. 

"4.  That  there  should  be  a  permanent  commission  of  the  Federal 
Council  on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  cooperative 
with  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium,  which 
in  turn  should  appoint  sub-committees  to  deal  with  the  work  in 
France,  Italy,  Poland,  Czecho-Slovakia,  Hungary  and  such  other 
nations  as  may  later  appear  necessary. 

"5.  That  all  physical  relief  shall  be  kept  entirely  separate  from  the 
programs  and  budgets  above  mentioned. 

"The  Committee  believes  that  the  sum  of  approximately  one  mil- 
lion dollars,  in  addition  to  amounts  already  appropriated  by  the  Prot- 
estant denominations  in  Paris,  is  the  amount  which,  in  its  judgment, 
should  be  included  in  the  budget  for  France  for  this  year." 

It  was  also  voted  at  this  meeting  to  send  a  deputation 
to  visit  the  churches  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania. 


198        FEDERAL  COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Executive  Committee  at  a  meeting  on  February  20 
took  action  on  the  following  matters : 

In  response  to  a  request  from  Mr.  Herbert  Hoover  pro- 
vision was  made  to  support  the  proposal  for  government 
relief  to  European  countries. 

The  situation  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania  was  consid- 
ered and  it  was  voted  to  secure  and  send  at  once  to  Hungary 
the  sum  of  $25,000  needed  for  the  payment  of  the  salaries 
of  pastors  of  Protestant  churches  in  that  country. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Commission  on  March  31  reports 
were  received  from  recent  visitors  to  Hungary  and  Tran- 
syhania.  The  Secretary  was  instructed  to  unite  with  the 
Ser  jian  Child  Welfare  Association  of  America  in  an  invi- 
tat  )n  to  the  Bishop  of  the  Serbian  Church  to  visit  this 
co\ntry  in  order  to  help  in  securing  relief  for  Serbia. 

It  was  decided  to  appoint  friendly  visitors  to  the  churches 
of  Europe,  to  be  made  up  of  denominational  representa- 
tives, these  visitors  to  be  nominated  by  the  Committee  on 
Fraternal  Relations  and  appointed  by  the  Administrative 
Committee  of  the  Federal  Council.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Commission  on  June  17,  arrangements  were  made  whereby 
the  friendly  visitors  in  Europe  should  cooperate  with  the 
Red  Cross  in  bringing  back  a  picture  of  the  situation  in 
Europe  and  the  framing  up  of  a  statement  that  might 
be  used  to  influence  Congress  to  do  what  should  be  done 
to  relieve  the  situation  and  to  arouse  the  American  people. 

Meetings  of  the  various  sub-committees  on  fraternal  rela- 
tions and  on  physical  relief  in  Europe  and  the  Near  East 
have  been  held  from  time  to  time  to  deal  with  practical 
questions  that  have  arisen  and  on  February  3  a  joint  con- 
ference was  held  with  other  bodies,  at  which  the  whole 
question  of  European  relief  was  fully  considered. 

The  question  of  the  protection  of  the  rights  of  religious 
minorities  in  other  nations  was  brought  before  the  Com- 
mission and  was  referred  to  a  more  widely  representative 
conference  which  has  undertaken  to  deal  with  this  impor- 
tant question. 

Friendly  Visitors  to  European  Churches 

The  Administrative  Committee  of  the  Council  appointed 
over  fifty  denominational  leaders  who  were  planning  to  be 
in  Europe  on  various  commissions  covering  practically  every 
country  in  Europe  to  serve  as  Friendly  Visitors  to  the  Euro- 
pean churches. 

The  reception  accorded  these  Friendly  Visitors  was  most 
cordial.  Every  assurance  on  the  part  of  the  visiting  speakers 
of  America's  interest  and  concern  was  eagerly  received. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  199 

Large  public  meetings  were  arranged  in  such  centers  as 
London,  Paris,  Brussels,  Torre  Pellice,  Geneva  and  Zurich. 
In  each  of  these  cities  addresses  were  given  by  the  Friendly- 
Visitors.  By  special  request  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Fed- 
eral Council  gave  at  several  of  the  meetings  the  address  on 
"The  American  Nation  and  International  Responsibility," 
which  has  been  widely  published  in  the  European  press.  This 
message  and  the  addresses  by  other  Friendly  Visitors  elicited 
numerous  expressions  of  sympathy  and  appreciation  on  the 
part,  not  only  of  church  leaders,  but  of  representative  men 
in  secular  life. 

The  visitors  also  attended  the  preliminary  meeting  of  the 
Universal  Conference  of  the  Church  of  Christ  on  Life  and 
Work  which  was  convened  by  the  Federal  Council  at  Geneva 
and  the  Conference  of  the  International  Committee  of  the 
World  Alliance  for  Promoting  International  Friendship 
through  the  Churches  at  St.  Beatenberg  to  which  conferences 
the  visitors  were  official  delegates. 

Reports  from  these  Friendly  Visitors  have  been  received 
by  the  Commission  and  after  consideration  of  the  great  need 
for  physical  relief  in  Europe  Rev.  Arthur  J.  Brown,  Rev. 
Nehemiah  Boynton  and  Rev.  Lauritz  Larsen  were  appointed 
to  represent  the  Federal  Council  and  the  Commission  on  the 
European  Relief  Council,  which,  under  the  chairmanship  of 
Mr.  Herbert  Hoover,  is  uniting  the  various  relief  organi- 
zations for  an  immediate  relief  campaign,  for  which  an  appeal 
has  been  issued  to  the  churches. 

Following  this  it  is  proposed  to  take  up  the  question  of  the 
relief  of  European  church  bodies. 

In  the  early  part  of  May,  shortly  before  the  departure  of 
the  friendly  visitors,  the  following  communication  was  sent 
to  all  of  the  church  bodies  in  Europe  by  the  Committee  on 
Fraternal  Relations: 

"To  Our  Sister  Churches  in  Europe: 

"You  have,  I  trust,  received  from  the  General  Secretary  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  the  statement 
sent  you  regarding  the  organization,  purposes  and  plans  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe.  The  evangel- 
ical churches  of  the  United  States  which  compose  the  constituency 
of  the  Federal  Council  are  deeply  desirous  that,  in  every  appropriate 
manner  possible,  they  should  come  into  both  fraternal  and  practical 
relationships  with  our  sister  churches  in  Europe.  To  this  end,  the 
Federal  Council's  Administrative  Committee  has  authorized  the  dele- 
gation of  several  brethren  to  serve  as  commissioners  and  friendly 
visitors  to  you  during  the  coming  summer. 

"We  cordially  invite  you  to  send  such  visitors  to  us  in  return. 
We  assure  you  that  they  will  receive  a  warm  welcome,  and  that  we 
shall  provide  the  fullest  possible  opportunity  for  them  to  meet  with 
the  representatives  of  our  American  churches. 


200        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

"We  feel  that  such  an  association  of  our  religious  bodies  would 
materially  contribute  to  the  success  of  the  League  of  Nations.  We 
deeply  regret  that  up  to  the  present  time  our  own  nation  has  not 
officially  entered  into  the  League.  We  believe  that  a  large  majority 
of  the  American  people,  and  especially  of  the  clergy  and  laity  of  our 
churches,  are  in  favor  of  the  League  and  earnestly  hope  that  the 
United  States  will  soon  become  a  member  of  it.  Meantime,  we  feel 
that  Christian  men  should  make  all  the  stronger  effort  to  develop 
those  moral  and  spiritual  associations  between  the  nations  which  are, 
after  all,  the  things  of  highest  importance. 

"We  are  confident  that  we  shall  find  contributions  to  exchange 
which  will  be  of  service  to  all  our  churches  and  our  people.  We 
ardently  desire  to  do  everything  within  our  power  to  establish  inter- 
national justice  and  good-will  and,  especially,  to  heal  the  wounds 
of  war. 

"In  seeking  these  great  ends,  shall  we  not  take  mutual  counsel 
and  work  in  cooperation?  We  shall  highly  value  your  sympathetic 
response  to  this  message. 

"Wishing  you  grace,  mercy  and  peace,  I  beg  to  remain, 
"Faithfully  yours, 

"Arthur  J.  Brown, 
"Chairman,  Committee  on  Fraternal  Relations." 

One  of  the  new  methods  of  recomposing  the  world  is  the 
presence,  in  struggling  countries,  of  interested  friends.  Inter- 
national conventions  by  the  score  upon  European  soil  the  last 
year  are  the  witnesses  of  the  widespread  interest  of  humanity 
in  healing  the  open  sore  of  the  world.  We  are  discovering 
anew  the  old  truth  that  however  efficient  in  the  distressing 
situation  was  the  Good  Samaritan's  beast,  his  purse  and  his 
provided  couch  at  the  inn,  the  essential  contribution  was  the 
presence  of  the  Good  Samaritan  himself. 

The  Friendly  Visitors  are  the  Good  Samaritans  in  person. 
They  are  the  exponents  of  the  passion  of  interest,  sympathy 
and  good-will,  representing  the  churches  of  America,  as  other 
gentlemen  represent  finance,  commerce  or  education.  The 
Friendly  Visitors  have  nothing  to  sell,  however,  only  some- 
thing to  give.  They  express  the  spirit  of  comradeship  and 
of  sympathy,  which  by  their  unanimous  testimony  has  been 
received  with  grateful  appreciation  and  has  afforded  abiding 
inspirations  for  multitudes  travelling  along  the  toilsome  way. 

The  Friendly  Visitors  are  equipped  with  reciprocal  creden- 
tials from  the  Federal  Council,  authorizing  them  to  appear 
in  a  representative  capacity.  They  have  visited  almost  every 
country  from  England  to  the  Near  East,  bearing  their  mes- 
sages of  Christian  and  fraternal  regard,  observing  closely  the 
variety  of  situation  presented  and  sending  back  to  the  Federal 
Council  a  report  of  their  undertakings  and  of  their  conclu- 
sions. These  reports  are  valuable  as  first  hand  interpretations 
of  the  great  variety  of  human  situations  over  the  sea  and  they 
represent   the  very   valuable   addition   which   our   American 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  201 

churches  have  made  through  the  Federal  Council,  in  strength- 
ening the  bonds  of  international  fraternity  through  the  quick- 
ening of  those  influences  which  arise  from  personal  acquaint- 
anceship and  fellowship.  It  is  an  open  confession  among 
statesmen  that  one  of  the  greatest  preventatives  of  the  rup- 
tures of  war  is  to  be  found  in  accentuating  the  neighborhood 
of  the  world,  which  means  not  only  increasing  official  friend- 
ships between  ambassadors  and  diplomats,  but  personal  ac- 
quaintance between  the  largest  possible  companies  of  men  and 
women  in  different  nations  who  are  bent  upon  the  imperious 
task  of  eliminating  war  from  the  world.  The  work  of  the 
Friendly  Visitors  is  indeed  "bread  cast  upon  the  waters,"  but 
the  immediacy  of  its  influence  discloses  the  grateful  appre- 
ciation that  for  its  return  is  not  required  the  patient  waiting 
involved  in  "after  many  days." 

The  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe 

A  matter  of  the  gravest  importance  is  the  situation  of  many 
of  our  sister  European  churches  and  the  obligation  of  our 
American  churches  to  them  in  their  drastic  need.  It  is  a  con- 
fessed fact  that  the  material  life  of  any  people,  however  ap- 
parently prosperous,  is  hastening  to  decay  when  the  higher 
life  of  the  nation  falters,  staggers  or  actually  collapses.  Take 
the  churches,  the  universities,  and  the  arts  from  any  people 
and  you  cannot  possibly  supply  the  place  left  vacant  by  athletic 
grounds,  movie  halls,  or  factories  with  tall  chimneys  belching 
night  and  day  their  sooty  smoke. 

Civilization  is  doomed  if  mammon  is  permitted  to  lead  it 
on.  That  the  situation  is  critical  in  Europe  to-day,  and  that 
whether  an  actual  recessional  in  civilization  is  not  imminent, 
is  no  academic  question.  The  actual  situation  of  many  of  the 
churches  of  the  world  is  and  is  to  be  a  determining  factor 
in  the  answer.  As  it  is  to-day,  the  churches  suffer  through 
the  physical  destructions  of  the  war,  through  impaired  ability 
to  afford  their  ministry  even  a  meagre  livelihood,  through  the 
weakening  of  their  membership  by  death  and  removal,  and 
through  a  loss  of  prestige  in  many  cases  due  to  changes  of 
government.  The  religious  persecutions  which  are  hideously 
in  evidence  to-day,  sometimes  of  Roman  Catholics,  of  Pres- 
byterians, of  Baptists,  but  most  frequently  of  Jews,  pre- 
sent one  of  the  most  revolting  exhibits  and  outrageous  in- 
famies of  current  history.  It  makes  the  business  of  our 
American  churches,  unscathed  by  war,  strong  in  financial  re- 
source and  influential  regarding  public  opinion,  important  and 
imperative  with  relation  to  the  sister  churches  in  Europe.  It 
is  not  alone  financial  aid  which  is  required,  but  spiritual  sup- 
port powerfully  ministered  which  will  assist  the  rehabilitation 
of  the  spiritual  influence  of  all  the  churches  of  the  Living 


202         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

God.  Much  has  been  done  by  denominations  for  denomina- 
tions, but  with  all  appreciation  of  such  efforts,  the  inadequacy 
of  merely  denominational  approach  is  quite  self-evident.  The 
need  is  for  a  new  stirring  of  the  American  religious  conscience 
and  for  a  new  devotion  of  the  purposeful  strength  of  our 
American  Christianity  and  inspiration  alike  to  the  quivering 
needs  of  sister  churches  in  Europe. 

We  recommend  that  this  Quadrennial  meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council  make  adequate  expression  of  its  sense  of  the  situa- 
tion, its  indignant  protest  against  religious  persecution,  and 
its  determination  to  come  to  the  assistance  of  our  pitiably  needy 
European  churches. 

Financial 

The  Commission  has  undertaken,  thus  far,  no  direct  work 
of  collecting  funds  to  any  very  great  extent  other  than  the 
sending  of  about  $35,000  to  churches  in  Hungary  and  Tran- 
sylvania and  Czecho-Slovakia,  all  of  which  came  from  the 
Presbyterian  Committee.  It  has,  however,  undertaken  the 
work  of  stimulating  the  American  people  and  the  American 
churches  in  this  great  opportunity. 

Through  the  instrumentality  of  the  Commission  $1,000  was 
sent  through  the  American  Red  Cross  to  the  League  of  Red 
Cross  Societies  for  relief  of  Russian  refugees  in  Switzerland. 

Work  of  the  Constituent  Bodies  in  Europe 

The  work  of  our  constituent  denominations  in  France  and 
Belgium  is  reported  by  another  Commission. 

The  bodies  doing  outstanding  work  in  Europe  are  the  Meth- 
odist bodies,  the  Lutheran  and  the  Baptist. 

The  Commission  is  preparing  a  somewhat  complete  state- 
ment setting  forth  the  work  which  is  being  done  by  American 
church  bodies  in  Europe. 

Friendly  Visitors  from  the  European  Churches 

The  following  visitors  from  churches  in  other  nations  have 
been  received  from  time  to  time  by  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee, the  Executive  Committee,  or  at  the  sessions  of  the 
Council.  In  some  cases  these  visitors  came  accredited  to 
the  Federal  Council,  in  some  cases  by  arrangements  with 
the  Council,  and  in  other  instances  by  the  good  offices  of  the 
Committee  on  Interchange  of  Preachers  and  Speakers  Be- 
tween the  Churches  of  America,  Great  Britain  and  France, 
the  National  Committee  on  the  Churches  and  the  Moral  Aims 
of  the  War  and  the  American  Mayflower  Council. 

From  Belgium:  Rev.  and  Mme.  Henri  Anet;  Chaplain 
Pierre  Blommaert. 

From   France:  Pastor  and  Mme.  Henri  Bach;  Chaplain 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  203 

Daniel  Couve;  Rev.  Charles  Merle  d'Aubigne;  Mile.  Julia 
Merle  d'Aubigne;  Chaplain  Georges  Lauga;  Chaplain  Victor 
Monod;  Chaplain  Albert  Leo;  Rev.  Andre  Monod;  General 
Robert  Georges  Nivelle. 

From  Greece:  His  Grace,  Meletios  Metaxakis,  Archbishop 
of  Athens. 

From  Great  Britain:  Rev.  M.  E.  Aubrey;  Principal  Al- 
fred E.  Garvie;  Canon  E.  A.  Burroughs;  Rev.  R.  C.  GiUie; 
Rt.  Rev.  Charles  Gore ;  Harry  N.  Holmes ;  Sir  George  Adam 
Smith;  Rev.  A.  Wylie  Blue;  Rev.  Wm.  Coote;  Rev.  Wm. 
Corkey  and  Mrs.  Corkey ;  Rev.  Louis  W.  Crooks ;  Rev.  F.  E. 
Harte;  Rev.  E.  Hazelton;  Rev.  C.  Wesley  Maguire;  Rev. 
Alexander  Ramsey;  Rev.  James  C.  Carlisle;  Rev.  Dugald 
Macfayden;  Harold  Spender. 

From  Holland:  Rev.  J.  Irwin  Brown;  Captain  Jan  Wil- 
helm  Gunning;  Dr.  A.  J.  Barnouw. 

From  Hungary:  John  Pelenyi. 

From  Italy:  Chaplain  Eli  Bertalot;  Rev.  Ernesto  Giam- 
piccoli. 

From  Switzerland:  Rev.  Emil  Brunner;  Prof.  Eugene 
Choisy;  Rev.  Adolf  Keller;  Professor  A.  Ruegg. 

These  visitations  have  been  of  the  highest  value  in  develop- 
ing the  relationship  of  the  American  churches  with  the 
churches  of  other  nations. 

That  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  is  wise  in  investing 
its  attention  and  its  influence  in  accentuating  these  overseas 
relationships  is,  as  it  seems  to  us,  very  patent  and  unmistakably 
clear.  All  the  motives,  from  those  which  are  prudential  to 
those  which  are  imbedded  in  eternal  principles,  conspire  to 
insist  that  our  American  churches  shall  face  squarely  their 
world  duties  and  privileges  in  such  an  hour  as  this.  Not  only 
the  strengthening  of  the  vitality  of  our  churches  hinges  upon 
our  attitudes  and  activities,  but  the  fortunes  of  our  missionary 
activities  all  over  the  world  are  most  seriously  involved.  If  the 
American  churches  adopt  the  palsied  slogan  "safety  first/* 
giving  supreme  regard  to  their  own  concerns  and  piously 
committing  the  rest  of  the  world  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the 
ever  watchful  Father  of  all,  the  result  will  be  a  religious  reces- 
sional for  the  world,  of  proportions  too  portentous  for  con- 
templation, and  for  our  American  churches  an  ossification  of 
the  heart  which  will  mean  spiritual  petrifaction.  But  no  one 
accepts  this  as  the  determination  of  our  churches.  They  are 
rising  everywhere  in  the  splendid  sacrifice  and  expression  of 
Christ's  royal  spirit  of  neighborliness.  They  are  meeting  dark 
situations  with  material  relief  and  with  the  balm  of  spiritual 
helpfulness.  Various  church  worlds  are  becoming  better  ac- 
quainted with  one  another  through  the  horrors  of  these  last 


204         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

years  and  are  learning  to  sing  in  unison  and  thank  God  upon 
the  key, 

"Our  fears,  our  hopes,  our  aims  are  one 
Our  comforts  and  our  cares." 

To  be  the  avenue  of  approach  in  such  a  spirit  and  with  such 
concerns  and  as  representing  the  Christian  churches  of  Amer- 
ica, is  the  business  of  this  commission  with  relation  to  the 
religious  bodies  of  Europe. 

Nehemiah   Boynton, 

Chairman. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  205 

4.  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France 
and  Belgium 

The  great  war  had  not  been  in  progress  very  long  before 
it  became  evident  that  our  Protestant  brethren  in  France  and 
Belgium  were  being  so  grievously  crippled  by  the  destruction 
of  their  homes  and  churches,  the  scattering  of  their  congrega- 
tions, and  the  consequent  privations  of  their  pastors  and  teach- 
ers, that  the  Qiristian  people  of  America  should  come  to  their 
relief.  While  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and 
Belgium  was  not  formally  organized  as  a  standing  depart- 
ment of  the  Federal  Council  until  May,  1919,  considerable 
effort  had  been  put  forth  before  this.  It  appears  advisable  that 
this  report  should  record  the  service  of  the  previous  Committee 
on  Christian  Relief  in  France  and  Belgium. 

Work  Previous  to  the  Organization  of  the  Present 
Commission 

At  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Council  in  1916,  a  re- 
port was  rendered  of  the  preliminary  work  undertaken  and 
carried  on  almost  entirely  through  the  personal  efforts  of  the 
General  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council,  first  of  all  in  behalf 
of  the  emergency  committee  of  the  National  Union  of  Re- 
formed Evangelical  Churches  of  France  and  later  of  the 
American  Huguenot  Committee. 

The  Quadrennial  Meeting  at  St.  Louis  sent  its  warm  greet- 
ings to  the  Protestant  bodies  of  France  and  Belgium  and  not 
long  after  that,  in  October,  1917,  the  French  Protestant  Fed- 
eration and  the  French  Protestant  War  Committee  sent  as 
their  delegates  Chaplains  Georges  Lauga  and  Victor  Monod, 
who  visited  our  churches  and  presented  their  messages  from 
one  end  of  the  country  to  the  other. 

As  the  result  of  conference  with  them,  a  Committee  was 
organized  in  Paris  known  as  the  Comite  d'Union  Protestante 
pour  les  Secours  de  Guerre  en  France  et  en  Belgique,  which 
was  inclusive  of  all  Protestant  bodies  and  organizations  in 
France. 

The  written,  cabled  and  spoken  messages  resulting  from  this 
new  relationship  are  recorded  in  the  1917  Report  of  the  Gen- 
eral Secretary  and  constitute  documents  of  great  historic  value 
and  significance. 

In  November,  1917,  a  conference  was  held  between  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Administrative  Committee,  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  the  American  Huguenot 
Committee  and  the  McAU  Mission,  which  immediately  resulted 
in  the  organization  in  January,  1918,  of  the  United  Committee 
on  Christian  Service  for  Relief  in  France  and  Belgium  to  co- 
operate with  the  similar  body  in  Paris. 


206        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Shortly  after  this  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal 
Council  was  invited  by  the  French  Protestant  Committee  and 
the  French  and  Belgian  Governments  to  visit  France  and  that 
portion  of  Belgium  occupied  at  that  time  by  the  Belgian  army. 
Upon  his  return,  the  Administrative  Committee  called  a  con- 
ference at  Wallace  Lodge  composed  of  representatives  of  all 
of  the  American  religious  agencies  having  work  or  related 
work  in  France.    This  conference  took  the  following  actions : 

"I.  That  immediate  relief  be  given  to  the  Protestant  churches  of 
France  and  Belgium  and  that  each  of  the  bodies  to  be  represented 
on  the  reorganized  United  Committee  be  requested  to  make  an  ap- 
propriation through  the  Committee  for  this  purpose;  and  that  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars  be  raised  in  this  way  to  cover  the  period 
of  the  next  six  months. 

"II.  That  each  of  the  bodies  at  work,  or  having  related  work,  in 
France  and  Belgium  consider  action  in  regard  to: 

1.  Requesting  the  denomination,  in  addition  to  its  own  work  or 
related  work  in  France  and  Belgium,  to  make  provision  to  help 
support  in  general  the  work  of  the  churches  of  France  and  Belgium. 

2.  The  securing  of  constant  financial  assistance  to  its  own  work 
or  related  body  in  France  and  Belgium. 

3.  The  strengthening  and  developing  of  its  own  work  or  related 
body  in  France  and  Belgium. 

4.  The  securing  in  this  procedure  of  the  fullest  consultation  and 
cooperation  with  the  various  other  bodies  having  work  in  France, 
and  also,  to  the  fullest  possible  extent  with  the  United  Committee. 

"III.  That  the  various  denominations  represented  be  requested  to 
make  provision  for  the  ordering  and  securing  of  copies  of  the  Hand- 
book to  distribute  to  their  pastors,  to  the  end  that  all  the  local  churches 
may  be  fully  informed  of  the  work  and  its  magnitude. 

"IV.  That  each  denomination  at  work,  or  having  related  work,  in 
France,  be  requested  to  appoint  officially  at  least  two  representatives 
to  serve  on  the  General  Committee  of  the  United  Committee,  one  of 
whom  shall  be  appointed  to  serve  on  the  Executive  Committee. 

"V.  That  the  United  Committee  be  asked  to  approach  the  other 
evangelical  bodies  not  officially  represented  at  this  conference  to  take 
action  similar  to  that  involved  in  the  above  recommendation. 

"VI.  That  the  question  of  including  work  in  Italy,  Russia  and  other 
coimtries  in  addition  to  the  present  work  in  France  and  Belgium  be 
taken  under  consideration  after  the  fullest  consultation  with  the  re- 
ligious bodies  having  interests  in  such  countries. 

"VII.  That  the  United  Committee  be  requested  to  appoint  a  strong 
representative  sub-committee  to  consult  with  the  American  Red  Cross 
regarding  the  relief  of  French  and  Belgian  Protestants. 

"VIII.  That  the  United  Committee  consider  the  advisability  of  ar- 
ranging for  a  large  delegated  conference  representative  of  the  evangel- 
ical churches  in  order  to  set  the  whole  program  for  France  and  Bel- 
gium before  the  American  churches  as  a  whole." 

These  relationships  were  largely  facilitated  by  the  visits  of 
Chaplain  Daniel  Couve  and  Chaplain  Albert  Leo  of  France 
and  Rev.  Henri  Anet  and  Mme.  Anet,  and  Chaplain  Pierre 
Blommaert  of  Belgium.  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North,  Rev.  James 
H.  Franklin  and  Rev.  Charles  J.  Smith  represented  the  Com- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  207 

mittee  in  their  visits  to  France,  and  thus,  through  these  per- 
sonal relationships,  the  work  was  developed. 

The  United  Committee  pursued  an  effective  work  under 
the  Chairmanship  of  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal 
Council  during  1918  and  the  early  part  of  1919.  Many  im- 
portant procedures  now  carried  on  by  the  Commission  were 
initiated  by  the  previous  Committee.  The  Committee  on  Rela- 
tions between  Theological  Seminaries  of  the  two  countries 
was  appointed.  The  Sanitorium  Admiral  Gaspard  de  Coligny, 
through  the  generous  assistance  of  Mr.  Paul  G.  Mclntire,  a 
member  of  the  Committee,  was  instituted.  Through  the  service 
of  Mrs.  Louise  Seymour  Houghton,  the  "Handbook  of  French 
and  Belgian  Protestantism"  was  published,  as  well  as  a  volume 
regarding  the  visits  of  Chaplains  Lauga  and  Monod,  entitled : 
'"file  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  and  France/* 

Organization  of  the  Commission 

This  work,  undertaken  in  a  more  or  less  voluntary  way, 
through  the  initiative  of  the  General  Secretary  and  with  the 
stimulation  of  the  other  personal  relationships  which  had  been 
formed,  soon  enlisted  the  deepening  interest  of  the  denomina- 
tional bodies  as  such.  It,  therefore,  seemed  wise  to  discontinue 
this  work  in  the  previous  form  and  to  organize  a  Commission 
on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium  which  should  more 
officially  include  the  denominational  bodies.  This  was  done 
with  the  approval  of  the  Administrative  Committee  in  May, 
1919.  The  Executive  Committee,  known  as  the  Committee 
on  Work,  consists  of  duly  appointed  official  representatives 
of  the  following  denominational  bodies  charged  with  work 
in  relation  to  these  two  nations,  to  which  has  been  added  the 
American  Bible  Society: 

American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society. 

National  Lutheran  Council. 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Board  of  Missions,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 

Permanent  Committee  on  French  and  Belgian  Relief  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South). 

The  General  Assembly's  Committee  to  Administer  the  Fimd  for 
the  Aid  of  Protestant  Churches  in  Europe  (Presb)rterian 
Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.). 

The  Committee  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  on  Work  in 
France  and  Belgium. 

Reformed  Church  in  America. 

The  National  Service  Commission  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
the  U.  S. 

The  other  Evangelical  denominations  have,  however,  been 
invited  to  participate  in  this  common  work  and  cooperative 
relations  are  maintained  with  the  American  McAU  Association 
and  the  United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor. 


208         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Inquiry  Into  the  Situation  and  Its  Needs 

In  addition  to  the  visitation  by  representatives  of  the  previ- 
ous Committee,  the  Qiairman  and  General  Secretary  visited 
France  and  Belgium  in  1919  and  rendered  full  reports  to  the 
Executive  Committee  last  December.  Many  important  matters 
were  considered  and  agreed  upon  with  the  Committee  in  Paris, 
including  the  project  for  a  common  Protestant  building  in  that 
city.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted  that  the  Committee 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  has  arranged  for 
a  general  Protestant  headquarters  in  Brussels  in  association 
with  the  two  Protestant  bodies  in  Belgium.  The  French 
Protestant  Assembly  in  Lyons,  in  1919,  was  attended  by  Bishop 
William  F.  Anderson  and  Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson  as  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Federal  Council.  Various  special  matters  of 
importance  have  been  taken  up,  including  the  completion  of 
the  Admiral  Gaspard  de  Coligny  Sanitorium  in  the  south  of 
France. 

During  the  past  year  Mile.  J.  Merle  d'Aubigne  visited  our 
churches  and  important  groups  of  people  in  the  interests  of 
the  Godmothers'  Union,  which  takes  care  of  the  children  of 
Protestant  pastors,  and  Rev.  Charles  Merle  d'Aubigne  made 
a  visit,  particularly  in  the  interest  of  the  work  of  the  Reformed 
Churches. 

At  the  Baltimore  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  last 
December,  we  had  the  pleasure  of  officially  receiving  M.  and 
Mme.  Henri  Bach  of  the  French  Lutheran  Church  and 
Mile.  d'Aubigne. 

It  is  interesting  to  report  that  plans  have  been  perfected 
whereby  the  nurses  of  this  country  are  raising  a  special  fund 
for  the  Training  School  in  connection  with  the  Hospital  at 
Bordeaux. 

The  Committee  on  Theological  Seminaries  has  proposed  to 
a  similar  committee,  recently  appointed,  representing  the 
theological  seminaries  in  France,  an  important  program  of 
interchange  of  literature,  professors  and  students,  and  the 
introduction  of  courses  in  French  Protestant  history  into  our 
own  seminaries  and  of  American  Protestant  church  history 
into  the  seminaries  of  France. 

The  Work  of  the  Cooperating  Denominations 

Two  of  our  constituent  bodies,  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  addi- 
tion to  their  common  work  in  cooperation  with  this  Com- 
mission, are  carrying  on  direct  work  in  these  nations.  The 
Lutheran  Church  is  also  rendering  direct  aid  and  the  Baptist 
Churches  have  undertaken  some  special  work  in  behalf  of  the 
Baptist  Churches  in  France. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  209 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  work  undertaken  by 
these  bodies: 

"The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  which  installed  churches 
in  France  in  1906,  has  large  and  important  plans,  including 
the  physical  and  social  reconstruction  of  certain  areas,  with 
the  approval  of  the  French  Government,  and  the  development 
of  its  churches  and  social  and  philanthropic  institutions.  It 
conducts  four  orphanages,  and  is  at  work  in  the  Savoy,  at 
Chateau  Thierry,  and,  among  other  cities,  in  Grenoble,  Lyons, 
Toulon,  Marseilles,  Cannes  and  Strasbourg. 

"The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  is  confining  its 
work  to  Belgium  and  has  already  purchased  beautiful  prop- 
erty in  Brussels  for  an  orphanage,  has  opened  a  general  Pro- 
testant building  in  Brussels  and  a  relief  station  at  Ypres  and 
is  pursuing  a  vigorous  work  in  cooperation  with  the  other 
Protestant  bodies  in  Belgium. 

"The  National  Lutheran  Council  is  also  assisting  the  Luth- 
eran churches  of  France  directly,  the  plans  including  the  devel- 
opment of  theological  education,  a  students'  hostel  in  Paris,  ex- 
pansion of  home  mission  work,  religious  publications,  a  high 
school  or  college  and  the  possibility  of  establishing  an  Ameri- 
can Lutheran  church  in  Paris." 

The  American  McAll  Association  is  continuing  in  a  still  more 
effective  way  the  splendid  work  which  it  has  been  doing  for 
so  many  years  and  the  American  Bible  Society  is  giving  its  help, 
in  cooperation  with  the  Commission,  to  the  Bible  Societies  in 
France  and  Belgium. 

We  do  not  need  in  this  report  to  go  fully  into  this  interesting 
story  of  American  participation  in  evangelical  work  in  France 
and  Belgium  because  it  has  been  set  forth  so  fully  in  the 
"Handbook  of  French  and  Belgian  Protestantism,"  and  in  the 
pamphlet  entitled  "Reconstruction  Plans  for  the  Year  1920." 

The  Proposals  of  the  Commission 

In  the  early  part  of  this  year  Mr.  William  Sloane  Coffin, 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Plans  and  Budget,  visited  Paris 
at  the  request  of  the  Committee  on  Work  and  spent  several 
weeks  there.  Mr.  Coffin  presented  the  following  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Plans  and  Budget,  which  has  been  referred  to 
the  constituent  bodies  of  the  Commission  : 

After  most  careful  study,  the  Comite  d'union  Protestante  pour  las 
Secours  de  Guerre  en  France  et  en  Belgique  voted  unanimously  to 
recommend  to  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium 
the  following"  budget  as  representing  the  most  urgent  need  for  which 
American  churches  might  provide  by  sending  the  sum  of  $500,000.00 
during  the  year  1920,  assuming  that  the  rate  of  exchange  remains 
approximately  as  at  the  present  time: 

(1)     RECONSTRUCTION 

About  130  churches  and  parish  houses  were  ruined  by  fire,  bombard- 


210         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

ment,  pillage  and  wanton  destruction.  The  following  churches  are  to 
be  restored  or  entirely  rebuilt  this  year.  The  amounts  specified  are 
required  to  supplement  subscriptions  already  received  or  locally 
guaranteed. 

Rheims    $75,000.00 

St.  Quentin 25,000.00 

Cambrai 25,000.00 

Arras 15,000.00 

Compiegne    15.000.00 

Verdun 15,000.00 

Hargicourt 10,000.00 

Henin  Lietard 10,000.00 

A  church,  a  parish  house  or  a  parsonage  is  a  most  fitting  memorial 
to  an  American  soldier  slain  on  the  battlefields  of  France. 

Total  amount  required  for  1920 $200,000.00 

(2)  NEW  WORK  IN  THE  DEVASTATED  AREA 

Where  the  present  population  does  not  justify  the  immediate  erec- 
tion of  a  church,  it  is  planned  to  found  community  centers  in  neigh- 
boring villages,  grouped  under  the  supervision  of  one  of  the  local 
pastors.  Two  women,  an  efficient  visitor  and  a  trained  worker  placed 
in  charge  of  these  centers,  by  rendering  real  Christian  service,  would 
develop  the  nucleus  of  a  future  church.  In  fact  the  number  of 
available  pastors  at  the  present  time  makes  it  impossible  to  extend 
the  work  in  any  other  way. 

A  community  center,  or  the  payment  of  the  salary  of  $500.00  per 
annum  of  a  district  nurse  for  a  period  of  three  years,  would  be  a 
most  welcome  individual  gift. 

Total  amount  required  for  the  year  1920 $50,000.00 

(3)  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

All  the  Allies  must  share  the  responsibility  for  bringing  thousands 
of  black  and  yellow  men  from  the  French  colonies  in  Africa,  Asia 
and  the  islands  of  the  sea  to  the  battlefields  of  the  great  war.  While 
in  Christian  Europe,  they  learned  the  vices  of  civilization  and  how 
to  murder  more  rapidly  and  make  the  deadliest  weapons.  The  least 
we  can  do  is  to  bring  to  their  families  in  the  French  colonies  the  best 
of  Christian  civilization. 

The  German  missionaries  in  the  Kameroun  are  being  replaced  by 
the  French.  The  Paris  Society  is  preparing  about  twenty  new 
missionaries,  for  the  most  part  young  soldiers  and  officers  who  have 
just  come  back  from  the  army.  It  prepares  them  with  the  full  con- 
fidence that  God,  who  has  called  the  men,  will  also  give  the  neces- 
sary resources  to  send  them  into  the  field. 

The  Paris  Evangelical  Missionary  Society  is  practically  the  only 
French  missionary  society  in  foreign  lands.  It  is  interdenominational 
and  unites  in  one  missionary  effort  the  two  sections  of  the  Reformed 
Church,  the  Union  of  Free  Churches,  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  and  some  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  and  Baptist  Churches. 
The  Society  works  in  seven  mission  fields ;  five  in  Africa — Basutoland 
(South  Africa),  Barotsiland  (Upper  Zambeze),  Senegal  and  Congo 
(West  Africa),  and  Madagascar;  and  two  in  the  South  Seas  (Ta- 
hiti and  Society  Islands — New  Caledonia  and  Loyalty  Islands). 

The  fact  that  the  American  losses  were  relatively  small  is  due 
in  large  measure  to  the  use  made  of  black  troops  rather  than  Ameri- 
can in  such  battles  as  St.  Gobain  Forest  and  the  Chemin  des  Dames. 


REPORTS  OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  211 

A  fitting  thank  offering,  therefore,  for  the  safe  return  of  an  Ameri- 
can soldier  is  the  erection  of  a  mission  station  or  the  payment  of 
the  salary  of  a  missionary  in  a  French  colony. 

Amount    required    for    1920 $75,000.00 

(4)  EDUCATION 

The  loss  during  the  war  of  so  many  religious  leaders  and  promis- 
ing students  and  the  requirements  in  personnel  of  the  enlarged  plan 
for  the  future  necessitate  the  development  as  rapidly  as  possible  of 
an  adequate  force  of  men  and  women  to  supply  efficient  leadership 
in  all  branches  of  Christian  work.  To  this  end  all  the  Protestant 
organizations  have  united  in  organizing  training  schools  in  Paris, 
which  give  promise  of  great  usefulness  in  meeting  the  need.  These, 
and  the  theological  seminaries  as  well,  require  temporary  assistance 
in  the  present  economic  crisis. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  Protestant  population  and,  therefore, 
of  all  the  ministers,  live  in  rural  districts  where  the  children  can 
only  find  primary  education  up  to  the  age  of  twelve.  There  is,  there- 
fore, a  great  need  for  a  few  well-equipped  endowed  high  schools 
where  pastors'  children  and  others  can  obtain  the  best  education. 
This  need  may  also  be  met  by  erecting  dormitories  near  the  best 
existing  schools  and  colleges,  so  that  Protestant  students  can  live 
economically  and  receive  religious  education  and  training  for  Chris- 
tian service  along  with  their  other  studies. 

The  amount  required  for  an  adequate  program  is  far  in  excess  of 
what  is  possible  to  include  in  this  budget. 

Minimum  requirement  for   1920 $40,000.00 

(5)  TEMPORARY   AID   TO   DESTITUTE   FAMILIES 

The  Comite  d'Entr'aide  and  La  Force  are  the  two  great  organiza- 
tions which  render  temporary  relief  to  Protestant  families  rendered 
homeless  and  helpless  by  the  war.  A  very  large  proportion  of  their 
funds,  amounting  to  several  million  francs,  has  come  from  the 
French  themselves.  Within  a  year  the  need  of  such  relief  will 
greatly  diminish,  but  a  certain  amount  must  be  added  to  the  funds 
to  carry  these  two  organizations  through  the  present  year. 

Amount    specified    for    1920 $25,000.00 

(6)  PROTESTANT      ADMINISTRATIVE       HEADQUAR- 
TERS IN  PARIS 

It  is  possible  to  purchase  a  fifty-room  hotel  on  the  Rue  de  la  Vic- 
toire,  within  a  block  of  the  present  offices  of  the  Protestant  com- 
mittee, and  the  adjoining  building  running  through  the  Rue  Lafayette, 
one  of  the  principal  business  streets  of  Paris.  This  building  would 
house  all  the  committees  and  the  offices  of  the  principal  societies. 
The  building  on  Rue  Lafayette  is  now  rented  to  business  firms.  It 
is  planned  to  pay  for  this  building  with  the  invested  funds  of  some 
of  the  French  societies  and  to  leave  the  present  tenants  until  the 
Protestant  organizations  require  more  space  than  is  afforded  by  the 
building  on  the  Rue  de  la  Victoire. 

Amount  required  from  America $75,000.00 

(7)  INTELLECTUAL    CENTER    AND    LECTURE    HALL 
IN   PARIS 

It  is  important  to  have  a  lecture  hall  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine, 
which  is  the  center  of  the  student  population.  M.  Doumergue,  the 
leader  of  the  work  known  as  Foi  et  Vie,  has  found  a  building  which 


212         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

can  be  made  available  at  once  for  such  purposes.  The  total  cost 
will  be  approximately  $50,000.00,  of  which  M.  Doumergue  has  in 
sight  more  than  half  from  French  channels. 

Amount  required  from  America $20,000.00 

(8)     BELGIAN  CHURCHES 

It  is  hoped  that  the  Southern  Methodist  Church  will  generously 
assist  the  churches  in  Belgium.  It  has  been  thought  advisable  to 
specify  a  certain  amount  for  emergency  use,  in  case  the  amount 
available  this  year  is  not  sufficient  for  the  entire  program. 

Amount  required  in   1920 $15,000.00 

Total  amount  of  budget $500,000.00 

It  is  essential  that  this  sum  of  $500,000.00,  or  a  very  large  part 
of  it,  be  sent  at  once  in  order  that  the  French  committee  may  have 
positive  assurance  that  the  money  is  available  and  the  work  may 
be  pushed.  So  many  promises  have  come  from  America  which  have 
not  been  fulfilled  that  they  are  naturally  somewhat  skeptical. 

American  Aid  Rendered  Up  to  Date 

The  total  amount  sent  to  France  and  Belgium  from  1915 
to  November  12,  1920,  is  $929,165.37. 

This  amount  has  been  contributed  as  follow^s: 

1915  to  January   1,   1918  entirely   from  individual   sub- 
scriptions , $346,351.26 

January  1,  1918  to  November  12,  1920 : 

From  denominational  bodies: 

Presbyterian,  U.  S.  A $128,000.00 

Methodist  Episcopal 125,000.00 

Baptist    68,325.73 

Reformed,  U.  S 62,891.29 

Lutheran    50,000.00 

United   Presbyterian    28,631.23 

Presbyterian,  U.  S 25,495.17 

Methodist   Episcopal,    South.     25,000.00 

Disciples  of  Christ 2,478.45 

Reformed  in  America 150.00 

African  Methodist  Episcopal           50.00    $516,021.87 
From  individuals 66,792.24      582,814.11 

Total    $929,165.37 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  amounts  which  have 
been  sent  or  expended  during  the  past  quadrennium,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  above,  by  the  following  bodies : 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  $661,000.00 

American  McAll  Association   420,940.86 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South   232,000.00 

National  Lutheran  Council   134,736.25 

Northern  Baptist   Convention    99,666.63 

American  Bible  Society 8,435.63 

Total   $1,556,779.37 

It  is  hoped  that  considerable  additional  amounts  may  be 
available  before  January  1,  1921. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  213 

It  is  the  policy  of  the  Commission  to  secure  these  funds  in 
the  main  through  its  constituent  bodies,  but  it  has  also  been 
deemed  advisable  that  the  Commission  should  make  direct  ap- 
proaches to  individuals  for  substantial  contributions.  The 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Plans  and  Budget  has  already 
secured  one  individual  pledge  of  $50,000  for  one  item  of  the 
budget  and  it  is  hoped  that  other  men  and  women  of  means 
may  be  likewise  moved.  The  building  of  the  church  at  St. 
Quentin  has  been  in  considerable  measure  provided  for  by  Mrs. 
H.  Roswell  Bates  and  Warner  M.  Van  Norden. 

The  Work  in  France 

Let  it  not  be  thought  that  our  brethren  in  France  and  Bel- 
gium are  inclined  to  rest  too  heavily  upon  us.  They  have  begun 
their  work  of  reconstruction  with  amazing  courage.  They  are 
doing  their  part.  It  is  indeed  interesting  to  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  first  building  of  a  public  nature  to  be  re-erected 
in  the  devastated  Aisne  section  is  the  Protestant  temple  at  St. 
Quentin,  whose  cornerstone  was  laid  on  July  18,  by  the  Mayor 
of  St.  Quentin  and  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil. In  this  city,  which  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  and  whose 
inhabitants  are  now  living  in  improvised  dwellings,  over  one 
thousand  of  the  Protestant  membership  of  two  thousand  have 
returned. 

The  work  undertaken  can  go  on  rapidly — just  as  fast  as  we 
can  furnish  our  quota  of  what  is  needed.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  the  cooperating  denominational  bodies  do  not  appear  able 
to  meet  the  above  requirements  for  1920. 

The  Spirit  and  Purpose  of  this  Work 

During  the  early  part  of  1919  there  appeared  in  the  public 
press,  and  more  especially  in  certain  Roman  Catholic  journals, 
protests  against  the  proposal  of  the  Federal  Council  and  its 
constituent  bodies  to  help  the  churches  of  France  and  Belgium. 
Happily,  these  claims  did  not  meet  public  approval  and,  indeed, 
have  been  openly  disapproved  by  prominent  men  and  women 
in  France  who  themselves  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  Com- 
mission felt  that  it  was  important,  however,  to  make  a  frank 
and  open  statement  of  its  plans,  which  it  did  in  the  following 
words : 

The  Protestant  Churches  of  France  and  Belgium  have  had  much 
in  common  with  the  Churches  of  America,  in  origin,  history,  faith 
and  sentiment.  The  Huguenots  of  France,  largely  through  earlier 
persecution,  have  been  distinguished  among  the  planters  of  Protestant 
Religion  in  both  Europe  and  America  and  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

These  Churches  in  France  and  Belgium,  in  addition  to  this  kin- 
ship in  origin  and  heritage,  are  related  still  more  intimately  by 
historical  ties  and  by  forms  of  faith  and  order,  with  the  Presby- 
terians, Reformed,  Lutheran,  Baptist  and  Methodist  Episcopal 
Churches  in  America. 


214         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

These  relations  and  sympathies  have  normally  and  naturally  deep- 
ened as  we  have  witnessed  the  brave  sacrifices  of  these  fellow- 
Christians  and  still  more  as  we  have  in  some  measure  entered  into 
their  suffering.  It  was  in  the  ordinary  course  of  nature  that  they 
should,  in  1915,  in  their  dire  need,  look  across  the  sea  to  their 
brothers  and  sisters  in  faith  for  financial  and  moral  support.  Con- 
sequently, messengers  have  passed  back  and  forth  from  the  Churches 
of  one  country  to  another,  we  have  received  their  messengers  with 
sympathy  and  have  made  response  to  the  needs  they  set  forth  to  us, 
though  in  a  measure  which  has  been  thus  far  all  too  meagre. 

The  Protestant  Churches  of  France  and  Belgium  now  face  the 
great  tasks  and  opportunities  of  reconstruction.  They  do  it  with 
diminished  ranks  and  resources,  but  with  the  same  courage  and  reso- 
lution that  they  displayed  in  maintaining  their  life  and  in  giving 
heart  and  soul  to  their  nation  during  the  war. 

A  great  portion  of  the  people  of  France  have  no  personal  relations 
with  religious  institutions.  It  is  not  that  they  are  irreligious.  They 
have  borne  witness  to  their  splendid  ideals  during  these  five  momen- 
tous years.  But,  whatever  may  be  the  cause  or  causes,  organized 
religion  as  ecclesiastically  constituted  has  failed  to  reach  them.  To 
these  millions  of  unattached  men  and  women  the  Protestant  Faith 
of  France  is  making  its  appeal.  For  them  it  has  a  message — a  message 
which  the  Protestant  Churches  of  France  have  a  right  to  speak,  and 
an  appeal  which  the  people  of  France  have  a  right  to  hear,  if  they 
choose  to  listen  to  it. 

Our  brethren  across  the  sea,  however,  while  their  faith  and  spiritual 
power  have  been  deepened,  are  depleted  in  their  personal  and  physical 
resources;  their  Churches  are  destroyed,  their  institutions  are  im- 
paired, and  their  workers  have  been  laid  low  on  the  field  of  conflict. 
The  Protestant  Churches  of  America  have  here  a  great  obligation 
and  opportunity  which  to  ignore  would  be  a  sin  against  humanity 
and  against  God.  These  needs  are,  first  of  all,  the  rebuilding  and 
strengthening  of  Churches,  Manses,  Hospitals  and  institutions  of 
Christian  teaching.  But  they  are  more  than  this,  they  include  the 
great   task   of    social    reconstruction. 

In  this  service,  with  a  view  of  strengthening  and  supplementing 
the  forces  already  in  those  countries,  the  American  denominations 
having  work  or  related  work  in  France  and  Belgium  propose  to  par- 
ticipate; namely,  the  Presbyterian,  Reformed,  Lutheran,  Methodist 
Episcopal,  and  Baptist,  with  such  other  denominations  as  may  desire 
to  unite  in  this  duty  and  privilege. 

In  order  that  this  great  ecumenical  undertaking  may  be  broadly 
Christian,  the  Federal  Council  has  appointed  a  "Commission  on 
Relations  with  France  and  Belgium"  in  which  all  participating 
denominations  may  have  a  common  interest,  work  in  consultation 
and  cooperation,  and  insure  results  effective  to  the  highest  degree. 

This  Commission  seeks  no  controversy,  enters  no  debate,  regarding 
other  forms  of  religion  in  these  nations.  Their  people  will  choose 
for  themselves  the  expressions  of  their  religious  faith.  The  Com- 
mission and  its  constituent  denominations  enter  upon  their  task,  not 
destructively,  but  frankly,  openly  and  constructively. 

In  neither  France  nor  Belgium  has  the  state  decreed  forms  or 
institutions  of  religion  for  the  people,  and  the  religious  faith  of  men 
and  women  is  not  to  be  determined  by  numerical  proportions  or  by 
majority  vote. 

In  these  nations  the  Church  of  Rome  has  a  large  body  of  faithful 
and  devout  adherents,  whose  devotion  we  respect  and  whose  good 
works  we  esteem.  We  view  with  cheerful  good-will  the  efforts  of 
Churches  of  that  faith  in  America  which  seek  to  do  for  their  brethren 


REPORTS    OF    COMMISSIONS    AND    COMMITTEES  215 

and  sisters  what  we  do  for  ours.  They  too  will  make  their  religious 
appeal  to  the  great  multitude  in  I'^rance  who  are  without  the  Church. 
We  do  not  assume  to  determine  the  course  which  such  churches  shall 
take,  nor  do  we  on  the  other  hand  admit  the  validity  of  their  objection 
to  our  own  cooperation  with  our  spiritual  brethren  of  France  and 
Belgium. 

Religion  is  not  to  be  determined  by  national  or  political  boundaries. 
It  is  a  matter  between  each  individual  soul  and  God.  The  nation 
most  truly  and  deeply  religious  is  not  the  nation  in  which  forms  and 
faith  are  determined  and  selected  for  the  people,  but  in  which  each 
soul,  in  the  inviolable  solitude  of  personality,  is  brought  face  to  face 
with  the  divine  reality. 

In  this  spirit  of  good-will  towards  all  good  men  and  all  good  works 
and  institutions,  the  Protestant  Evangelical  Churches  of  America 
desire  to  do  their  part  in  the  moral,  social  and  religious  reconstruction 
of  these  countries,  which,  by  their  devotion  to  ideals  and  by  the  valor 
of  their  spirits,  have  saved  us  from  the  greatest  moral  and  spiritual 
disaster  that  ever  threatened  the  civilized  world. 

Owing  to  causes  which  we  need  not  discuss,  the  Commis- 
sion has  been  greatly  embarrassed  by  the  fact  that  money  that 
our  French  brethren  needed  most  urgently  and  promptly  has 
not  been  secured  in  anything  like  the  amounts  that  were  con- 
templated. That  which  has  been  raised  has  been  chiefly  due 
to  the  indefatigable  labors  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Plans  and  Budget,  Mr.  William  Sloane  Cofifin,  who  not 
only  made  a  trip  to  France  for  the  special  purpose  of  con- 
ferring with  the  leaders  of  the  Protestant  churches,  but  made 
earnest  personal  efforts  on  his  return  to  secure  gifts. 

It  is  unthinkable,  however,  that  the  churches  of  America 
are  going  to  leave  their  French  and  Belgian  brethren  in  their 
present  plight.  Nearly  all  their  ruined  church  buildings  are 
still  in  ruins.  Many  of  their  congregations  are  still  scattered 
and  not  one  of  their  pastors  and  teachers  is  receiving  adequate 
support.  It  is  most  urgent  that  the  denominational  commit- 
tees should  take  up  the  matter  at  once. 

The  itemized  statement  of  needs  has  been  carefully  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Coffin  and  Secretary  Macfarland  and  has  been 
furnished  to  the  several  denominational  bodies. 

Four  vital  considerations  should  be  borne  in  mind : 

First,  the  aid  that  we  should  give  to  the  Protestant  Churches 
of  France  and  Belgium  is  not  a  charity  but  a  duty.  The  dis- 
aster that  overtook  them  came  as  the  result  of  a  World  War 
in  which  America  was  one  of  the  participating  nations.  The 
fact  that  the  fighting  was  done  on  their  soil  instead  of  on  ours 
should  not  lead  us  to  feel  that  the  work  of  rehabilitation  is 
their  sole  responsibility.  Rather  should  we  feel  that  our  re- 
sponsibility for  aiding  them  is  all  the  greater. 

Second,  it  is  absolutely  indispensable,  not  only  to  the  recon- 
struction of  Europe,  but  to  the  moral  and  spiritual  conditions 
of  the  world,  that  the  Protestant  churches  of  France  and 
Belgium  should  be  made  strong  and  vigorous.    It  has  become 


216         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

trite  to  us  that  this  is  the  time  of  moral  loosening  all  over  the 
world  and  particularly  in  Europe,  There  has  never  been  a 
time  when  the  type  of  Christianity  for  which  Protestantism 
stands  was  more  urgently  needed  in  France  and  the  Protestant 
churches  of  America  simply  cannot  afford  to  let  those  churches 
go  to  pieces. 

Third,  in  order  that  the  American  churches  may  do  this 
work  most  effectively  and  avoid  overlapping,  confusion  and 
unwise  use  of  money,  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  interde- 
nominational character  of  our  aid  should  be  maintained.  To 
this  end  the  Commission,  which  is  largely  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  several  denominational  bodies,  is  making  an 
earnest  effort  to  handle  the  problem  unitedly  and  comprehen- 
sively while  at  the  same  time  keeping  in  such  relations  with 
the  denominational  bodies  that  their  legitimate  interests  will 
be  served. 

Fourth,  the  Commission  also  deems  it  vital  that  we  should 
recognize  in  full  measure  the  autonomy  of  the  French  and 
Belgian  churches,  that  we  should  freely  and  fully  consult  with 
them  and  that  we  should  respect  their  judgment  in  the  ques- 
tions that  are  constantly  arising.  It  is  their  countries  that  we 
are  aiding  and  our  attitude  toward  them  should  be  that  of 
churches  who  are  extending  a  helping  hand  to  their  sister 
churches  in  a  time  of  special  need. 

The  Protestant  churches  of  these  countries  are  not  new ;  they 
have  a  long  and  honorable  history;  they  have  struggled  hard 
against  tremendous  disaster.  They  have  known  what  it  is  to 
suffer  bitter  persecution.  Their  membership  is  intelligent, 
devoted  and  capable.  There  is  large  hope  for  the  cause  of 
Christ  if  they  can  be  given  that  assistance  in  rehabilitating 
themselves  after  the  frightful  catastrophe  of  the  World  War 
which  for  the  time  engulfed  them. 

Arthur  J.  Brown, 
Chairman. 


THE    CHURCHES    UNITED    IN    SERVICE 
TO    THE    COMMUNITY 


(Report  of  the  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federations) 

The  progress  of  the  church  federation  movement  during  the 
past  quadrennium  of  the  Federal  Council  is  best  indicated  by 
the  increase  in  the  number  of  secretaries  employed  by  Councils 
and  Federations  of  Churches.  Four  years  ago  there  were 
twelve  such  secretaries.  Today  more  than  sixty  are  employed 
in  city  and  state  organizations. 

The  chief  task  of  the  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federa- 
tions has  been  to  awaken  an  interest  in  the  cooperation  of  the 
churches,  especially  in  the  largest  cities ;  carry  on  a  careful 
campaign  of  education;  aid  the  local  leaders  by  personal  visit, 
correspondence,  and  literature ;  help  to  form  an  organization 
best  adapted  to  meet  local  needs  and  conditions ;  secure  funds 
to  maintain  the  local  office  and  secretary;  help  secure  the 
secretary  and  inaugurate  a  program  of  work. 

The  amount  of  time  given  to  the  different  cities  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Commission  has  varied  from  two  or  three  brief 
visits  to  intensive  campaigns  extending  over  a  number  of 
weeks. 

Two  Notable  Conventions 

During  the  last  quadrennium  this  Commission  has  held  two 
notable  conventions.  The  first  was  held  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
October  1-4,  1917.  The  purposes  of  this  congress  were  as 
follows : 

I.  To  recognize  the  increasing  need  of  cooperation,  felt  in  all  com- 
munities and  denominations. 
II.  To  assemble  the  evidence  that  this  cooperation  is  actually  taking 
place,  either  with  or  without  promotive  or  directive  effort. 
Throughout  the  land  ministers  are  meeting  together  and  Chris- 
tians are  praying  and  working  together.  Thirty-one  cities  now 
have  federations  of  churches  with  salaried  executives.  A  new 
function  has  been  created  in  the  service  of  paid  secretaries  of 
local  federations. 

III.  To  interpret  the  relation  of  the  spirit  of  cooperation  to  the 
outstanding  activities  of  the  churches  locally  and  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  kingdom  of  God  throughout  the  world. 

IV.  To  consider  seriously  the  opportunities  and  the  duties  which 
compel  cooperation  and  the  deepening  of  the  spirit  of  oneness 
in  the  tremendous  emergency  created  by  the  war.  The  necessity 
for  the  union  of  all  Christian  energies,  though  it  was  felt  in  the 
vision  of  the  normal  tasks  of  the  churches  before  the  war,  has 
been  acutely  emphasized  by  the  colossal  struggle  in  which  we 
are  now  engaged. 

V.  To  assemble,  digest,  and  put  into  accessible  form  for  use  every- 
where, a  record  of  the  experiences  of  those  who  have  been 
engaged  in  cooperative  work  in  their  several  communities. 

Eight  commissions  were  appointed  to  prepare  reports  on  the 

217 


218         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

most  important  phases  of  cooperative  chuch  work.  Over  five 
hundred  delegates  came  from  one  hundred  and  thirty-four 
communities  representing  thirty-one  communions. 

The  reports  presented  by  the  Commissions  were  discussed 
by  the  delegates.  After  revision  they  were  published  in  the 
volume  entitled  "The  Manual  of  Interchurch  Work."  Over 
three  thousand  copies  of  this  manual  were  sold. 

Recognizing  that  great  progress  has  been  made  in  the  devel- 
opment of  this  movement  during  three  years,  the  Commission 
deemed  it  advisable  to  hold  another  Convention  in  1920.  Com- 
missions were  appointed  to  report  upon  the  following  themes : 

I.  Principles  and  Methods  of  Organization 
II.  Survey,  Program  and  Comity 

III.  Evangelism 

IV.  Social  Service 

V.  Religious  Education 
VI.  Missions 
VII.  International  Justice  and  Good-will 
VIII.  Religious  Publicity 
IX.  Securing  and  Training  Executive  Secretaries 

The  Commissions  reported  at  "The  Church  and  Community 
Convention"  held  at  Qeveland,  Ohio,  June  1-3,  under  the  joint 
auspices  of  the  Commission  and  the  Association  of  Federation 
Executive  Secretaries.  Nearly  four  hundred  delegates  at- 
tended this  convention  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  They 
represented  all  leading  denominational  and  interdenomina- 
tional bodies.  Notable  addresses  were  given  by  Rev.  M.  Ashby 
Jones,  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer,  Col.  Raymond  Robins,  Rev.  Harry 
E.  Fosdick,  Principal  Alfred  E.  Garvie,  Rev.  Clarence  A. 
Barbour. 

This  second  convention  rendered  a  most  unique  service  be- 
cause of  the  time  in  which  it  was  held.  Many  who  are  eager 
for  closer  fellowship  of  the  churches  had  been  keenly  dis- 
appointed over  the  outcome  of  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment. From  this  Convention  there  went  to  all  the  country  the 
ringing  message  contained  in  the  address  by  Dr.  Robert  E. 
Speer.  It  was  the  keynote  of  the  Convention.  "The  Coopera- 
tive Movement  is  Absolutely  Undefeatable." 

The  Literature  of  the  Movement 
After  careful  revision  by  the  Convention,  the  reports  of  the 
Commissions  and  two  of  the  addresses  were  published  in 
the  volume  entitled  "Community  Programs  for  Cooperating 
Churches."  This  is  the  text  book  for  councils  and  federations 
of  churches.  The  suggestions  in  the  reports  are  valuable  for 
any  community  having  two  or  more  churches. 

Aside  from  the  production  of  the  above  named  text  books, 
the  Commission  has  issued  literature  that  has  been  of  great 
service.  The  most  valuable  leaflet  has  been  entitled  "Short 
Stories  of  Social,  Civil  and  Religious   Community   Service." 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  219 

The  present  issue  contains  eighteen  short  stories  written  by 
the  secretaries  in  as  many  cities,  thus  giving  a  picture  of  the 
range  of  activities  of  a  city  federation. 

The  Commission  has  been  very  generously  supplied  with  the 
programs,  pronouncements  and  annual  reports  of  various 
councils  and  federations.  These  publications  have  made  it 
possible  to  present  an  unanswerable  argument  for  the  move- 
ment.    Increasingly  this  will  be  the  case. 

The  Association  of  Secretaries 

A  very  strong  factor  in  the  cooperative  movement  is  the 
Association  of  Federation  Executive  Secretaries,  with  a  mem- 
bership of  more  than  sixty.  The  annual  meetings  of  the 
Association  are  looked  forward  to  with  great  interst.  They 
continue  for  two  or  three  days.  The  time  is  devoted  to  the 
discussion  of  the  problems  of  the  councils  of  churches.  So  im- 
portant have  these  meetings  become  that  plans  are  now  being 
made  to  have  the  next  conference  in  some  theological  semi- 
nary near  New  York  City,  devoting  ten  days  to  the  study  of 
these  problems.  It  promises  to  be  a  great  aid  not  only  to  the 
experienced  secretaries,  but  also  to  the  securing  and  training 
of  new  secretaries. 

As  local  autonomy  is  a  fundamental  principle  in  each  or- 
ganization, there  being  no  organic  relation  of  local,  state  or 
national  councils  to  one  another,  this  voluntary  association  of 
secretaries  makes  possible  the  exchange  of  experiences,  the 
standardizing  of  programs  while  preserving  the  greatest  liberty 
of  action  for  each  council  or  federation. 

The  Commission 

The  personnel  of  the  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federa- 
tions  now  increases  this  sense  of  fellowship  establishing  a  con- 
nection with  the  communities  most  intersted.  The  city  and 
state  organizations  have  nominated  from  each  some  representa- 
tive who  has  been  appointed  to  the  Commission  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Federal  Council.  This  plan  has  met  with  favor  as 
it  makes  the  contact  with  the  field  more  direct  and  brings  to 
the  support  of  the  work  of  the  Commission  those  who  are 
truly  interested. 

From  the  first,  this  Commission  has  followed  the  policy  of 
securing  necessary  funds  before  attempting  to  work.  It  has 
not  been  an  easy  task.  The  policy  has  limited  the  range  of 
activities  but  has  compelled  the  doings  of  the  things  most 
needed  to  be  done.  All  the  funds  have  been  secured  from 
individuals.  The  average  annual  expenditures  have  been  about 
$15,000. 

For  the  future  a  larger  sum  must  be  secured  or  this  de- 
partment of  work  will  fail  to  meet  one  of  the  greatest  respon- 
sibilities that  rest  upon  the  Federal  Council.     During  the  last 


220         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

two  years  splendid  seed  has  been  sown.  Great  hopes  have 
been  raised.  The  Cleveland  Convention  made  it  very  clear 
that  many  of  these  hopes  are  being  realized  in  the  cities  where 
the  churches  are  mobilized  and  where  there  is  constant  execu- 
tive direction.  Surely  the  day  is  at  hand  when  the  great 
religious  bodies  should  make  adequate  provision  to  meet  this 
situation  instead  of  leaving  the  whole  burden  to  a  small  group 
of  individuals. 

Future  Development 
The  development  in  the  future  will  be  more  rapid  for  the 
following  reasons: 

1.  The  permanence  of  the  councils  and  federations  of  churches 
which  have  been  established. 

2.  The  practical  programs  of  cooperative  effort  which  are  now 
made  available  for  all  by  the  publishing  of  the  volume  entitled 
"Community  Programs  for  Cooperating  Churches." 

3.  The  removal  of  clergymen  from  cities  having  federations  to 
unorganized  cities  where  they  initiate  a  movement  to  perfect  an 
organization. 

4.  The  influence  of  the  organized  cities  upon  surrounding  commu- 
nities. The  increase  in  the  number  of  employed  secretaries  gives 
the  Church  a  strong  group  of  trained  men  and  women  to  assist 
interested  cities. 

5.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  secretaries  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil whose  visits  arouse  an  interest  and  whose  advice  is  sought. 

6.  The  increase  in  the  staff  of  the  Commission  to  meet  the  large 
opportunities  and  responsibilities.  This  will  make  it  possible  to  give 
the  direction  to  the  above  promoting  forces. 

A  Council  or  Federation  of  Churches  is  an  organization 
which  must  grow.  This  movement  is  now  so  firmly  established 
that  this  growth  will  be  rapid  or  slow  in  proportion  to  the 
assistance  which  can  be  rendered  by  the  Federal  Council. 

The  last  quadrennium  has  furnished  abundant  evidence  of 
what  can  be  done.  The  next  should  witness  the  extension  of 
the  program  to  every  part  of  the  country. 

This  report  makes  clear  one  great  fact.  The  federation 
principle  is  established  in  most  of  the  cities  in  the  United 
States.  The  development  has  been  gradual  and  the  foundations 
laid  are  solid.  It  is  no  longer  a  question  of  whether  the 
churches  will  coordinate  their  forces,  it  is  only  a  question  of 
when.  The  time  comes  in  each  city  when  three  or  four  deter- 
mined leaders  thoughtfully  and  earnestly  undertake  to  inform 
the  churches  about  what  is  being  done.  A  score  of  cities  can 
be  named  in  which  the  determination  of  one  layman  or  clergy- 
man has  resulted  in  the  organiaztion  of  the  churches  and  the 
securing  of  adequate  funds  to  make  cooperation  effective. 

The  unorganized  cities  are  awaiting  just  such  leadership. 

One  of  the  great  gains  to  the  Church  from  the  work  of  this 
Commission  is  the  increasing  ability  of  the  churches  of  the 
community  to  do  important  work  as  churches.  For  years  the 
churches  have  been  the  forces  and  the  resources  to  all  sorts  of 


■  REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  221 

organizations  serving  the  community.  It  has  been  a  splendid 
contribution.  The  organizations  have  thus  gained  great  favor 
and  influence  and  at  the  time  the  general  public  feels  that  the 
churches  have  been  ineffective.  This  is  being  changed  where 
the  churches  are  mobilized  for  united  service  for  the  com- 
munity. This  will  give  to  the  Church  the  respect,  the  admira- 
tion, the  love,  the  devotion  it  must  secure  if  it  is  to  enlist  in 
larger  numbers  those  who  are  concerned  about  the  welfare 
of  the  community.  Upon  this  more  than  upon  any  other  one 
thing  depends  the  Christianizing  of  our  cities. 

In  order  that  the  strength  of  the  federation  movement  may 
be  fully  realized  this  report  includes  the  publication  of  the 
roster  of  cities  having  employed  secretaries.  The  present 
vacancies  are  temporary.  Only  the  cities  having  a  well  estab- 
lished office  are  named. 

EMPLOYED  EXECUTIVE  SECRETARIES  OF  CITY, 
COUNTY  AND  STATE  FEDERATIONS 

Local  Federations 

California  Sacramento  Mrs.  J.  L.  Harbaugh,  208  Y.  M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 
San  Francisco  ...  Rev.  A.  H.  Briggs,  3  City  Hall 

Av. 
San  Francisco  Bay  Federation,  3  City  Hall  Av. 

Los  Angeles  Rev.    S.    T.    Montgomery,    435 

Van  Nuys  Bldg. 
**Miss  Clara  Homer,  435  Van 
Nuys  Bldg. 

Connecticut  Bridgeport  Rev.   G.   Herbert   Elkins,   308- 

310  Professional  Bldg. 

Hartford  Rev.  Morris  E.  Ailing,  27  Lewis 

St. 

DiST.  OF  CoLUMBiA.Washington   Rev.  Lucius  C.  Clark,  300-301 

Bond  Bldg.,  14th  &  N.  Y.  Av. 

Georgia    A^tlanta  James  Morton,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Illinois   Chicago   Walter  Raycroft  Mee,  Sec,  19 

South  La  Salle  St. 
John  Leslie  Lobingier,  Director 

Religious  Education 
Mrs.  George  McCown  Mathes, 

Pres.  Woman's  Dept. 
John  L.  Horsley,  Pres.  Young 

People's  Dept. 
Emerson    O.    Bradshaw,    Gen. 
Secy.  Com.  on  Public  institu- 
tions. 

Indiana  Indianapolis   Rev.  Charles  H.  Winder,  Y.  M. 

C  A.  Bldg. 

Kansas    Wichita  Rev.  Ross  W.  Sanderson,  Y.  M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 

Kentucky  Louisville    Churchmen's     Federation,     401 

Norton  Bldg. 
Robert  L.  Cave,  Associate  Sec. 

Maine  Portland    **Miss  Rachel  F.  Metcalf,  Y.M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 

Maryland  Baltimore   Rev.    L.    W.    McCreary,    1531 

Munsey  Bldg. 


Office  Secretary. 


222         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

Massachusetts  ..Boston  Rev,  Doremus  Scudder,  6  Bea- 
con St.,  Room  426. 
Worcester    Frederick  M.  Cutler,  402  Rog- 
ers Block,  5  Pleasant  St. 
Miss  Harriet  B.  Sargent,  Social 
Secretary 

Michigan    Detroit   Rev.  Morton  C.  Pearson,  Y.  M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 
Rev.  Edward  R.  Bartlett,  Supt. 

Religious  Education. 
Rev.  Wm.  H.  Hoffman,  Hos- 
pital Pastor 
Rev.  H.  C.  Robinson,  Municipal 

Court  Probation  Worker 
Miss     Dolly     Milne,     Juvenile 
Court  Worker 

Minnesota   Duluth  W.  L.  Smithies,  Y.M.C.A.  Bldg. 

St.  Paul  Rev.    Clair    E.    Ames,    Acting 

Exec.     Sec,    508    Schiffman 
Bldg. 

Missouri   St.  Louis   Rev.    Arthur    H.    Armstrong, 

Federal  Reserve  Bank  Bldg. 
Rev.  Howard  Billman,  Associ- 

Rev.   C.   P.  Kirkendoll,   Indus- 
trial Sec. 
Rev.  A.  C.  Ernst,  204  E.  Lock- 
wood  Ave.,  Webster  Groves, 
Police   Court  Worker 
•  Samuel    T.    Larkin,     Publicity 

Secretary 

Nebraska  Lincoln    M.  M.  Wolff  (Y),  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Bldg. 

New  Jersey   Moorestown  Mrs.    Margaret   T.   Chickering, 

Moorestown,  N.  J. 

Newark    Rev.   J.   R.   Wood,   Room  409, 

Ordway  Bldg.,  207  Market  St. 
New  York Buffalo  Rev.  C.  McLeod  Smith,  Frank- 
lin and  Mohawk  Sts. 
Rev.  Lewis  G.  Rogers,  Associ- 
ate Sec. 
New  York  City... Rev.  Wm.  B.  Millar,  1   Madi- 
son Ave. 

Rochester   Rev.  Orlo  J.  Price,  423  Cutler 

Bldg. 

Ohio    Columbus Rev.  J.  J.  Tisdall,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Bldg. 

Dayton   Rev.    Irvin    E.    Deer,    408-409 

Dayton  Sav.  &  Trust  Bldg. 

Cincinnati    Rev.  Henry  Pearce  Atkins,  516 

Union  Cen.  Bldg. 
Cleveland Rev.  E.  R.  Wright,  801  Hippo- 
drome Bldg. 

Toledo   Federation    of     Churches,     423 

Nicholas  Bldg. 

Youngstown    *Rev.  J.  E.  Priestley  (S),  Y.M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 

Akron  Rev.  F.  G.  Behner,  713  Second 

National  Bank  Bldg. 

Oregon   Portland Rev.    Ralph    C.    McAfee,    420 

Piatt  Bldg. 


*  Indicates  that  secretary  serves  in  a  twofold  capacity:   (P)   Pastor,   (Y)    Secre- 
tary Y.  M.  C.  A.,  (S)   Secretary  S.  S.  Association. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  223 

Pennsylvania  ..  .Erie  Hermon  Eldredge,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Bldg. 

Allentown    *Rev.  H.  C  Lilly   (Y),  Y.  M. 

C  A.  Bldg. 

Philadelphia  Rev.  E.  A.  E.  Palmquist,  1420 

Chestnut  St. 

Pittsburgh  Rev.  Charles  R.  Zahniser,  245 

Fourth  Av. 

Harrisburg  *Rev.  Harvey  Klaer   (P),  202 

North  Third  St. 

Tennessee    Chattanooga  Rev.   H.   H.   Pitzer,   202   First 

Nat'l  Bank  Bldg. 

Virginia    Norfolk  Rev.   James   A.    Crain,   Y.    M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 

Washington    Seattle Rev.   H.   I.    Chatterton,   Burke 

Bldg.,  Second  &  Marion  Sts. 

Wisconsin    Milwaukee *Rev.  Sam'l  M.  MacNeill  (P), 

Wauwatosa 

State  Federations 

California   Los  Angeles  Rev.  J.  C.  Pinkerton,  428  Van 

Nuys  Bldg. 

Connecticut Hartford    Rev.  Morris  E.  Ailing,  27  Pearl 

St. 

Indiana  Indianapolis   Rev.  Edgar  L.  Williams,  Y.  M. 

C.  A.  Bldg. 

Massachusetts  ..Boston  Rev.  E.  T.  Root,  6  Beacon  St. 

Ohio  Columbus    Rev.  B.  F.  Lamb,  Survey  Su- 
pervisor and  Secretary 
408  Gasco  Bldg. 
Rev.  A.  B.  Eby,  Asst.  Survey 
Supervisor 

Pennsylvania  . . . Chambersburg  ....*Rev.  Wm.  L.  Mudge  (P),  267 

North  Main  St. 

County  Federations 

Indiana  Wayne  County  ... *Rev.   R.   W.    Stokes    (P),   20 

So.  14th  St.,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Ohio  Lorain  County  . . .  Rev.  Herbert  D.  Rugg,  Y.  M. 

C.  A.,  Elyria,  Ohio 

During  the  last  three  years  the  Commission  has  received 
requests  for  literature  from  Brisbane,  Melbourne  and  Sydney, 
Australia.  This  in  large  measure  resulted  from  the  visit  of 
Mr.  William  A.  Gillanders  to  this  country.  The  Commission 
appreciates  the  privilege  of  interchange  of  literature  with  the 
Federations  in  these  cities.  Also  v^ith  the  Federation  in 
Montreal,  Canada,  and  Tientsin,  China. 

Federations  Without  Secretaries 

The  above  list  of  Federations  and  Councils  of  Churches  in- 
cludes only  the  organizations  having  well  established  offices. 
Besides  these  there  are  many  cities   in  which  the   churches 

*  Indicates  that  secretary  serves  in  a  twofold  capacity:  (P)  Pastor,  (Y)  Secre- 
tary Y.  M.  C.  A.,   (S)   Secretary  S.  S.  Association. 


224         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

have  similar  Federations  depending  upon  volunteer  executive 
leadership.  While  a  partial  list  of  such  cities  is  kept  by  the 
Commission,  it  is  not  published,  as  the  changes  of  officers 
cause  confusion. 

It  has  been  encouraging  to  note  the  evolution  of  some  of 
these  federations.  The  successful  performance  of  one  task 
has  lead  to  efforts  in  other  lines.  A  program  has  been  adopted 
and  part  time  of  a  pastor  or  Y.  M.  C.  A.  secretary  secured. 
Then  came  the  employment  of  the  full-time  secretary. 

Certain  phases  of  the  program  of  a  large  federation  can  be 
carried  out  in  a  community  that  does  not  have  more  than  two 
churches,  no  city  having  two  or  more  churches  can  meet  the 
religious  needs  without  some  type  of  interchurch  organization. 
The  Commission  desires  in  coming  years  to  render  a  more 
definite  service  to  all  such  communities. 

Recommendations 

Following  the  suggestion  made  by  the  committee  on  obser- 
vation and  recommendations  at  the  Cleveland  Convention,  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  advise  with  the  Commission  on 
certain  aspects  of  the  work.  This  committee  consists  of  the 
following  gentlemen: 

E.  L.  Shuey,  Chairman,  Rev.  Charles  R.  Zahniser,  Rev.   Samuel 

Tyler,  W.   S.  Royster,  Rev.  John  M.  Moore,  Rev.  E.   R.  Wright, 

Hugh  A.  Thrift. 

The  committee  has  made  the  following  recommendations 
which  are  submitted  to  the  Federal  Council: 

That  in  the  extension  of  the  service  of  the  Commission  the  follow- 
ing principles  be  worked  out: 

(a)  Plans  should  be  made  to  utilize  strong  laymen  throughout  the 
country  who  will  accept  responsibility  for  promoting  coopera- 
tion and  developing  local  organizations. 

(b)  Securing  cooperation  of  the  employed  executive  secretaries  in 
aiding  nearby  communities. 

(c)  The  enlargement  of  the  employed  staff  of  the  Commission  by 
securing  at  the  earliest  date  possible  one  or  more  additional 
secretaries. 

(d)  Greater  emphasis  should  be  given  to  the  importance  of  or- 
ganizing the  churches  of  the  smaller  communities  for  cooper- 
ative work. 

Relating  to  the  last  recommendation  of  the  committee  a 
further  word  should  be  added.  The  problem  of  the  large  city 
is  met  by  the  employment  of  a  secretary.  This  is  not  possible 
in  the  smaller  community,  yet  the  need  is  about  as  great.  The 
best  method  of  solution  will  be  the  organization  of  strong 
state  federations.  It  is  hoped  that  real  progress  will  be  made 
along  this  line.  In  the  meantime  the  Commission  will  strive 
continually  to  awaken  local  initiation  and  responsibility. 

Fred  B.  Smith,  Chairman. 
Roy  B.  Guild,  Secretary, 


AT    THE    NATIONAL    CAPITAL 


1.     Report  of  the  Washington  Committee 

At  a  preliminary  conference  held  March  12,  1917,  the  neces- 
sity for  an  advisory  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches  to  be  established  in  Washington,  D.  C,  was  discussed 
and  a  committee  of  three  appointed  to  make  nominations  for 
such  committee  and  to  present  recommendations  outlining  its 
work.  This  committee  reported  at  a  meeting  held  March  19, 
1917,  when  an  advisory  committee  of  22  was  selected  and 
the  following  action  taken  outlining  the  duties  of  this  com- 
mittee : 

"Our  conviction  is  that  this  office  ought  to  be  established  upon  a 
distinctive  national  basis.  As  its  function  will  be  to  deal  with  ques- 
tions arising  in  connection  with  the  national  policy  in  matters  affect- 
ing the  moral  and  religious  life  of  the  nation,  the  Washington  Office 
ought  to  be  given  a  direct  relation  to  the  whole  constituency  of  the 
Federal  Council.  It  should  be  in  position  to  advise  with  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  in  New  York  on  questions  of  vital  interest  to  the 
national  life.  It  should  be  charged  with  the  work  of  observing  all 
legislative  questions  coming  up  in  Congress,  and  all  departmental 
work  of  the  government  affecting  those  issues  which  properly  demand 
the  attention  of  the  Federal  Council." 

Almost  immediately  thereafter,  March  28,  1917,  a  special  com- 
mittee was  appointed  with  power  on  matters  relative  to  the 
Army  and  Navy,  from  which  developed  the  General  Commit- 
tee on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains.  The  services  rendered  and 
results  accomplished  by  this  committee  will,  in  part  at  least, 
be  set  forth  in  the  report  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army 
and  Navy  Chaplains.  Throughout,  the  two  have  functioned 
as  one,  especially  during  and  immediately  following  the  period 
of  America's  participation  in  the  war.  The  major  part  of  the 
work  of  the  Washington  Committee  until  1920  was  in  for- 
warding interests  of  the  chaplaincy  and  kindred  questions  so 
that  the  report  of  the  General  Committee  up  to  the  present 
year,  with  the  exception  of  editing  the  Year  Book  and  promot- 
ing the  work  of  the  Red  Cross,  which  were  outstanding  tasks 
in  1917-1918,  includes  the  activities  of  the  Washington  Com- 
mittee. 

During  1920  the  Committee  has  served  the  Federal  Council 
in  arranging  conferences  and  hearings  before  Committees  of 
the  House  and  Senate,  and  in  presenting  special  pleas  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  and  to  Congress.  The  Chair- 
man and  Secretary  have  striven  to  advance  the  League  of  Na- 
tions and  to  this  end  have  had  interviews  with  Senator  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge,  and  arranged  for  interviews  of  Committees  with 
Senator  Lodge  and  Senator  Gilbert  M.  Hitchcock  and  have 
presented  conclusions  reached  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States  and  to  the  United  States   Senate.     In  the  matter  of 

225 


226         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

European  Food  Relief,  hearings  were  arranged  before  the 
Rules  Committee,  March  5,  1920,  concerning  the  proposed  loan 
of  $50,000,000.  Conference  bearing  upon  this  was  also  had 
with  Congressman  Claude  Kitchin,  and  resolutions  were  pre- 
sented to  Congressman  Joseph  W.  Fordney,  Chairman  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee,  on  February  6,  1920.  A  Memo- 
rial was  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the 
Vice-President,  and  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  April  10, 
1920,  appealing  to  the  government  to  exclude  Turkish  rule 
from  Europe  and  to  take  some  definite  step  toward  the  assum- 
ing of  America's  share  of  responsibility  for  the  welfare  of  the 
subject  races  of  the  former  Ottoman  Empire.  On  June  18, 
1920,  a  letter  signed  by  officials  of  the  Committee  on  Near 
East  Affairs  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  and  ad- 
dressed to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  was  presented 
by  the  Chairman  and  Secretary  of  the  Washington  Committee 
requesting  that  the  following  proclamation  be  issued  by  the 
President : 

"America  is  deeply  concerned  for  the  safety  and  protection  of 
Armenians  in  the  Near  East,  and  the  President  would  regard  an 
attack  upon  them  by  anybody  whatsoever  as  an  unfriendly  act,  as 
he  must  also  consider  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  Turks,  Koords, 
Arabs  and  Tartars  to  the  return  of  refugees  and  exiles  to  their 
ancestral  homes  in  Armenia  and  Cilicia  where  they  can  become 
self-supporting." 

Resolutions  were  also  presented  to  the  Secretary  of  State  con- 
cerning the  Mexican  situation  and  to  President  Wilson  con- 
cerning the  Industrial  Conference.  In  consultation  with  the 
Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  January  18,  1920,  was 
fixed  as  Law  and  Order  Sunday  upon  the  going  into  effect  of 
National  Prohibition,  and  the  resources  of  the  Federal  Council 
placed  at  the  Commissioner's  disposal  in  forwarding  the  ob- 
servance of  the  day. 

The  Office  and  Staff  of  the  Washington  Office  were  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild,  Executive  Secretary  of 
the  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federations,  from  January  15, 
1920,  to  March  15,  1920,  aiding  in  the  organization  of  a  Fed- 
eration of  Churches  in  Washington. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Washington  Committee  attended  the 
session  of  the  National  Association  of  State  War  Plistory  Or- 
ganizations held  in  Washington,  April  6-7,  1920,  and  made  the 
Association  tender  of  such  historical  data  concerning  chap- 
laincy matters  as  were  in  the  hands  of  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  and  of  the  General  War-Time 
Commission  of  the  Churches.  The  Secretary  also  strove  to 
impress  upon  the  Association  the  fact  that  no  history  of  the 
War  could  possibly  be  adequate  that  neglected  an  account  of 
the  Chaplains'  service.  Since  that  time  the  staff  of  the  office 
has  constantly  been  called  upon  to  supply  various  State  His- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  227 

torical  Commissions  and  Councils  with  data  concerning  the 
work  of  the  Churches  and  especially  of  the  Chaplains  during 
the  war. 

The  following  meetings  were  attended  by  the  Secretary  as 
representative  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches :  League  to 
Enforce  Peace,  January  13,  1920;  National  Committee  on 
Community  Organization,  March  20,  1920 ;  Southern  Sociolog- 
ical Congress,  May  9-13,  1920;  International  Congress  Against 
Alcoholism,  September  21-26,  1920;  World  Dry  Federation, 
September  25-26,  1920;  National  Information  Bureau,  Octo- 
ber 1,  1920,  and  the  World  Brotherhood  Congress,  October 
9-13,  1920.  Every  courtesy  was  extended  to  representatives 
of  the  World  Brotherhood  Federation  allowing  them  desk  space 
and  other  facilities  from  June  15  to  October  16,  1920,  in 
promoting  the  World  Brotherhood  Congress  held  in  Wash- 
ington, October  9-13,   1920. 

The  Secretary  also  attended,  as  representing  the  Federal 
Council  of  Churches,  the  annual  conferences  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  the 
Methodist  Protestant  Church,  and,  unofficially,  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention  held  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  April  and 
May,  1920,  and  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  U.  S.,  in  Charlotte,  North  Carolina,  May  19  to  June 
1,  1920. 

Pursuant  to  a  call  issued  by  Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony, 
General  Secretary  of  the  Home  Missions  Council,  a  conference 
of  those  specially  interested  in  the  ravages  of  Peyote  among 
the  Indians  was  called  in  the  Washington  Office  of  the  Fed- 
eral Council  of  Churches  on  January  27,  1920.  The  Secre- 
tary of  the  Washington  Office  was  made  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee for  securing  proper  legislation  against  the  use  of  Peyote 
among  the  Indians.  A  Committee  was  also  appointed  to  act 
with  this  Committee  in  ascertaining  facts.  A  vast  volume  of 
data  secured  through  hearings  before  the  Indian  Affairs  Com- 
mission has  been  carefully  studied  and  a  definite  program  of 
legislation  decided  upon.  Twenty-five  thousand  copies  of  a 
speech  delivered  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  June  1,  1920, 
by  Hon.  Harry  L.  Gandy,  relative  to  Peyote,  have  been  scat- 
tered broadly  through  the  country,  giving  information  as  to 
its  growing  menace  to  the  country.  At  a  recent  Indian  Mis- 
sion Conference  held  at  Wallace  Lodge,  it  was  voted  to  ask 
Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  Secretary  of  the  Washington  Office,  to 
act  as  representative  of  the  Indian  Conference  in  Washington 
and  to  keep  that  body  informed  as  to  events.  All  Board  Sec- 
retaries and  persons  interested  in  Indian  welfare  were  re- 
quested to  send  the  Washington  Office  all  information  in  their 
possession  or  obtainable  relative  to  the  terrible  results  of 
Peyote  and  assurance  was  given  that  the  Joint  Committee  of 
Indian  Affairs  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  would  be  a  comr 


228         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

mittee  of  Ways  and  Means  in  financing  expenses  incident  to 
securing  testimony  and  legal  enactment. 

The  Washington  Office  was  instrumental  in  gathering  data 
on  the  economic  results  of  prohibition. 

It  has  been  the  pleasure  of  the  Secretary  to  serve  repre- 
sentatives of  denominations  and  denominational  boards  in 
matters  relative  to  passports  and  in  securing  information 
concerning  conditions  in  countries  in  which  they  have  interests. 
Among  these  may  be  noted  the  securing  of  admission  of 
delegates  from  Austria  and  Germany  to  attend  the  General 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  Des  Moines, 
May,  1920. 

In  this  connection  the  Secretary  begs  to  say  that  if  the 
Boards  of  the  different  denominations  and  the  conferences, 
synods  and  conventions  of  our  constituent  bodies  would  make 
use  of  the  Washington  Office  for  presenting  such  memorials 
and  resolutions  as  may  be  adopted  by  those  bodies,  relative  to 
national  and  international  questions,  to  the  Departments  of 
the  Government,  they  would  be  more  likely  to  receive  a  hear- 
ing and  reach  those  responsible  than  if  presented  through  the 
mails. 

There  is  a  growing  consciousness  on  the  part  of  all  branches 
of  the  Government  of  the  work  of  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches,  and  recognition  of  its  Washington  Office.  Unques- 
tionably the  Government  pays  attention  to  matters  brought  be- 
fore it  by  the  Washington  Office  of  the  Federal  Council,  and 
clearly  shows  preference  to  dealing  with  one  body  rather  than 
many  in  matters  of  this  sort.  The  Secretary,  for  the  past  year, 
is  happy  to  say  that  he  has  received  no  rebuffs  but,  on  the 
contrary,  has  met  with  the  utmost  courtesy  in  the  presentation 
of  matters  before  Departments  of  the  Government.  It  is 
recommended  that  the  widest  publicity  be  given  among  the 
denominational  boards  and  agencies  to  the  fact  that  the  Wash- 
ington Office  of  the  Federal  Council  may  be  used  for  present- 
ing actions  to  the  Government  Departments,  the  gathering  of 
special  information  from  the  Departments,  and  looking  after 
the  interests  of  these  boards  and  our  constituent  bodies.  By 
using  the  Washington  Office  in  this  way  much,  we  believe, 
may  be  gained  in  saving  time  and  expense  otherwise  necessary 
in  sending  special  representatives  to  Washington. 

Our  office  has  constantly  been  called  upon  by  representatives 
of  different  Departments  of  the  Government  and  by  individuals 
and  representatives  of  various  organizations  for  information 
concerning  various  church  matters.  Demands  of  this  character 
are  steadily  increasing. 

W.  F.  McDowell,  Chairman. 

E.  O.  Watson,  Secretary. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  229 

2.     Report  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and 
Navy  Chaplains 

This  report  covers  the  activities  of  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  for  four  momentous  years. 
Through  these  years  the  Church,  in  common  with  the  whole 
social  order,  has  been  in  the  balance.  It  was  the  supreme 
testing  time  through  the  winning  of  the  world  war  and  no  less 
so  in  the  reconstruction  and  readjustment  of  the  return  to  a 
peace  status.  It  is  not  for  this  Committee  to  estimate  the 
value  of  the  Federal  Council  to  the  Churches  and  to  the  world 
in  this  testing  time  and  judgment  day  of  the  world's  forces  of 
civilization.  We  would,  however,  here  record  our  firm  belief 
that  the  Federal  Council,  through  its  Washington  Committee, 
the  General  War-Time  Commission  it  was  in  position  to  set 
up,  and  its  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains, 
was  one  of  the  signal  instruments  of  Providence  for  such  a 
testing  time  to  bring  the  Churches  to  a  consciousness  of  the 
relations  and  duties  of  patriotism  and  religion  and  to  make 
possible,  through  intelligent,  organized,  cooperative  prepared- 
ness, the  high  service  rendered  by  the  Churches  in  behalf  of 
the  Government  and  for  the  men  who  offered  their  lives  on 
the  altar  of  world  freedom.  Substantial  foundation  had  been 
laid  and  constructive  w^ork  done,  through  the  previous  Quad- 
rennium,  preparing  the  way  for  the  effective  war  service  of 
the  Committee. 

Until  February  1,  1917,  Rev.  H.  K.  Carroll  had  been  untiring 
in  the  efficient  service  rendered.  Upon  his  retirement,  Rev. 
Worth  M.  Tippy,  Associate  Secretary,  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  the  Washington  Committee  and  of  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  in  connection  with  his  work  as 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 
The  work  of  the  office  was  reorganized  with  special  reference 
to  the  selection  of  Chaplains  for  war  work.  On  April  1,  1917, 
Rev.  Clyde  F.  Armitage  came  to  the  Washington  Office  as 
Assistant  Secretary,  serving  in  that  capacity  until  November  8, 
1917,  when  he  became  Secretary  of  the  office  with  immediate 
responsibility  to  the  General  Secretary,  serving  in  this  capacity 
until  October  20,  1918,  when  he  was  called  to  the  office  in  New 
York  for  special  work.  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White,  in  connection 
with  his  duties  as  Associate  Secretary  of  the  General  War-Time 
Commission,  acted  as  Secretary  of  the  General  Committee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  from  October  20,  1918,  to  Decem- 
ber, 1919.  Early  in  1918,  owing  to  the  increasing  volume  of 
work.  Rev.  F.  Paul  Langhorne  was  secured  for  part  time  as 
Assistant  to  Mr.  Armitage.  In  May,  1918,  it  became  necessary 
to  secure  him  for  his  full  time,  from  which  date  he  served 
efficiently  with  growing  responsibility  until  December,  1919. 
Rev.  E.  O.  Watson  was  elected  as  Secretary  of  the  Federal 


230         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Council  of  Churches  at  the  Executive  Committee  meeting  in 
Baltimore,  December,  1919,  and  immediately  entered  upon  the 
discharge  of  his  duties  as  Secretary  of  the  Washington  Office 
and  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains. 
From  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  war  on 
April  6,  1917,  and  the  call  for  the  thousands  of  Chaplains 
necessary  to  minister  to  the  millions  of  men  being  called  to 
the  service,  until  the  signing  of  the  Armistice,  November  11, 
1918,  the  outstanding  task  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army 
and  Navy  Chaplains  was  twofold:  the  securing  of  properly 
qualified  Chaplains  of  such  character  as  would  worthily  rep- 
resent the  Church  and  the  Country;  and  making  their  work 
as  Chaplains  most  effective. 

Numbers 

To  do  this,  it  was  first  of  all  necessary  to  arouse  the 
Churches  to  a  consciousness  of  the  religious  needs  of  the  men 
of  the  Army  and  of  the  Navy;  The  ministers  of  all  the  relig- 
ious bodies  made  prompt  and  heroic  response  to  the  call  for 
Chaplains;  7,931  applications  for  Chaplaincies  were  received 
by  the  office  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy 
Chaplains.  These  were  all  carefully  investigated,  involving 
a  great  volume  of  correspondence,  many  interviews  and  the 
closest  inquiry  into  the  qualifications  of  all  the  men  offered. 
The  various  war  work  councils  or  commissions  of  the  Churches 
were  brought  into  intimate  association  and  hearty  cooperation ; 
2,592  applications  were  approved  for  Chaplaincies  in  the  Army, 
139  for  Chaplaincies  in  the  Navy,  and  of  these  1,317  were 
commissioned  in  the  Army  and  122  in  the  Navy.  During  this 
period  systematic  camp  visitations  were  planned  and  carried 
out  and  organized  plans  for  voluntary  Chaplains,  supplement- 
ing in  the  period  of  mobilization  the  Regular  Chaplain's  work, 
were  put  in  operation. 

The  Chaplains  overseas  were  visited  in  1918  by  Rev.  Charles 
S.  Macfarland,  and  after  the  Armistice  by  Rev.  Gaylord  S. 
White. 

Legislation 

The  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  has 
been  engaged  through  all  the  period  of  its  existence  in  striving 
to  secure  a  better  status  for  the  Chaplains  by  legislation.  As 
we  entered  the  war  regiments  were  enlarged  from  1,200  to 
3,600  men.  Provision  was  made  for  the  proportionate  in- 
crease of  other  officers,  but  not  for  the  increase  of  Chaplains. 
Special  legislation  to  secure  this  proportionate  increase  was 
introduced  and  enacted  largely  through  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains.  This  legislation  provided  one 
Chaplain  for  every  twelve  hundred  men,  during  the  emergency 
of  war.     The  age  limit  was  also  raised,  in  view  of  the  fact 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  231 

that  more  mature  men  were  needed  for  ministering  to  the 
soldiers,  from  forty  to  forty-five,  and  special  regulations  were 
secured  for  the  appointment  of  one  hundred  outstanding  men 
without  regard  to  the  age  limit  for  service  overseas.  With 
the  signing  of  the  Armistice,  and  the  consequent  legislation  for 
Army  Reorganization,  came  the  opportunity  for  securing  ade- 
quate legislation  for  Army  Chaplains  of  a  permanent  character 
in  harmony  with  the  general  plan  of  Army  reorganization. 
After  continuous  effort  in  behalf  of  improving  the  status  of 
the  Chaplain  in  the  United  States  Army  reaching  through  a 
period  of  years,  August  20,  1919,  the  General  Committee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  appointed  a  sub-committee  of  five 
to  formulate  a  definite  program  of  legislation.  Bishop  William 
F.  McDowell,  Rev.  F.  H.  Knubel,  Rev.  Wallace  Radcliffe, 
Robert  E.  Speer,  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White 
and  Rev.  F.  Paul  Langhorne  were  appointed  on  this  Com- 
mittee. September  23,  1919,  the  Committee  met  in  the  offices 
of  the  Federal  Council  in  New  York  and  reached  unanimous 
agreement  in  the  advocacy  of  Chaplain  legislation  that  should 
include : 

1.  Organization. 

2.  Fair  and  just  rank  and  promotion. 

3.  An  adequate  number  of  Chaplains,  namely,  one  Chaplain  for 
every  1,200  commisssioned  officers  and  enlisted  men,  and  definite  pro- 
visions as  to  age  limits,  with  special  provision  as  to  eligibility  of 
clergymen  who  had  served  during  the  emergency  of  war  for  per- 
manent appointment  on  their  army  record. 

The  duty  of  actually  drawing  the  Bill  and  having  it  introduced 
into  Congress  was  committed  to  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White,  Rev. 
E.  O.  Watson  and  Rev.  F.  Paul  Langhorne.  After  consulta- 
tion with  religious  leaders  actively  interested  in  the  work  of 
Chaplains,  the  bill  was  finally  drawn  up  and  submitted  simul- 
taneously in  the  Senate  and  House.  Senator  Arthur  Capper 
of  Kansas  introduced  the  bill  in  the  Senate  and  Congressman 
Harry  E.  Hull  of  Iowa  introduced  it  in  the  House.  These 
bills  were  referred  to  the  Military  Affairs  Committee  of  the 
House  and  of  the  Senate  and  hearings  were  arranged  before 
each  of  these  Committees  at  which  full  presentation  of  the 
claims  of  the  Chaplaincy  were  made,  not  only  by  representa- 
tives of  the  Federal  Council,  but  also  by  representatives  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  and  by  Chaplains  of  the  Army  and 
by  others  vitally  concerned.  A  number  of  letters  from  officers 
of  the  Army,  American,  British  and  French,  were  presented, 
and  every  possible  force  brought  to  bear  to  impress  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Committees  with  the  necessity  for  enacting  into 
law  the  fundamental  propositions  embodied  in  our  bill. 

Throughout  the  period  of  pending  legislation,  the  General 
Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  was  active  in  con- 
ferring with  influential  Senators  and  Congressmen,   sending 


232         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

out  thousands  of  letters  and  pamphlets  to  all  members  of  Con- 
gress and  items  in  varied  forms  of  publicity  as  to  what  the 
Chaplains  had  done  during  the  war,  as  to  handicaps  suffered 
by  the  Chaplain  for  lack  of  proper  standing  in  the  Army,  and 
as  to  legislation  necessary  to  promote  efficiency.  Influence  was 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  press,  religious  and  secular,  to  create 
sentiment  in  favor  of  the  bill.  The  Senate  Committee  incor- 
porated all  the  provisions  we  asked  for  in  the  bill  they  re- 
ported for  the  reorganization  of  the  Army.  The  House,  how- 
ever, reported  a  bill  that  fell  far  short  of  what  had  been  asked 
for,  providing  no  rank  for  Chaplains  and  making  no  provision 
for  organization.  We  were  able,  however,  to  secure  amend- 
ments to  the  House  Bill  striking  out  the  words  "without  rank" 
and  inserting  "with  rank."  The  House  Bill  as  thus  passed 
and  the  Senate  Bill  were  submitted  to  Conference.  We  had 
hopes  that  the  House  conference  would  recede  to  the  position 
of  the  Senate.  In  this,  however,  we  were  disappointed.  The 
Army  Reorganization  Bill  was  finally  agreed  upon  and  passed 
the  House  May  27,  1920,  the  Senate  May  29th,  and  was  signed 
by  the  President  on  June  3d.  The  Chaplains  Section  of  this 
act  provides:  (1)  one  Chaplain  for  every  1,200  officers  and 
enlisted  men.  (This  is  a  distinct  gain.  Hitherto  the  number 
of  Chaplains  has  been  bandied  to  and  fro  between  legislation 
and  regulations.  This  ratio  is  now  stable  legislation.)  (2) 
Definite  rank,  pay  and  allowances  from  first  lieutenant  to 
lieutenant-colonel.  (While  this  falls  one  short  of  what  was 
desired  and  asked  for,  it  is  practically  made  up  in  the  provision 
for  a  Chief  Chaplain,  who  during  the  period  of  his  office  shall 
have  the  rank  of  colonel.)  (3)  Provision  is  made  for  a  Chief 
Chaplain  who  shall  serve  four  years  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
while  thus  serving,  and  shall  have  two  assistants.  (This  pro- 
vision, with  the  specifications  as  to  his  duties,  practically  gives 
a  Chaplain  Corps.) 

All  in  all,  the  Chaplain's  status  in  the  Army  is  now  clearly 
defined  and  greatly  improved  and  this  forward  step  in  legis- 
lation marks  a  new  era  of  religious  service  in  the  Army.  The 
finest  young  men  of  the  ministry  will  now  be  justified  in  dedi- 
cating their  lives  to  the  Chaplaincy  as  a  life  work.  None, 
save  those  directly  connected  with  legislation,  can  appreciate 
the  work  necessary,  or  the  greatness  of  the  victory  won,  in  so 
nearly  realizing  all  that  was  asked  for  in  the  way  of  Chaplain 
legislation.  The  victory  could  not  have  been  won  without  the 
united  front  presented  and  the  unanimous  agreement  and 
hearty  cooperation  rendered  by  so  many.  We  would  express 
appreciation  of  the  great  service  rendered  by  Senator  Arthur 
Capper  and  Representative  Harry  E.  Hull,  who  introduced 
the  bill  and  were  untiring  in  their  courtesy  and  interest.  We 
would  also  express  appreciation  of  the  service  rendered  by 
Senator  Wadsworth,  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Military  Affairs 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  233 

Committee,  and  Representative  Julius  Kahn,  Chairman  of  the 
House  Committee,  without  whose  advice  and  cooperation  the 
results  achieved  could  not  have  been  secured. 

Following  is  copy  of  Section  15,  of  the  Army  Reorganiza- 
tion Bill  as  relating  to  Chaplains,  with  such  excerpts  from 
Section  24  as  bear  upon  Chaplain  questions : 

"Sec.  15.  Chaplains:  There  shall  be  one  Chaplain  for  every 
1,200  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  exclusive  of  the 
Philippine  Scouts  and  the  unassigned  recruits,  authorized  from  time 
to  time  in  accordance  with  law  and  within  the  peace  strength  per- 
mitted by  this  act.  Chaplains  shall  hereafter  have  rank,  pay  and 
allowances  according  to  length  of  active  commissioned  service  in  the 
army,  or,  since  April  6,  1917,  in  the  National  Guard  while  in  active 
service  under  a  call  by  the  President,  as  follows :  Less  than  5  years, 
first  lieutenant;  5  to  14  years,  captain;  14  to  20  years,  major;  over 
20  years,  lieutenant-colonel.  One  Chaplain,  of  rank  not  below  that 
of  major,  may  be  appointed  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  be  Chief  of  Chaplains.  He  shall  serve 
as  such  for  four  years,  and  shall  have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances 
of  colonel  while  so  serving.  His  duties  shall  include  investigation 
into  the  qualifications  of  candidates  for  appointment  as  Chaplain, 
and  general  coordination  and  supervision  of  the  work  of  Chaplains. 
Of  the  vacancies  existing  on  July  1,  1920,  such  number  as  the  Presi- 
dent may  direct  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  on  that  date  of  persons 
under  the  age  of  58  years,  other  than  Chaplains  of  the  Regular  Army, 
who  served  as  Chaplains  in  the  army  at  some  time  between  April  6, 
1917,  and  the  date  of  the  passage  of  this  act.  Such  appointments  may 
be  made  in  grades  above  the  lowest  under  the  same  restrictions  as  to 
age  and  rank  as  are  hereinafter  prescribed  for  original  appointments 
in  other  branches  of  the  service,  and  in  accordance  with  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  board  of  officers  provided  for  in  section  24  For 
purposes  of  future  promotion,  persons  so  appointed  shall  be  consid- 
ered as  having  had,  on  date  of  appointment,  sufficient  prior  service 
to  bring  them  to  their  respective  grades  under  the  rules  of  promotion 
established  in  this  section." 

"Sec.  24  e.* —  .  .  .  Appointments  as  Chaplains  shall  be  made  from 
among  persons  duly  accredited  by  some  religious  denomination  or 
organization,  and  of  good  standing  therein,  between  the  ages  of  23 
and  45  years." 

Chaplains'  Training  School 
The  need  for  special  training  of  ministers  entering  upon  the 
Chaplaincy  was  early  realized  by  the  General  Committee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Chaplains.  Plans  were  drawn  up  for  this 
and  the  subject  taken  up  with  the  War  Department  at  the  very 
beginning  of  the  war.  These  plans  were  finally  adopted  and 
the  Chaplains'  Training  School  was  opened  at  Fort  Monroe, 
Virginia,  March  1,  1918.  After  one  session  at  this  point,  the 
School  was  transferred  to  Camp  Zachary  Taylor,  where  it 
continued  until  December  12,  1918.  Seventy-one  applicants 
attended  the  School  at  Fort  Monroe  and  1,144  attended  the 
School  at  Camp  Zachary  Taylor.  There  was  also  established 
a  Chaplains'  Training  School  in  the  A.  E.  F.,  under  the  super- 
vision of  Bishop  Brent  and  Chaplain  Moody,  to  give  addi- 
tional training  to  men  fitting  them  for  the  special  duties  of 
actual  warfare. 


234         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  idea  of  the  Chaplains'  Training  School  has  happily 
been  held  by  the  War  Department  and  the  School  was  re- 
opened at  Camp  Grant,  Illinois,  May  20,  1920,  in  charge  of 
Lt.  Colonel  Chaplain  Cephas  C.  Bateinan.  The  School  has 
for  its  object  the  training  of  commissioned  Chaplains  in  the 
following  general  subjects :  Administration,  International  Law, 
Military  Law  and  Manual  of  Courts-Martial,  Customs  of  the 
Service,  Military  Hygiene  and  First  Aid,  Applied  Psychology, 
Topography  and  Map  Reading,  History  and  Character  of 
American  Political  Institutions,  Elements  of  Sociology,  Out- 
line of  Army  Organization,  War  Risk  Insurance,  Allotments, 
and  Red  Cross  Activities,  Activities  of  the  Education  and 
Recreation  Branch,  W.  P.  D.,  Field  Service  Regulations,  Drill 
Regulations,  and  Interior  Guard  Manual,  Equitation,  and  Prob- 
lems and  Methods  in  Chaplains'  Work. 

The  school  staff  is  composed  of  five  Chaplains,  one  line 
officer,  and  one  medical  officer,  the  latter  two  to  instruct  in 
subjects  pertaining  to  their  own  branches  of  the  service. 

Chaplains  Under  the  Army  Reorganization 

With  the  provision  for  250  Chaplains  under  the  new  Army 
Reorganization  Act,  our  Committee  has  been  busily  engaged 
in  examining  into  the  qualifications  of  all  applicants  and  in 
seeing  to  it  that  only  men  possessing  the  general  qualifications 
for  a  Chaplaincy  and  of  proven  loyalty  to  Christ  and  to  the 
Church  should  be  approved  to  the  War  Department.  Two 
hundred  and  ninety-six  applicants  from  those  who  had  served 
under  commission  during  the  emergency  of  war  were  exam- 
ined for  the  147  vacancies  which  existed.  Of  these  applicants 
160  were  from  the  Protestant  Churches  and  of  these  86  sur- 
vived the  various  tests  applied  by  the  War  Department.  While 
even  these  were  insufficient  to  fill  all  vacancies  of  the  Prot- 
estant quotas,  further  difficulty  was  met  in  the  fact  that  some 
Churches  had  more  approved  candidates  than  their  quotas  al- 
lowed while  others  had  less.  Agreement  has  been  reached, 
however,  between  representatives  of  several  major  denomina- 
tions waiving,  for  the  time  being,  the  question  of  quotas  as 
between  kindred  bodies.  Through  this  arrangement  there  will 
be  not  more  than  25  Protestant  Chaplains  not  secured  through 
the  recent  examinations.  These  will  likely  be  sought  quietly 
in  order  that  outstanding  men  may  be  found  as  representatives 
of  the  Churches  in  this  great  work. 

Quotas 

In  connection  with  the  selection  of  the  large  number  of 
Chaplains  provided  for  under  the  Army  Reorganization  Act, 
the  question  of  quotas  was  raised.  During  the  war  the  quotas 
were  38  per  cent  Roman  Catholic  and  62  per  cent  Protestant. 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  235 

A  little  more  than  a  year  ago  a  request  was  made  from  the 
Adjutant-General's  Office  to  the  General  Committee  on  Army 
and  Navy  Qiaplains  for  Protestant  statistics,  evidently  with 
a  view  to  a  redistribution  of  these  quotas.  It  not  appearing 
that  proper  statistics  were  then  available,  reply  was  made  to 
the  War  Department  to  that  effect. 

In  May,  1920,  Captain  Chaplain  Julian  E.  Yates  was  de- 
tailed by  the  Education  and  Recreation  Department  of  the 
War  Plans  Division  to  make  a  special  study  as  to  quotas  under 
the  new  Army  Reorganization  Bill.  Through  the  General 
Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  unofficially.  Chap- 
lain Yates  was  referred  to  certain  facts  in  the  Religious  Census 
1916.  The  fact  was  also  pointed  out  that  Catholic  and  Prot- 
estant Statistics  of  the  Religious  Census  should  be  brought  to 
a  comparable  basis.  At  the  request  of  Chaplain  Yates,  Dr. 
Walter  Laidlaw,  Secretary  of  the  New  York  Federation  of 
Churches,  made  an  extensive  study  of  religious  statistics,  reach- 
ing the  conclusion  that  a  multiple  of  2.81  should  be  applied  to 
the  Protestant  figures  of  the  tables  of  the  Religious  Census, 
1916,  to  equalize  them  with  the  Roman  Catholic  figures. 

Studies  based  upon  these  calculations  and  investigations 
from  every  possible  angle  were  made  and  submitted  to  the 
War  Department,  and  the  Secretary  of  War  has  decided  that, 
for  the  time  being,  the  quotas  shall  be  25  per  cent  Roman  Cath- 
olic and  70  per  cent  Protestant,  with  a  reserve  of  5  per  cent 
held  for  final  adjustment.  This  is  the  same  percentage  of 
quotas  prevailing  in  the  Navy,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
during  the  administration  of  President  Roosevelt  it  was  stated 
by  him  that  such  would  be  a  fair  proportion.  It  is  contem- 
plated by  the  Chief  Chaplain  that  special  use  will  be  made  of 
Jewish  Rabbis  in  the  Reserve  Corps  of  Chaplains  ministering 
to  Jewish  soldiers  at  different  periods  through  the  year. 

Chief  Chaplain 

Chaplain  John  T.  Axton  has  been  appointed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  as  Chief  of  Chaplains,  very  much  to  the  gratifi- 
cation of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains. Chief  Chaplain  Axton  has  entered  upon  his  duties  with 
his  characteristic  enthusiasm  and  efficiency. 

Chaplain  Axton  is  a  great  organizer.  He  has  the  highest 
ideals  for  the  Chaplain  service  of  the  Army  and  under  the 
progressive  provisions  of  the  Army  Reorganization  Act,  his 
administration  is  counted  upon  to  bring  about  a  new  era  of 
religious  activity  for  the  Army  and  soon  to  bring  the  Chap- 
lains' service  to  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency. 

Chaplain  Axton  in  beginning  his  work  said: 

"If  there  is  any  place  in  the  world  where  it  can  be  done,  the  army 

is  the  one  group  in  which  men  can  adhere  to  the  thought,  'In  essentials, 

unity;  in  non-essentials,  liberty;  in  all  things,  charity.* 


236         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

"It  is  not  so  much  programs  that  we  want  as  work.  Today  the 
world  is  calling  for  more  application  of  the  principles  of  religion  to 
daily  life,  and  so  we  want  to  apply  religion  to  the  army.  I  believe 
that  our  men  are  going  to  stand  for  it.  Soldiers  are  normal  men, 
and  they  want  what  normal  men  want." 

A  staif  of  officers  has  been  designated  to  work  out  plans 
that  the  enlisted  men  may  have  every  opportunity  to  lead  a 
correct  and  character-building  life. 

Chaplain  J.  F.  Houlihan  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and 
Chaplain  Francis  M.  McCoy  of  the  Protestant  faith  have  been 
detailed  as  Assistants  to  the  Chief  Chaplain.  The  General 
Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  has  made  tender  of 
its  continued  service  and  cooperation  to  the  Secretary  of  War 
and  to  the  Chief  Chaplain  in  the  selection  of  proper  men  and 
in  forwarding  all  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Chaplains  and  of 
religious  work  in  the  Army.  Chief  Chaplain  Axton  assures  the 
Committee  of  the  need  for  their  constant  service. 

While  there  is  no  definite  provision  in  Navy  legislation,  for 
a  Chief  Chaplain,  Hon.  Josephus  Daniels,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  in  the  beginning  of  the  past  quadrennium,  detailed 
Captain  John  B.  Frazier,  Chaplain  U.  S.  Navy,  as  Chief  of 
the  Chaplains'  Corps  of  the  Navy.  Chaplain  Frazier  has  dis- 
charged his  duties  in  this  capacity  in  a  manner  that  clearly 
demonstrates  the  need  for  the  establishment  of  the  office  of 
the  Chief  Chaplain  of  the  Navy  through  legislative  enactment. 
Chaplain  Frazier  has,  with  rare,  discriminating  judgment  and 
with  absolute  fearlessness,  tempered  by  a  heart  of  love,  sought 
and  recommended  for  apointment  only  the  best  qualified  and 
highest  type  of  ministers  for  a  Chaplaincy  in  the  Navy. 
Through  all  he  has  cooperated  with  and  received  the  hearty 
support  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains and  recently  has  submitted  to  the  Bureau  of  Navigation 
the  following  recommendations : 

"1.  That  in  view  of  the  fact  that  each  religious  denomination  has 
a  standing  Committee  whose  duty  it  is  to  look  into  the  record,  and 
pass  on  every  applicant  of  its  own  denomination  for  the  Chaplaincy, 
said  Committee  in  each  case  be  requested  to  furnish  the  Board  for 
examination  of  Chaplains  with  its  approval,  or  disapproval,  and 
reasons  for  same. 

"2.  Inasmuch  as  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America  (headquarters,  Washington,  D.  C.)  has  been  requested  to 
look  up  the  records  of  all  applicants  for  the  Chaplaincy,  that  said 
Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  be  requested  to 
furnish  the  Examining  Board  for  Chaplains  with  such  information 
as  they  may  deem  necessary  to  arrival  at  a  just  and  wise  decision  by 
the  Board,"  and  states  the  belief  that  "this  is  the  best  possible  method 
of  safeguarding  the  navy,  protecting  the  religious  denomination  to 
which  the  candidate  may  belong  and  securing  the  best  Chaplains  for 
the  naval  service." 

Commemorative  Medal 

Upon  the  dissolution  of  the  General  War-Time  Commission 
of  the  Churches,  a  suggestion  made  to  that  body  that  a  com- 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  237 

memorative  medal  be  struck  and  presented,  in  behalf  of  the 
Churches,  to  all  Protestant  Chaplains,  was  referred  to  the 
General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains.  This  sug- 
gestion has  been  carried  out  and  the  medal  has  been  struck. 

The  medal  is  of  bronze,  2%  inches  in  diameter,  designed 
by  Mrs.  Laura  Gardin  Fraser  of  New  York,  one  of  the  best 
known  of  American  medalists.  The  design  expresses  the  spirit 
of  the  men  who  served  as  Chaplain  in  both  branches  of  the 
service.  One  side  commemorates  in  symbol  the  service  of  the 
Army  Chaplain,  representing  a  Chaplain  in  the  act  of  supreme 
service  ministering,  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life,  to  a  wounded 
gunner.  In  the  center  the  gas-mask  is  seen  ready  for  imme- 
diate adjustment,  the  suggestion  being  that  the  Chaplain  has 
perhaps  momentarily  removed  it,  the  better  to  succor  the 
wounded  man.  Strength  and  sympathy  are  expressed  in 
the  finely  modelled  figure  of  the  Chaplain.  The  figure  of  the 
wounded  man  represents  one  of  the  men,  who  served  with 
the  big  guns  stripped  to  the  waist  for  action.  The  strength  of 
the  splendidly  modelled  back  emphasizes  by  contrast  the  help- 
lessness of  the  wounded  gunner. 

On  the  reverse  side,  the  fine  record  of  the  men  who  served 
as  Chaplains  in  the  Navy  is  symbolized  by  the  representation 
of  a  battleship,  with  the  cross  superimposed  as  the  central 
feature.  This  design,  in  a  strong  and  dignified  way,  symbol- 
izes the  splendid  service  of  the  men  who  served  as  Chaplains 
in  the  Navy,  than  whom  none  made  finer  record,  constantly 
passing  back  and  forth  through  the  submarine  danger  zone, 
ministering  to  the  crews  of  the  naval  vessels  and  to  the  soldiers 
on  transports.  On  the  side  commemorative  of  the  Navy  Chap- 
lains service  there  is  the  inscription  ''Awarded  to  the  Chaplains 
of  the  American  Army  and  Navy"  and  "The  General  War- 
Time  Commission  of  the  Churches,  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America/'  The  side  commemorative  of 
the  Army  Chaplains'  service  bears  the  inscription  "ipiy-ipi8/* 
denoting  the  period  during  which  America  was  engaged  in  the 
war,  the  name  of  the  designer  and  date  of  the  award  of  the 
medal. 

The  Sub-Committee  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and 
Navy  Chaplains  having  charge  of  designing  the  medal  was 
composed  of  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White,  Rev.  Lauritz  Larsen, 
Rev.  E.  B.  Bagby,  Rev.  Forest  J.  Prettyman,  Professor  John 
R.  Hawkins,  Rev.  W.  Stuart  Cramer,  with  Bishop  William 
F.  McDowell  and  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  ex  officio. 

It  was  decided  by  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and 
Navy  Chaplains  that  before  presenting  the  medal  to  the  Chap- 
lains, it  should  first  of  all  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States  and  then  to  the  Secretaries  of  War  and  Navy, 
followed  by  presentation  to  the  Chief  Chaplains  of  Army  and 


238         FEDEkAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Navy,  and  then  to  all  Chaplains  of  the  Protestant  Churches 
serving  under  commissions  during  the  emergency  of  war. 

A  special  Committee  was  appointed  to  arrange  for  the  pres- 
entation of  the  medal,  composed  of:  Mr.  William  Knowles 
Cooper,  Rev.  Andrew  R.  Bird,  Rev.  Charles  F.  Steck,  with 
Bishop  William  F.  McDowell  and  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  ex 
officio. 

The  Secretary  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy 
Chaplains  addressed  a  letter  to  President  Wilson  requesting 
the  privilege  of  presenting  the  medal  to  him  as  an  "expression 
of  the  appreciation  by  the  Churches  of  his  distinguished  service 
to  the  Church  and  to  the  world  through  his  leadership  in  win- 
ning the  world  war  and  in  bringing  to  the  world  the  ideals  of 
the  Word,  embodied  in  the  League  of  Nations."  To  this  a 
most  appreciative  reply  was  received,  including  the  following 
paragraph : 

"I  have  known,  of  course,  from  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  of  the  fine  cooperation  which  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil gave  to  their  departments  in  the  selection  of  Chaplains  for  our 
great  military  forces,  and  I  have  known  from  them,  too,  of  the  devo- 
tion and  sacrificial  spirit  with  which  the  chaplains  ministered  to  the 
troops,  bearing  their  hardships  with  them  and  carrying  the  comfort 
and  consolation  of  their  ministry  to  the  front  line  trenches  under 
conditions  where  only  the  brave  could  survive.  I  shall  feel  myself 
honored  to  have  a  medal  which  commemorates  such  service  and  such 
valor,  and  deeply  appreciate  the  thought  of  your  Committee  which 
associates  me  in  the  fellowship  of  these  splendid  men." 

Tuesday,  October  5,  10  a.m.,  was  fixed  as  the  date  for  the 
formal  presentation  of  the  medal  to  President  Wilson,  Hon. 
Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War,  Hon.  Josephus  Daniels, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  to  Bishop  Charles  H.  Brent,  Chief 
of  Chaplains,  A.  E.  F.,  Colonel  John  T.  Axton,  Chief  Chaplain 
of  the  Army,  and  Captain  John  B.  Frazier,  Chief  of  the  Chap- 
lain Corps  of  the  Navy.  In  impressive  addresses,  with  appro- 
priate responses,  the  medals  were  formally  presented.  The 
General  Committee  has  the  satisfaction  of  the  assurance  that 
through  this  recognition  of  the  service  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  Secretaries  of  War  and  Navy,  in  connection 
with  the  work  of  the  Chaplains  during  the  emergency  of  war, 
closer  relations  have  been  established  between  the  Departments 
of  Government  and  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  through 
the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains. 

Camp  Upton  Chapel 

In  April,  1920,  the  Camp  Upton  Chapel,  built  through  con- 
tributions of  different  denominations  for  religious  worship  and 
welfare  service,  was  by  formal  resolution  of  the  General  Com- 
mittee on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  tendered  to  the  Secretary 
of  War  for  use  by  the  Army  under  such  conditions  as  would 
continue  its  service  in  accord  with  the  original  purpose  of  those 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  239 

contributing  to  its  erection.  The  tender  was  formally  accepted 
by  the  Secretary  of  War,  but  details  as  to  the  transfer  were 
SO  delayed  by  the  War  Department  that  such  transfer  had  not 
yet  been  actually  made  when  it  was  learned  that  Camp  Upton 
was  to  be  salvaged.  The  Secretary  of  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  after  consultation  with  repre- 
sentatives of  the  War  Department,  and  assurance  that  the 
spirit  of  his  request  would  be  understood,  made  courteous 
request  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to  be  permitted  to  withdraw 
the  tender  and  have  the  Chapel  and  its  furnishings  salvaged. 
This  was  readily  granted  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  Rev. 
Ford  C.  Ottman  has  been  appointed  as  the  representative  of 
the  Committee  in  salvaging  this  property.  It  has  been  adver- 
tised for  sale  and  the  proceeds  realized  will  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains for  final  disposition. 

Navy  Chaplain  Legislation 

While  the  Navy  has  been  rather  in  advance  of  the  Army 
in  the  matter  of  provision  for  Chaplains  and  in  the  direction 
of  Chaplains  toward  efficiency  in  their  work,  the  legislation 
secured  for  the  Army,  now  in  effect,  gives  the  Chaplains  of 
the  Army  and  their  work  a  better  status  than  that  occupied  by 
the  Navy.  This  fact  was  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  by  Bishop  William  F.  McDowell,  Chairman 
of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  and 
by  our  General  Secretary,  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  at  the 
time  of  the  formal  presentation  of  the  Chaplain's  medal  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy.  This  has  resulted  in  a  prompt  request 
from  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  for  recommendations  for 
advanced  legislation  in  behalf  of  Navy  Chaplains  to  be  intro- 
duced in  the  next  session  of  Congress. 

The  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  an- 
ticipating this  need,  had  appointed  a  Committee  on  legislation 
for  Navy  Chaplains  and  has  presented  to  the  Secretary  and 
received  his  endorsement  of  bills  to  be  introduced  in  the  next 
Congress  establishing  in  the  Department  of  the  Navy  a  Bureau 
to  be  known  as  the  Chaplains'  Bureau  and  for  other  purposes, 
and  a  bill  reorganizing  the  Chaplain  Corps  of  the  Navy.  The 
proposed  bills  are  herewith  incorporated : 

"A    BILL 

"To  establish  in  the  Department  of  the  Navy  a  Bureau  to  be  known 
as  the  Chaplains'  Bureau  and  for  other  purposes. 
"Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  hereafter 
there  shall  be  in  the  Department  of  the  Navy  a  separate  bureau  to  be 
known  as  the  Chaplains'  Bureau  which  shall  direct  and  supervise  the 
work  of  the  Chaplain  Corps,  and  shall  perform  such  business  of  the 
Department  of  the  Navy  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  shall  judge  to 
be  expedient  and  proper. 


240         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

"The  Chief  of  the  Chaplains'  Bureau  in  the  Department  of  the 
Navy  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  Senate  from  the  list  of  officers  of  the  Chaplains'  Corps 
of  the  Navy  not  below  the  rank  of  commander  on  the  active  list  and 
shall  hold  office  for  the  term  of  four  years. 

"During  his  term  of  office  the  Chief  of  the  Chaplains'  Bureau  shall 
have  rank,  pay  and  allowances  of  a  Rear-Admiral  of  the  lower  half." 

"A   BILL 

"Reorganizing  the  Chaplains'  Corps,  U.  S.  N. 

"Hereafter  the  total  number  of  Chaplains  on  the  active  list  at 
any  one  time,  exclusive  of  additional  numbers  in  grade,  shall  be 
distributed  in  the  proportion  of  six  in  the  rank  of  captain,  to  twelve 
in  the  rank  of  commander,  to  eighty-two  in  the  ranks  below  com- 
mander. 

"That  the  grade  of  Acting  Chaplain  is  hereby  abolished  and 
hereafter  all  original  appointments  to  the  Corps  of  Chaplains  shall 
be  made,  after  such  examination  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  may 
prescribe,  in  the  grade  of  Chaplain  for  a  probationary  period  of  not 
less  than  three  years,  of  which  at  least  two  years  shall  be  sea  service 
on  board  ship  or  service  on  shore  beyond  the  continental  limits  of 
the  United  States,  and  the  probationary  commissions  of  such  officers 
may  be  revoked  at  any  time  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy :  Provided, 
That  all  officers  of  the  Corps  of  Chaplains  who  were  appointed  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  June  13,  1914  (Volume 
38,  Statutes  at  Large,  page  403),  shall  be  commissioned  as  Chaplains 
from  the  date  of  their  original  appointment  in  the  Corps  of  Chaplains 
subject  to  the  foregoing  provisions  as  to  probationary  service,  in  the 
computation  of  which  they  shall  be  credited  with  all  service  heretofore 
rendered  by  them  as  acting  chaplains:  Provided  further,  That  the 
Commissions  of  Chaplains  shall  automatically  become  permanent  upon 
report  of  a  board  of  Chaplains,  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  that  they  have  satisfactorily  completed  the  probationary  period 
and  possess  the  necessary  mental,  moral,  and  professional  qualifi- 
cations. 

"That  Chaplains,  when  originally  commissioned,  shall  have  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  (junior  grade)  and  all  Chaplains  shall,  subject  to 
examinations,  be  advanced  in  rank  up  to  and  including  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  commander  with  the  officers  of  the  line  of  the  same,  or 
next  earlier  date  of  appointment  as  lieutenant  (junior  grade).  Pro- 
vided, That  officers  who  have  gained  or  lost  numbers  in  the  list  of 
Chaplains  shall  be  considered  to  have  gained  or  lost  precedence  ac- 
cordingly. 

"That  nothing  contained  in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  entitle 
any  officer  now  in  the  Corps  of  Chaplains  to  increased  rank,  pay,  or 
allowances  prior  to  the  date  of  this  Act  or  to  reduce  the  present  rank, 
pay,  or  allowances  of  any  such  officer,  and  actifig  Chaplains  shall 
retain  their  present  status  until  commissioned  in  accordance  with  this 
Act." 

The  proposed  legislation  vi^ill  make  permanent  the  great  ben- 
efits realized  under  the  arrangement  that  has  prevailed  during 
the  War,  definitely  establishing  a  Chief  Chaplain  in  the  De- 
partment as  aide  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  supervising  the 
work  of  the  Corps.  Such  establishment  is  of  vital  importance 
to  the  Corps  inasmuch  as  a  change  of  Secretaries  would  other- 
wise be  liable  to  interrupt  the  system  and  disrupt  the  work, 
proving  disastrous,  or  losing  the  ground  already  gained  and 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  241 

preventing  full  realization  of  the  splendid  opportunity  of  the 
Chaplain  Corps.  The  provisions  of  the  bill  will  give  the  Chap- 
lain Corps  the  same  recognition  as  other  staff  officers  and 
afford  it  the  same  advantages,  undoubtedly  realized  from  such 
establishment  in  other  Corps. 

The  second  bill  providing  for  the  reorganization  of  the 
Chaplain  Corps  was  recommended  by  the  Navy  Department 
and  introduced  into  the  last  Congress.  It  was  favorably  re- 
ported by  the  sub-committee  but  did  not  get  before  the  House 
and  should  therefore  be  re-introduced  in  the  next  Congress. 
It  should  be  noted  that  this  bill  is  an  effort  to  promote  the 
younger  officers  to  such  rank  as  will  enable  them  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  an  officer  at  a  time  when  his  expenses  are  greatest. 
The  increased  rank  for  younger  officers  necessarily  is  made, 
in  some  degree,  at  the  expense  of  the  officers  of  the  upper 
grades — the  number  of  captains  being  reduced  proportionately 
from  10  to  6,  and  commanders  from  20  to  12,  while  the  number 
of  lieutenants  is  immediately  increased.  This  bill  will  cost  the 
Government  $28,000  less  per  year  than  the  present  law. 

Lectures  on  the  Chaplaincy  in  Theological  Seminaries 

The  Secretary,  acting  upon  instruction  of  the  Special  Com- 
mittee of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains, has  been  in  correspondence  with  leading  Theological 
Seminaries  throughout  the  country  with  a  view  to  having  those 
seminaries  make  provision  in  connection  with  their  academic 
work  for  presentation  of  the  claims  and  opportunities  of  the 
Chaplaincy  in  the  Army  and  in  the  Navy  and  give  at  some 
point  in  their  course  of  instruction  adequate  treatment  regard- 
ing the  work  of  Chaplains.  An  outline  for  such  a  course  of 
lectures  was  prepared  by  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White.  These,  to- 
gether with  a  bibliography  prepared  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Committee,  have  been  sent  out  to  sixty-three  theological  semi- 
naries in  a  binder  which  will  hold  additional  matter.  It  is  the 
purpose  of  the  Committee  from  time  to  time,  as  special  regu- 
lations and  other  data  concerning  Chaplains  are  issued,  to  for- 
ward these  in  uniform  shape  for  the  binder  with  the  outlines 
already  furnished  that  the  seminaries  may  be  kept  informed 
of  the  latest  developments  in  the  status  and  work  of  the  Chap- 
lains. The  seminaries  have  entered  heartily  into  cooperation 
and  an  increasingly  large  number  of  these  have  definitely 
agreed  to  include  in  their  courses  of  study  a  series  of  lectures 
on  the  Chaplaincy  based  upon  the  outlines  and  information 
furnished.  It  is  contemplated  by  the  Committee  that  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Chaplaincy,  both  of  the  Army  and  of  the 
Navy,  together  with  representatives  of  the  General  Committee 
on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains,  shall  visit  the  seminaries  from 
time  to  time  for  Conference  and  for  special  lectures.  In  this 
way  it  is  hoped  that  the  minds  of  the  young  ministers,  as  they 


242         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

are  in  training,  will  be  turned  to  the  importance  of  the  work 
of  the  Chaplain  and  to  it  as  a  possible  life  work  so  that  the 
needs  of  the  Army  and  the  Navy  for  Chaplains  in  the  future 
may  be  met  by  our  strongest  and  best  equipped  young  men 
feeling  a  call  to  the  Chaplaincy  as  a  life  work.  It  is  further 
hoped  that  through  these  lectures  the  minds  of  all  pastors  of 
the  future  as  they  go  out  from  the  seminaries  to  enter  upon 
their  pastorates  may  be  open  to  religious  work  in  the  Army 
and  Navy. 

Incidental  Expense  Fund 

It  would  be  as  reasonable  to  expect  the  pastor  of  a  church 
to  pay  the  janitor  and,  from  his  own  pocket,  minister  to  the 
relief  of  the  poor  of  his  congregation,  provide  flowers  and 
delicacies  for  the  sick  and  otherwise  personally  bear  all  the 
general  expenses  of  advertising  and  promoting  his  church  work, 
as  to  expect  the  Chaplain  in  the  Army  or  Navy  to  do  these 
things  for  his  men.  This  need  was  in  some  measure  realized 
and  provided  for  during  the  war  by  the  War  Commissions  of 
the  various  religious  bodies,  and  this  has  demonstrated  the 
need  for  some  action  of  a  definite  and  permanent  character  to 
be  taken  in  this  matter.  Since  the  war,  most  of  these  agencies 
have  ceased  to  function,  and  with  the  changed  conditions 
where  anything  at  all  is  done  for  the  Chaplain  in  the  matter 
of  incidental  expense,  it  is  so  widely  variant  as  to  prove  a 
handicap  rather  than  a  help.  Where  a  Chaplain  of  one  denom- 
ination is  liberally  supplied  with  contingent  funds  for  relief 
and  general  religious  work,  while  a  Chaplain  of  another  de- 
nomination has  no  such  supplies,  it  is  clear  that  the  second 
named  is  tremendously  handicapped.  The  Committee  has, 
therefore,  carefully  considered  this  question  and  reached  the 
conclusion  that  there  should  be  uniform  provision  by  all  relig- 
ious bodies  in  supplementing  the  needs  of  their  Chaplains  in 
the  prosecution  of  their  work.  It  has  been  decided  that  for 
the  present  the  sum  of  $300  per  annum,  in  monthly  or  quarterly 
payments,  would  meet  this  necessity,  and  the  proper  agencies 
of  the  different  religious  bodies  are  now  being  communicated 
with,  with  fair  prospect  of  success  in  making  this  uniform 
provision.  It  is  hoped  that  through  such  uniform  provision 
the  handicaps  suffered  by  some  of  our  Chaplains  will  be  re- 
moved and  the  work  of  all  made  more  efficient.  It  is  also 
believed  that  the  time  will  soon  come  when  we  may  be  able 
to  bring  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  to  a  realization  of 
the  necessity  of  making  such  provision  for  the  incidental 
expenses  of  their  Chaplains  as  will  obviate  the  need  of  any 
outside  financial  help. 

Chaplains*  Conference 

Effort  was  made  during  the  latter  part  of  1919  and  early  in 
1920  to  arrange  for  a  conference  of  all  who  had  served  as 


REPORTS   OF   COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  243 

Chaplains  in  the  Army  and  Navy  during  the  war,  together 
with  all  still  in  the  service.  It  was  found  impracticable  for 
lack  of  funds  to  get  such  a  conference  together.  A  conference 
of  the  Chaplains  of  the  Northeast  Department  was,  however, 
held  in  Boston,  March  20,  1920,  concerning  which  the  Depart- 
ment Commander  reports,  "The  Chaplains  were  unanimous 
in  their  belief  that  this  opportunity  to  meet  and  discuss  their 
problems  and  exchange  their  ideas  was  exceedingly  profitable 
and  of  more  than  a  little  influence  in  giving  them  inspiration 
in  their  work."  Chief  Chaplain  Frazier  of  the  Navy  also  had 
a  Departmental  Conference  of  Chaplains  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
May  12-14,  1920.  The  idea  of  a  general  conference  of  Chap- 
lains is  still  under  consideration  and  we  are  hopeful  that 
arrangements  can  be  made  for  such  in  the  near  future. 

The  Educational  and  Recreational  Department 

The  work  previously  performed  by  the  various  welfare  or- 
ganizations was  taken  over  by  the  Army  on  November  1,  1919. 
This  work  since  that  time  has  been  under  the  supervision  of 
the  War  Plans  Division  and  a  Department  of  Education,  Rec- 
reation and  Character  Building  has  been  set  up  for  carrying 
it  on.  Since  all  these  matters  vitally  affect  the  Chaplains,  the 
Secretary  of  the  General  Committee  has  been  in  constant  con- 
sultation with  officers  in  charge  of  the  Educational  and  Recre- 
ational Department,  striving  to  impress  upon  them  certain 
religious  needs  and  to  secure  the  proper  relation  of  the  Chap- 
lain to  these  vital  questions  of  education  and  recreation.  We 
take  this  opportunity  to  express  the  belief  that  the  plans  worked 
out  by  this  Department  mark  a  great  and  far-reaching  step  in 
behalf  of  the  morale  of  the  Army.  The  high  standard  and 
ideals  set  forth  are  encouraging  to  all  those  who  are  interested 
in  the  moral  and  religious  welfare  of  the  men  of  the  Army. 
In  a  statement  of  their  plans  made  by  the  Educational  and 
Recreational  Department  to  the  Federal  Council  there  is  this 
significant  utterance:  "The  most  powerful  motive  for  right 
living  and  character  development  is  the  religious  motive.  Re- 
ligion as  an  essential  to  life  is  recognized  and  adequate  provi- 
sion is  made  for  the  religious  needs  of  the  army  personnel. 
It  is  believed  that  each  citizen  of  our  nation  is  free  to  estab- 
lish his  relationship  to  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his 
conscience  and  each  officer  and  soldier  is  given  an  opporttmity 
to  follow  the  faith  of  his  choice.  Respect  and  encouragement 
for  religion  are  held  as  important  obligations  of  an  officer's 
position  of  leadership."  Among  many  of  the  regulations  se- 
cured through  this  Department  may  be  noted :  an  order  to  the 
effect  that  Commanding  Officers  will  give  their  support  and 
assistance  to  Chaplains  in  the  problems  of  moral  training, 
character  building  and  religious  guidance  of  the  soldier;  an 
order  issued  May  11,   1920,  requiring  Commanding  Officers, 


244         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

when  practicable,  to  provide  their  Chaplains  with  a  suitable 
place  for  religious  services  required  by  law,  and  that  available 
facilities  of  the  garrison  be  utilized  to  make  the  services  at- 
tractive and  dignified,  and  that  Army  regulations  should  be 
such  as  to  encourage  attendance  at  the  customary  services  of 
worship;  authorizing  Commanders  to  permit  Chaplains  to 
attend  their  church  conventions  or  similar  gatherings  on  a  duty 
status;  an  order  issued  January  8,  1920,  providing  for  the 
development  of  community  cooperation  in  matters  of  social 
life  at  camp  and  restriction  of  vice  in  neighboring  towns ;  the 
support  of  the  Chaplain's  activities  by  furnishing  suitable 
places  of  worship  and  an  appropriate  office,  by  encouraging 
exchange  of  pulpits  between  Chaplains  and  clergymen  in  the 
vicinity,  by  giving  dignified  publicity  to  the  schedule  of  relig- 
ious services,  etc. ;  suppression  of  profanity  and  unduly  harsh 
treatment  of  men  while  on  military  duty;  developing  cooper- 
ation with  the  education  officers  so  that  moral  issues  are  dis- 
cussed in  school  work ;  censoring  motion  pictures  and  dramatic 
entertainment. 

The  following  equipment  has  been  provided  for  Chaplains: 
one  field  desk,  one  folding  altar,  one  folding  organ,  three 
hundred  song  books,  one  strong  chest  as  container  for  books, 
one  assembly  tent,  four  folding  tables  and  thirty-two  folding 
benches. 

A  special  school  for  all  educational  and  recreational  officers 
was  held  at  Camp  Grant,  August,  1920,  reports  from  which 
show  decided  progress  in  the  interest  of  the  Chaplains'  work 
and  a  decided  disposition  to  provide  for  the  building  of  chapels 
and  especially  to  give  the  Chaplain's  work  a  clear  right  of 
way  on  the  Sabbath  Day. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  office  of  Chief  Chaplain  under 
the  new  Army  Reorganization  Act,  it  has  been  decided  that  all 
Chaplain  matters  shall  be  headed  up  in  that  office.  There  will, 
however,  still  be  many  phases  of  this  Educational  and  Recrea- 
tional Department  work  in  the  hands  of  the  War  Plans  Divi- 
sion, and  we  would  urge  continued  interest  in  the  work  of  this 
Department. 

Program  of  the  Quadrennium 

To  the  Secretary,  who,  serving  only  during  the  last  year 
of  the  quadrennium,  but  upon  whom  has  fallen  the  duty  of 
preparing  the  report  for  the  four  years  past,  it  appears  that 
the  work  of  the  Quadrennium  may  be  summarized  as  including 
in  its  broad  lines 

(1)  Efforts  to  obtain  a  better  status  for  the  Chaplains.  (2)  Coop- 
eration with  the  Government  in  securing  a  high  standard  of  personnel 
of  Chaplains  and  in  the  development  of  the  best  possible  methods  of 
work.  (3)  Awakening  the  interest  of  the  Churches,  making  them 
aware  of  the  need  for  religious  work  in  the  army  and  of  the  services 
rendered  by  the  Chaplains  as  pastors  of  their  sons.    (4)  As  a  medium 


REPORTS   OF    COMMISSIONS   AND   COMMITTEES  245 

transmitting  the  voice  of  the  united  Protestant  Churches  to  the 
Chaplains,  giving  this  body  of  heroic  men  the  sense  of  encouragement 
and  support.  (5)  Keeping  in  closest  touch  with  the  Chaplains  them- 
selves in  order  to  be  of  assistance  in  transmitting  suggestions  pro- 
viding material  supplies  and  rendering  all  possible  cooperation. 

We  find  a  continuation  with  constant  enlargement  and  in 
some  lines  a  more  definite  and  specific  effort  of  these  aims 
the  essential  v^ork  of  the  General  Committee  in  time  of  peace 
as  in  time  of  war.  There  is  in  fact  even  greater  need  to-day 
for  emphasis  upon  all  these  aims  of  service  than  during  the 
period  of  the  war.  Prior  to  the  war,  the  Churches  were  barely 
conscious  of  the  religious  needs  of  men  in  the  Army  and  in 
the  Navy  and  seem  hardly  to  have  thought  of  the  Chaplain 
as  their  representative.  These  Churches,  through  their  expe- 
riences during  the  war,  acquired  an  interest  in  the  welfare  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  and  in  the  Chaplains,  that  had  never 
before  existed.  This  new  consciousness  of  duty  and  of  service 
coming  to  the  Churches  through  the  terrible  experiences  in  the 
period  of  national  conflict  unfortunately  tends  to  lapse  back  to 
the  old  order  of  indifference  and  unconcern.  This  must  not  be. 
The  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  should 
and  will,  we  believe,  continue  with  unabated  vigor,  striving  in 
every  possible  way  not  only  to  serve  the  country  and  the  en- 
listed men  and  officers  of  our  country  by  securing  qualified 
Chaplains  and  promoting  such  regulations  and  methods  of 
work  as  shall  make  their  ministry  most  efficient,  but  in  keeping 
the  Churches  aroused  to  zealous  interest  and  closest  sympathy 
with  the  religious  welfare  of  our  sons  in  the  Army  and  Navy 
and  in  the  heroic  men  who  in  the  future  with  those  now  in 
service  dedicate  their  lives  to  this  great  ministry. 

Through  the  four  years  in  the  exigencies  of  circumstances, 
efficient  secretaries  have  come  and  gone,  but  through  all,  these 
secretaries  have  had  the  blessing  of  the  abiding  presence,  wise 
counsel  and  brotherly  sympathy  of  Bishop  William  F.  Mc- 
Dowell, Chairman  of  the  Committee.  The  Chairman  has  freely 
rendered  of  his  best  and  responded  to  all  calls  made  upon  him 
though  heavily  loaded  with  other  pressing  duties.  In  difficult 
situations,  interviews  with  departments  involving  the  most  del- 
icate situations  and  problems,  the  present  Secretary  has  called 
upon  Bishop  McDowell  and  found  in  him  a  tower  of  strength. 
In  expressing  here  his  deep  appreciation  and  heartfelt  grati- 
tude for  the  cooperation  of  this  great  leader  he  feels  sure  that 
he  equally  voices  that  of  his  predecessors.  Members  of  the 
General  Committee,  and  especially  those  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee resident  in  Washington,  have  also  freely  given  of  their 
time  and  counsel.  The  Secretary  would  here  also  express  per- 
sonal appreciation  of  the  services  rendered  by  his  immediate 
predecessors.  Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White  and  Rev.  F.  Paul  Lang- 
horne,  in  helping  him  to  an  understanding  of  the  organization 
and  details  of  the  work  of  the  office,  and  to  Rev.  Qyde  F. 


246         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Armitage,  who  has  been  ever  ready  to  give  the  benefit  of  his 
experience  in  matters  of  the  Chaplaincy.  He  would  further 
express  his  indebtedness  to  the  efficient  staff  who  throughout 
the  year  have  freely  given  of  their  best  that  they  might  truly 
serve  not  as  mere  employes,  but  as  those  whose  hearts  are  in 
the  great  work  of  the  Committee.  They  have  worked  one 
and  all  faithfully  and  efficiently,  not  for  but  with  the  Secre- 
tary, for  the  promotion  of  the  high  aims  and  the  great  tasks 
committed  to  us  by  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches. 

E.  O.  Watson,  Secretary. 


THE  NEED  FOR  INTERPRETATIVE  PUBLICITY 
OF   THE    CHURCH'S    WORK 


(Report  of  the  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious  Press) 

The  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious  Press  was  organ- 
ized at  Qeveland  during  the  special  meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council,  May  6  and  7,  1919.  Thirty  editors  were  present  at 
the  first  gathering  which  met  at  the  call  of  the  General  Sec- 
retary of  the  Federal  Council  in  a  private  dining-room  of  the 
Hotel  Statler  at  the  dinner  hour  on  Tuesday,  May  6.  Plans 
for  cooperation  were  discussed  following  an  introductory 
address  by  Rev.  W.  R.  Warren,  editor  of  "World  Call." 

A  committee  was  appointed  consisting  of  the  Chairman  of 
the  evening.  Rev.  E.  C.  Wareing,  and  of  Rev.  Frederick  Lynch 
and  Rev.  H.  H.  Kramer  to  make  overtures  to  the  officers  of 
the  Federal  Council  for  an  editorial  organization  to  be  affil- 
iated with  the  Council. 

At  a  second  meeting  on  Wednesday  afternoon  at  the  Euclid 
Avenue  Baptist  Church,  the  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious 
Press  was  organized,  a  committee  on  constitution  and  by-laws 
was  appointed,  and  the  following  officers  were  elected:  Rev. 
E.  C.  Wareing,  Chairman ;  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  Vice-Chair- 
man;  F.  M.  Barton,  Treasurer;  and  Rev.  Jasper  T.  Moses, 
Secretary. 

The  next  meeting  of  the  Editorial  Council  was  held  on 
January  6,  1920,  at  the  Hotel  Tray  more,  Atlantic  City,  with 
fifty-four  editors  present.  The  draft  of  the  constitution  which 
had  been  prepared  by  the  officers  acting  as  a  committee  on 
constitution  was  considered  seriatim  and  adopted  as  follows: 

Constitution 
of  the  Editorial  Council  of  the  Religious  Press 

I.  Name.  The  name  of  this  organization  shall  be:  The  Editorial 
Council  of  the  Religious  Press,  affiliated  with  the  Federal  Council 
of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

II.  The  Object  of  this  Council  shall  be  to  unite  the  editors  of  the 
religious  periodicals  of  the  United  States  for  more  effectively  pro- 
moting the  interests  of  the  Church  and  for  the  gathering  and  distri- 
bution of  material  of  general  value,  for  coordinating  the  activities 
of  the  periodicals  represented,  and  in  general  to  use  every  available 
opportunity  for  increasing  the  resources  and  power  of  the  Protestant 
press  of  America. 

III.  Membership.  Editors  and  associate  or  assistant  editors  of 
the  periodicals  of  the  evangelical  denominations  of  the  United  States 
or  of  interdenominational  journals  approved  by  the  Council  shall  be 
eligible  to  membership,  with  the  understanding,  however,  that  each 
periodical  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote  only.  This  article  shall  not 
be  construed  to  include  staff  or  other  contributors,  nor  individuals 
who  conduct  local  publications  such  as  parish  papers.    New  members 

247 


248         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

shall  be  admitted  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Council,  or  they  may 
be  received  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

IV.  Organization.  1.  The  officers  shall  consist  of  a  President,  a 
Vice-President,  a   Secretary  and   a   Treasurer. 

2.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  officers  and  five 
additional  members  elected  by  the  Council,  for  a  term  of  three  years, 
except  that  of  the  first  committee  elected,  two  shall  serve  for  three 
years,  two  for  two  years  and  one  for  one  year. 

3.  Election  of  Officers.  The  officers  shall  be  elected  annually  by 
ballot  and  shall  serve  until  their  successors  have  been  duly  elected. 

4.  The  Standing  Committees  shall  be:  Committee  on  Program  and 
Propaganda ;  Committee  on  Publicity ;  Committee  on  Membership ; 
Finance  Committee ;  Auditing  Committee ;  these  committees  to  be 
appointed  by  the  President. 

V.  Meetings.  1.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  Council  shall  be  held 
at  the  same  time  and  place  as  that  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Federal  Council.  One-fourth  of  the  regularly  enrolled  member- 
ship shall  be  a  quorum. 

2.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  quarterly.  Special  meet- 
ings may  be  called  by  the  President.  A  majority  of  the  members 
shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

VI.  Membership  Dues  shall  be  Five  Dollars  annually,  payable  at 
the  beginning  of  each  calendar  year.  These  dues  shall  be  applied 
to  the  payment  of  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  organization  as 
authorized  by  the  Finance  Committee.  Assessments  for  additional 
necessary  expenses  may  be  levied  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  approved  by  the  Executive  Committee  and  by 
a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  Council.  Members  in  arrears  one 
year  shall  lose  the  right  to  vote  and  they  may  be  dropped  from  the 
roll  at  the  discretion  of  the  Membership  Committee. 

VII.  Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may  be  made  upon  a  major- 
ity vote  of  those  present  at  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Council,  due 
written  notice  of  the  same  having  been  given  the  members  at  least 
one  month  in  advance  of  said  meeting. 

An  Executive  Committee  was  chosen  consisting  of  the  offi- 
cers and  Nolan  R.  Best,  James  R.  Joy,  Rev.  C.  C.  Morrison, 
Rev.  Curtis  Lee  Laws,  Rev.  Howard  A.  Bridgman  and  F.  M. 
Barton,  Chairman  Finance  Committee.  Alfred  R.  Kimball 
was  chosen  as  treasurer. 

The  Editorial  Council  now  has  sixty-five  members,  repre- 
senting the  denominational  press  of  practically  all  the  con- 
stituent bodies  of  the  Federal  Council  as  well  as  several  inter- 
denominational journals.  The  Executive  Committee  has  had 
three  meetings  during  the  year  1920,  the  last  of  which,  on 
April  16,  was  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  relationship 
of  the  Editorial  Council  to  the  Federal  Council.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Executive  Committee  felt  that  the  organization 
could  not  assume  any  direct  oversight  of  the  Federal  Council's 
publicity  program  nor  were  they  in  favor  of  any  plans  that 
might  involve  expense  to  the  members  nor  the  investment  of 
much  time  or  effort.  The  Editorial  Council  is  then,  for  the 
present,  a  fraternal  association  of  the  editors  of  Church  jour- 


REPORT   OF   EDITORIAL   COUNCIL  OF   RELIGIOUS   PRESS      249 

nals  expressive  of  their  mutual  interest  and  for  the  occasional 
promotion  of  fellowship  and  the  interchange  of  ideas. 

The  secretary  of  the  Editorial  Council  has  sought  to  broaden 
the  publicity  program  of  the  Federal  Council,  which  is  his 
especial  concern,  so  that  it  will  increasingly  appeal  to  the 
editors.  He  has  also  secured  the  cooperation  of  a  splendid 
group  of  Church  papers  in  the  syndication  of  material  by  an 
able  British  writer.  The  increased  use  of  the  secretary's 
office  as  a  clearing  house  for  general  information  and  the 
securing  of  illustrations  or  other  needed  material  is  one  indi- 
cation of  the  possibilities  that  open  before  this  work  of  guiding 
the  cooperation  that  should  logically  develop  in  American 
religious  journalism.  The  chief  obstacle  to  making  the  work 
effective  has  constantly  been  the  lack  of  funds  for  the  merest 
beginning  of  a  service  to  the  Church  press  that  would  repre- 
sent the  ideals  in  the  minds  of  those  who  founded  the  organ- 
ization. In  every  meeting  of  the  Editorial  Council  the  need  of 
a  general  Church  publicity  service  has  been  urged.  A  way 
must  surely  be  found  to  meet  this  demand  of  the  day.  A  step 
in  the  direction  of  filling  one  phase  of  this  need  is  seen  in  the 
announcement  of  the  Research  Department  of  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  that  it  will  soon  be  prepared 
to  give  to  the  religious  press  authoritative  facts  regarding  so- 
cial and  industrial  situations  that  seem  to  call  for  especial 
attention.  Increasingly  the  Church  must  face  the  problem  of 
a  coordinated  and  effective  Christian  publicity. 

Ernest    C.    Wareing,    Chairman. 
Jasper  T.  Moses,  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS  OF  AFFILIATED,  CONSULTATIVE 
AND  COOPERATING  BODIES 


L     COOPERATION    IN    FOREIGN    MISSIONS 


The  development  of  cooperation  and  unity  in  the  foreign 
missionary  movement  has  been  so  fully  set  forth  in  preceding 
reports  made  to  Quadrennial  Meetings  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil that  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  narrate  it  here.  The 
purpose  of  this  statement,  therefore,  is  limited  to  a  survey  of 
the  present  situation  with  regard  to  cooperation  in  foreign 
missionary  work,  both  at  the  home  base  and  on  the  field,  with 
special  reference  to  progress  made  during  the  last  four  years 
and  with  brief  suggestions  as  to  the  bearing  of  this  develop- 
ment upon  the  churches  themselves. 

I.  Cooperation  at  the  Home  Base 

The  agencies  through  which  cooperative  efforts  are  under- 
taken in  developing  missionary  interest  and  supporting  the 
movement  are  so  well  known  as  not  to  require  any  extended 
statement  concerning  them.  Chief  among  them,  of  course,  is 
the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America  and  the 
auxiliaries  which  it  has  brought  into  being. 

1.  Cooperation  Among  the  Boards. 

The  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America  has 
behind  it  a  history  of  more  than  twenty-five  years,  during 
which  it  has  filled  a  central  place  in  the  life  of  the  missionary 
agencies  through  providing  a  common  ground  for  developing 
mutual  understanding,  common  policies  and  united  approach 
to  large  missionary  problems.  It  exists,  according  to  its  con- 
stitution, "primarily  for  the  consideration  of  questions  relating 
to  the  administration  of  foreign  missions  and  for  the  investi- 
gation and  consideration  of  matters  of  practical  interest  to  the 
participating  boards  and  societies." 

Its  standing  committee,  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel,  functions  for  the  Conference  in  a  wide  range  of  most 
important  subjects,  and  administers  a  budget  of  about  $75,000. 
It  is  organized  into  several  sub-committees,  including  those 
on  Emergencies  and  Reference,  on  Missions  and  Governments, 
on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Home  Church,  on  Interdenomina- 
tional and  Undenominational  Agencies,  on  Principles  and 
Methods  of  Administration,  on  Medical  Missions,  on  New 
Work  in  Foreign  Mission  Lands,  and  on  Statistics.  While 
created  primarily  "to  foster  and  promote  a  true  science  of 
missions,"  it  has  developed  to  the  point  where  it  also  carries 

250 


STATEMENTS   OF  AFFILIATED  AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     251 

on  certain  important  administrative  tasks  for  the  boards,  as, 
for  example,  in  connection  with  affording  oversight  to  the 
union  churches  in  Anglo-American  communities,  giving  assist- 
ance in  securing  pastors  and,  in  several  cases,  in  meeting  their 
financial  needs. 

The  annual  conference  held  every  year  is  an  occasion  of 
great  value  in  giving  expression  to  the  common  interests  of 
the  missionary  agencies.  It  is  attended  by  representatives 
of  upwards  of  seventy  organizations.  The  reports  of  these 
annual  gatherings  constitute  the  most  valuable  record  of 
the  development  of  American  missionary  agencies  and  work. 
Other  special  conferences  are  also  held  from  time  to  time, 
the  most  notable  one  during  the  present  Quadrennium  being 
the  three  days'  conference  on  "The  Christian  Occupation  of 
Africa,"  held  in  November,  1917,  and  participated  in  by 
twenty-four  organizations,  considering  the  problems  of  the 
African  field  as  a  whole. 

The  necessity  of  continuous  study  of  the  outstanding  mis- 
sionary problems  obviously  rests  upon  all  the  boards.  And 
since  Lutherans,  Baptists  and  Episcopalians  face  substantially 
the  same  problems,  the  economy  of  a  central  agency  is  ap- 
parent. In  the  subcommittees  of  the  Conference  instrumen- 
talities exist  for  dealing  cooperatively  with  these  questions. 
As  special  occasions  arise  provision  is  also  made  for  investi- 
gating problems  on  the  field.  Within  the  last  two  years  two 
notable  undertakings  of  this  sort  have  been  the  sending  of  a 
commission  to  Equatorial  Africa  to  study  the  question  of  in- 
dustrial education  and  the  joining  with  the  British  societies  in 
a  commission  to  study  the  whole  problem  of  village  education 
in  India.  The  latter  question  is  acute  because  of  the  great 
illiteracy  of  the  Indian  Christian  community,  as  a  result  of 
the  mass  movements  that  within  a  few  years  have  brought 
hundreds  of  thousands  into  the  Church.  The  census  of  1911 
showed  eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  Christian  community  unable 
to  read,  and  in  the  villages,  of  course,  the  percentage  is  even 
higher.  The  Commission  has  conceived  its  task  broadly,  con- 
sidering the  whole  problem  of  raising  the  social,  educational, 
moral  and  religious  life  of  the  Indian  village. 

A  specialized  agency  for  more  detailed  research  is  found 
in  the  Missionary  Research  Library  and  the  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics and  Research,  both  maintained  by  the  Committee  of 
Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of 
North  America. 

The  Research  Library  now  includes  more  than  eighteen 
thousand  bound  volumes  and  more  than  five  thousand  pam- 
phlets. Within  the  last  year  alone  more  than  sixteen  hundred 
volumes  and  five  hundred  pamphlets  were  added.  It  is  prob- 
ably the  most  valuable  collection  of  its  kind  in  this  country, 


252         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

and  its  staff  is  available  for  special  assistance  to  those  who 
avail  themselves  of  the  library's  facilities.  The  Bureau  of 
Statistics  and  Research  publishes  the  Foreign  Missions  Year 
Book  of  North  America  and  periodically  prepares  such  com- 
prehensive statistical  material  as  the  Quinquennial  Statistical 
Survey.  It  provides,  moreover,  a  staff  of  technical  workers 
in  this  field  which  can  be  called  upon  at  any  time.  In  connec- 
tion, for  example,  with  the  representations  of  the  missionary 
societies  to  the  Peace  Conference,  it  carried  on  important  in- 
vestigations and  assembled  indispensable  material. 

In  guiding  in  the  training  of  missionaries  an  indispensable 
cooperative  work  is  being  done  by  the  Board  of  Missionary 
Preparation,  established  by  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference. 
It  has  developed  a  body  of  valuable  literature  summarizing 
the  best  opinion  on  the  special  qualifications  and  training 
needed  for  particular  types  of  service  and  for  approach  to  the 
various  great  religions.  In  addition  to  its  annual  meetings, 
it  holds  special  conferences  on  such  subjects  as  the  best  use 
of  the  furlough  and  the  training  of  missionaries  for  evangelis- 
tic, for  medical  and  for  educational  work.  It  keeps  in  touch 
with  theological  schools  and  other  educational  institutions  both 
with  a  view  to  securing  provision  for  proper  training  and  to 
giving  counsel  as  to  where  specialized  training  along  various 
lines  can  be  secured.  It  has  special  committees  on  the  lin- 
guistic preparation  of  the  foreign  missionary,  on  specializa- 
tion in  training,  on  facilities  and  courses  available  for  mis- 
sionary candidates,  and  other  important  subjects.  It  thus 
renders  a  conspicuous  service  with  a  thoroughness  which  no 
denominational  agency  could  hope  to  approximate. 

One  of  the  most  important  phases  of  the  work  of  the  For- 
eign Missions  Conference,  and  one  which  has  been  fraught 
with  special  significance  during  this  Quadrennium,  concerns  the 
relations  between  foreign  missions  and  governments.  Serious 
problems  concerning  passport  regulations,  the  securing  of  re- 
ligious liberty,  the  protection  of  missionary  rights  and  other 
matters  have  been  handled  in  behalf  of  all  the  participating 
boards.  An  outstanding  illustration  was  the  sending  of  a 
special  committee  to  the  Peace  Conference  to  represent  the 
American  societies,  in  cooperation  with  British  and  French 
societies,  in  safeguarding  the  interests  of  foreign  missions, 
particularly  in  colonial  terrtories  that  were  the  subject  of  dis- 
cussion. 

The  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  has  cooperated 
with  the  Federal  Council  in  a  joint  appeal  for  famine  sufferers 
in  India  in  1919  and  with  its  Commission  on  Relations  with 
the  Orient  both  in  studying  the  Korean  situation  and  immi- 
gration laws  in  their  bearing  upon  missionary  work  in  the 
Orient. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     253 

A  notable  development  in  cooperation  among  missionary 
boards,  which  falls  chiefly  within  this  Quadrennium,  is  that 
of  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America.  Growing 
out  of  a  special  conference  on  missions  in  Latin  America, 
called  by  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the 
Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America,  in  1913,  it 
has  come  to  represent  officially  the  thirty  boards  engaged  in 
work  in  Latin  America.  The  Congress  on  Christian  Work 
in  Panama,  held  in  1916,  gave  its  work  a  great  impetus  and 
has  shown  the  indispensable  necessity  of  such  a  committee. 
What  it  has  accomplished  in  the  Latin  American  fields  is  dis- 
cussed in  a  later  section  of  this  report. 

The  American  Christian  Literature  Society  for  Moslems, 
made  up  of  representatives  of  the  missionary  boards  engaged 
in  work  in  Mohammedan  fields,  began  its  active  work  just 
before  the  beginning  of  this  Quadrennium.  It  helps  to  sup- 
port the  Nile  Mission  Press  and  cooperates  with  the  various 
missions  among  Moslems  in  promoting  evangelism  through 
the  printed  page. 

The  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions, 
established  in  1913,  but  in  large  measure  dating  from  the 
creation  of  the  Central  Committee  on  the  United  Study  of 
Foreign  Missions  several  years  earlier,  unites  some  twenty 
woman's  boards,  "to  stimulate  united  prayer  and  study  and 
a  spirit  of  fellowship  of  service;  to  secure  a  deeper  realization 
of  the  whole  task  of  foreign  missions,  a  clearer  understanding 
of  difficulties  and  problems,  a  fuller  development  of  resources, 
and  a  truer  conception  of  the  dignity,  scope,  and  purpose  of 
woman's  work  for  missions." 

2.  Cooperation  in  Producing  Literature. 

The  motives  that  lead  Presbyterians  to  support  the  foreign 
missionary  movement  and  to  study  its  work  are  the  same  that 
lead  Methodists  to  do  so.  It  is  the  one  Christ  who  is  to  be 
made  known  and  whose  Spirit  is  everywhere  at  work  trans- 
forming human  life.  So  the  missionary  literature  that  Presby- 
terians and  Methodists  need  in  order  to  be  kept  intelligently 
in  touch  with  the  progress  of  the  Kingdom  is  the  same.  This 
was  recognized  in  the  establishment  of  the  Missionary  Edu- 
cation Movement  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  more  recently  func- 
tioning as  the  Missionary  Education  Department  of  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement.  It  has  prepared  and  issued  many 
mission  study  text-books  that  are  used  widely  by  most  of  the 
evangelical  denominations.  The  Central  Committee  on  the 
United  Study  of  Foreign  Missions,  maintained  by  the  Federa- 
tion of  Women's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions,  also  produces 
missionary  study  texts,  some  of  which  are  published  in  coop- 
eration with  the  Missionary  Education  Movement.  When, 
however,  one  considers  the  total  volume  of  missionary  litera- 


254         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

ture  produced,  one  cannot  help  concluding  that  cooperation  in 
this  field  has  thus  far  been  developed  only  to  a  relatively  meagre 
degree. 

Certain  cooperative  enterprises  in  missionary  journalism  de- 
mand our  attention  in  connection  with  the  consideration  of 
missionary  literature  for  the  home  base,  especially  the  Inter- 
national Review  of  Missions  and  the  Missionary  Review  of 
the  World.  The  former,  published  by  the  Continuation  Com- 
mittee of  the  Edinburgh  Conference,  has  appeared  without 
interruption  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  war  interfered  with 
the  functioning  of  the  Committee  in  other  lines  of  work.  Its 
value  in  developing  constructive  policies  and  interpreting  the 
deeper  aspects  of  the  missionary  enterprise  it  would  be  simply 
impossible  to  exaggerate.  The  Missionary  Review  of  the 
World,  during  the  Quadrennium,  has  been  published  under  a 
scheme  of  reorganization  which  provides  for  official  represen- 
tation of  both  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the  Foreign 
Missions  Conference  upon  its  editorial  council,  so  that  it  has 
become  the  general  interdenominational  missionary  organ  in 
this  country. 

3.  Cooperation  in  the  Education  of  the  Home  Church. 

In  the  promotion  of  missionary  interest  and  the  education 
of  the  Church  at  large  to  a  sense  of  responsibility  for  the 
missionary  cause  significant  results  have  been  secured  through 
interdenominational  conferences.  The  Young  People's  Con- 
ferences conducted  by  the  Missionary  Education  Movement 
deserve  particular  notice.  Held  every  year  in  various  centers 
throughout  the  country  and  making  provision  for  ten  days  of 
mission  study,  consideration  of  both  home  and  foreign  mission- 
ary work,  and  devotional  and  inspirational  addresses,  they 
have  done  much  to  train  teachers  of  mission  study  classes  in 
local  congregations  and  to  inspire  enthusiasm  for  the  mission- 
ary cause.  The  great  conventions  of  the  Laymen's  Missionary 
Movement  held  in  many  large  cities  a  few  years  ago,  though 
now  discontinued,  also  had  large  value  in  stimulating  mission- 
ary interest  and  knowledge.  They  reached  literally  hundreds 
of  thousands  with  the  message  of  the  bigness  and  the  oneness 
of  the  task. 

But  in  educating  the  home  church,  as  well  as  in  the  pro- 
duction of  literature,  there  is  obviously  vastly  more  that  could 
advantageously  be  done  cooperatively.  To  interpret  the  whole 
task  of  the  Church  to  the  whole  Church  and  to  release  energies 
adequate  to  carry  it  out  and  to  secure  greatly  enlarged  contri- 
butions for  the  cause,  demand  a  degree  of  united  promotion 
that  has  not  yet  been  attained.  This  is  generally  agreed  to 
have  been  the  most  significant  thing  that  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  undertook  to  do  and  the  need  for  a  united 
approach  to  this  problem  is  an  abiding  one. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     255 

4.  Cooperation  in  Recruiting  for  Missionary  Service. 
The   Student  Volunteer   Movement  has   for   more  than  a 

quarter  of  a  century  been  a  most  valuable  recruiting  agency 
for  the  foreign  missionary  cause.  It  is,  of  course,  independent 
in  its  organization  and  therefore  not  strictly  within  the  limits 
of  the  present  discussion.  Yet  it  has  such  cooperation  with 
the  missionary  boards,  particularly  their  candidate  secretaries, 
that  it  is  generally  recognized  as  a  necessary  instrumentality 
in  this  field.  At  the  student  conferences  conducted  by  the 
International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation and  the  National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  the  influence  of  the  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  is  always  strongly  felt,  and  through  its  own  local 
conferences  and  quadrennial  conventions,  the  last  of  which  was 
held  at  Des  Moines  a  year  ago,  thousands  of  students  are  faced 
with  the  missionary  appeal.  What  the  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  is  doing  in  recruiting  for  foreign  service  is  a  con- 
vincing evidence  of  the  great  need  for  a  similar  effort  in  se- 
curing the  enlistment  of  life  for  other  forms  of  Christian 
service.  A  first  step  in  this  direction  was  perhaps  made  a  few 
months  ago  when  a  representative  of  the  Home  Missions  Coun- 
cil was  assigned  to  cooperate  with  the  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  in  the  effort  to  secure  recruits  for  home  mission 
fields. 

5.  International  Missionary  Cooperation. 

The  international  cooperation  among  missionary  agencies 
developed  in  the  Continuation  Committee  of  the  Edinburgh 
Conference  was  interrupted  by  the  war.  Cooperation  between 
nations  on  opposite  sides  of  the  conflict  became  impossible. 
In  1918,  however,  the  need  for  some  international  body  to 
function  in  connection  with  grave  problems  accentuated  by  the 
war  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  so-called  "Emergency 
Committee  of  Cooperating  Missions,"  representing  countries 
outside  of  the  Central  Powers.  Three  important  questions  of 
common  concern  required  its  attention :  relations  between  mis- 
sions and  governments,  safeguarding  the  interests  of  missions 
in  the  peace  settlement,  and  the  general  correlation  of  plans. 
The  action  initiated  by  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel  and  carried  out  in  connection  with  British  and  French 
Protestant  societies  in  making  representations  to  the  Versailles 
Conference  in  behalf  of  the  missionary  bodies  has  already 
been  referred  to.  Particularly  noteworthy  in  its  achievements 
was  the  securing  of  protection  of  German  mission  property 
in  enemy  territory  from  confiscation. 

Last  June  the  broken  threads  of  international  missionary 
cooperation  were  more  completely  knit  up,  as  a  result  of  the 
conference  at  Crans,  Switzerland,  when  persons  identified 
with  missionary  organizations  in  the  Central  Powers  were  also 


256         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

present.  It  was  a  most  important  gathering,  dealing  not  only 
with  the  present  position  of  German  missions,  but  also  with  a 
whole  complex  of  questions  including  relations  with  govern- 
ments, religious  toleration,  missionary  liberty  and  educational 
policies  in  relation  to  governments.  Its  most  important  work 
was  the  drawing  up  of  plans  for  a  new  International  Mis- 
sionary Committee.  These  plans  have  now  been  referred  to 
the  several  national  missionary  organizations  and  to  the  con- 
stituent boards.  In  general  it  provides  that  so  far  as  possible 
interdenominational  cooperation  will  be  left  to  the  national 
organizations  (like  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
America),  with  such  international  meetings  for  conference 
and  correlation  of  activities  as  may  be  necessary. 

II.    Cooperation  on  the  Foreign  Field 

On  the  foreign  field  itself  the  movement  toward  cooperation 
and  unity  has  clearly  advanced  much  more  rapidly  than  at 
home.  During  the  early  period  of  the  missionary  movement, 
of  course,  this  development  had  not  yet  begun.  The  mission- 
aries were  so  few  in  number  and  so  widely  scattered  that 
there  was  little  overlapping.  In  many  great  areas  only  a  single 
denomination  was  represented.  The  question  of  denomina- 
tional relationships  did  not  arise  until  the  missionary  enter- 
prise had  developed  to  such  an  extent  that  missionaries  and 
churches  on  the  foreign  field  were  in  close  contact  with  one 
another.  And  even  after  the  problem  came  sharply  into  view 
it  was  many  years  before  much  progress  was  made  in  dealing 
with  the  problem,  aside  from  a  recognition  of  the  need  for 
more  united  efforts.  Within  the  last  two  decades,  however, 
and  particularly  since  the  Edinburgh  Conference  in  1910, 
progress  has  been  nothing  less  than  phenomenal,  both  in  the 
development  of  local  union  enterprises  of  various  kinds  and 
in  the  relations  of  denominations  themselves  to  one  another. 

1.  Union  Institutions  on  the  Foreign  Field. 

In  China  alone  to-day  the  union  missionary  institutions 
run  up  into  the  scores,  including  the  union  universities 
in  Peking,  Tsinanfu,  Nanking,  Chengtu  and  Foochow.  In 
India  there  are  a  score.  In  all  Latin  America  four  years  ago 
there  was  hardly  a  union  school,  union  paper  or  union  admin- 
istrative agency.    To-day  there  are  no  fewer  than  twenty-two. 

A.  Educational  Institutions 
Special  attention  should  be  called  to  the  significant  union 
institutions  that  have  been  established  during  the  period 
roughly  covered  by  the  past  Quadrennium  of  the  Federal 
Council.  Particularly  noteworthy  is  the  advance  in  education 
for  women.  Four  fine  new  union  colleges  for  women  have 
been  opened  within  the  last  few  years.     In  India  just  before 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     257 

the  preceding  Quadrennium  was  drawing  to  a  close  the  Chris- 
tian College  for  Women  at  Madras  began  its  work,  an  enter- 
prise in  which  no  fewer  than  twelve  British  and  American 
boards  participated,  including  Congregational,  Anglican,  Pres- 
byterian, Methodist,  Baptist,  Reformed  and  Lutheran.  In 
China  about  the  same  time  Ginling  College  (for  women)  at 
Nanking  was  established  by  the  joint  action  of  five  American 
women's  societies.  In  1918  at  Vellore,  India,  a  new  medical 
college  for  women  was  opened  supported  by  Reformed,  Bap- 
tist, Lutheran  and  Presbyterian  boards.  April  30th  of  the 
same  year  saw  the  opening  of  the  Women's  Christian  Uni- 
versity in  Tokyo,  under  Japanese  auspices,  by  the  joint  action 
of  Baptist,  Methodist,  Episcopal,  Presbyterian,  Reformed, 
Congregational  and  Disciples  boards,  a  step  described  as  "one 
of  the  great  events  of  mission  history  in  Japan."  The  sig- 
nificance of  the  event  is  more  readily  appreciated  when  it 
is  understood  that  there  is  not  yet  in  Japan  any  governmental 
college  for  women. 

Significant  union  educational  enterprises  for  men  have  also 
been  developed  in  the  Orient  during  the  same  period.  Just 
before  the  beginning  of  this  Quadrennium  Peking  University 
had  been  reconstituted  as  a  union  of  the  American  Methodists 
and  Presbyterians  and  British  and  American  Congregation- 
aHsts.  In  1916  the  College  of  Theology  definitely  began  its 
work,  the  first  department  to  function;  in  1917  the  Prepara- 
tory Department  and  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  were 
opened.  In  1917  the  Shantung  Christian  University,  which 
had  been  in  existence  for  several  years,  was  concentrated  at 
Tsinanfu  and  enlarged.  Although  maintained  chiefly  by  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  the 
English  Baptists,  a  half-dozen  other  agencies,  including  the 
British  High  Church  Anglican  mission,  the  English  Wesley- 
ans,  the  Canadian  Presbyterians,  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
the  United  States,  the  London  Missionary  Society  and  the 
United  Lutheran  Church  cooperate  in  one  or  more  depart- 
ments. In  1918  the  charter  of  the  Fukien  University,  which 
had  been  opened  in  1916,  was  obtained,  four  bodies  cooper- 
ating. In  Korea  the  same  year  the  Chosen  Christian  College, 
with  six  departments,  was  opened  at  Seoul,  four  boards 
cooperating.  In  Africa  in  1917  a  union  theological  school, 
known  as  the  Fourah  Bay  College,  was  opened  at  Sierra 
Leone. 

In  Latin  America  more  rapid  progress  in  cooperative  under- 
takings has  been  made  during  the  last  four  years  than  in  any 
other  area  of  the  mission  field.  At  the  time  of  the  Panama 
Congress  cooperation  in  missionary  enterprises  still  had  in 
Latin  America  a  virgin  field.  Since  that  time  more  than  a 
score  of  cooperative  projects  have  been  undertaken,  including 


258         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

evangelical  seminaries  in  Mexico,  Porto  Rico,  Chile  and  Brazil, 
union  book  depositories  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Chile,  and  Mex- 
ico, and  union  Christian  papers  in  each  of  these  four  countries. 
There  are  also  in  Argentina  a  union  college  and  an  evan- 
gelical training  school ;  in  Valparaiso  an  evangelical  nor- 
mal school ;  in  Brazil  a  union  hospital  and  a  university 
federation  which  binds  together  several  professional  schools 
and  secondary  schools;  in  Mexico,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico  and 
Brazil  secretaries  for  cooperative  missionary  work.  In  Uru- 
guay an  international  faculty  of  theology  and  social  sciences 
at  Montevideo  has  been  definitely  approved  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal,  Northern  Presbyterian  and  Disciples  boards,  and 
will  constitute  a  more  ambitious  enterprise  than  any  yet  under- 
taken in  Latin  America.  In  Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti  an 
extensive  program  of  evangelistic,  educational,  institutional 
and  medical  work,  under  the  direction  of  a  union  board  of 
trustees  which  will  project  the  work  without  denominational 
organization,  is  now  beginning  to  function.  In  fact,  in  all  the 
leading  Latin- American  fields  a  program  of  union  enterprises 
is  definitely  in  mind  and  is  developing  vigorously. 

Even  in  theological  education  the  union  program  has  been 
developed  to  a  most  remarkable  degree.  In  addition  to  the 
interdenominational  seminaries  recently  established  in  Latin 
America  there  are  union  theological  institutions  of  longer 
standing  in  Manila,  Seoul,  Peking,  Nanking,  Canton,  Tsinanfu, 
Foochow,  Bangalore,  and  still  other  cities.  In  one  or  more 
of  these  institutions  Northern,  Southern  and  English  Meth- 
odists, Northern,  Southern,  Canadian  and  Scottish  Presby- 
terians, English  and  American  Congregationalists,  Disciples, 
English  and  American  Baptists,  the  Church  of  England,  Re- 
formed, Lutherans,  United  Brethren,  and  Friends  participate. 
In  China  it  is  estimated  that  to-day  fifty  per  cent  of  theological 
students  are  enrolled  in  union  institutions. 

Indeed,  it  would  not  be  too  much  to  say  that  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  higher  educational  institutions  cooperation  is  to- 
day, with  few  exceptions,  the  generally  accepted  policy  of  the 
missionary  boards.  In  fact,  such  cooperation  is  to-day  almost 
a  practical  necessity.  When  state  governments  are  now  devel- 
oping great  educational  programs,  the  missionary  agencies, 
with  their  limited  means,  cannot  hope  to  compete  successfully 
and  fulfill  their  unique  function  unless  they  pool  their  re- 
sources. Economy  not  only  of  money,  but  also  of  life  is 
secured,  since  specialization  is  made  possible  that  is  out  of 
the  question  in  institutions  with  smaller  staflfs.  More  impor- 
tant, perhaps,  than  even  these  considerations  is  the  appeal  that 
unity  in  action  makes.  Its  apologetic  value  and  its  service 
in  developing  a  spirit  of  brotherhood  among  the  native  Chris^ 
tians  can  hardly  be  exaggerated. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     259 

B.  Medical  Work  and  Other  Lines 
In  medical  work  union  is  likewise  common.  Such  union 
medical  colleges  as  those  for  women  at  Ludhiana  and  Vellore 
in  India,  and  at  Peking,  are  among  the  leading  institutions  for 
training  women  physicians  in  the  Orient.  The  well  known 
Severance  Medical  College  and  Hospital  in  Seoul  is  the  medi- 
cal center  for  practically  all  the  missions  in  the  southern 
part  of  Korea.  Plans  have  just  been  completed  for  making 
the  Baptist  hospital  at  Puebla,  Mexico,  a  union  institution. 
In  China  and  Korea,  at  Hangchow,  Huchow,  Wonsan  and 
Pingyang,  union  hospital  enterprises  have  been  carried  on  for 
several  years,  and  have  been  reported  upon  in  former  state- 
ments to  Federal  Council  Quadrennial  Meetings. 

Nor  does  even  this  account  exhaust  the  list  of  significant 
kinds  of  union  institutions.  Language  schools  are  now  gen- 
erally carried  on  by  united  action,  as  in  Nanking,  Peking, 
Tokyo  and  several  centers  in  India.  Schools  for  the  children 
of  missionaries  or  of  foreign  residents  are  maintained  at 
Shanghai,  Tokyo  and  various  other  cities.  Union  churches 
for  Anglo-American  residents  are  maintained  at  Manila,  Han- 
kow, Tokyo,  Yokohama,  Kobe,  Shanghai,  Peking,  Mexico 
City,  Rio,  Santiago,  Havana,  San  Juan,  and  in  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone. 

C.  Different  Types  of  Union  Institutions 
Before  leaving  our  consideration   of  union  institutions   it 
may  be  worth  while  to  examine  the  principles  on  which  these 
enterprises  have  been  established  and  are  being  administered. 
In  general  there  are  four  different  types  of  institutions.* 

(1)  There  are,  in  the  first  place,  certain  institutions  that 
are  denominational  so  far  as  their  staff  and  control  are  con- 
cerned, but  which,  being  maintained  by  the  body  that  is  much 
the  strongest  in  that  area,  are  recognized  as  functioning  for 
all.  The  college  at  Harpoot  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  medical 
center  at  Taranfu  in  Shantung  are  illustrative  of  this  type. 
While  not  union  enterprises  in  a  technical  sense,  in  effect  they 
accomplish  the  same  end. 

(2)  In  the  second  place  there  are  union  institutions  that 
are  independent  in  organization.  They  are  under  the  direct 
control  of  a  board  of  trustees  made  up  of  individuals  from 
various  churches.  The  denominational  boards  as  such  are  not 
the  responsible  authorities,  however  closely  they  may  be  asso- 
ciated. Robert  College  at  Constantinople,  the  Syrian  Prot- 
estant College  at  Beirut  and  the  Canton  Christian  College  are 
fine  examples  of  this  method  of  organization. 

(3)  A  third  group  of  institutions  represents  a  union  among 
denominational     families.       Even     though     the     cooperating 

*  For  this  analysis  this  report  is  largely  indebted  to  an  address  by   Burton   St. 
John  at  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  in   1920. 


260         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

churches  are  not  widely  dissimilar  they  are  represented  by 
separate  boards  with  their  own  characteristics,  so  unions  of 
this  somewhat  limited  sort  do  nevertheless  constitute  a  defi- 
nite achievement  in  unity.  As  typical  of  this  class  might  be 
cited  the  Baptist  College  at  Shanghai  and  the  Lutheran  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  Central  China. 

(4)  In  the  fourth  place  we  find  the  institutions  which  are 
interdenominational  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term.  The 
denominational  agencies  themselves  choose  their  official  rep- 
resentatives on  the  governing  board  and  contribute  to  its  joint 
support.  Typical  of  this  form  of  procedure  are  almost  all 
of  the  institutions  that  we  have  discussed  above, — such  notable 
institutions  as  the  five  union  universities  in  China,  the  language 
schools,  the  publishing  houses,  the  women's  colleges  at  Vellore 
and  Tokyo,  the  hospital  and  medical  college  at  Seoul,  and  the 
theological  schools  at  Bangalore,  Canton,  Nanking  and  else- 
where. When  one  realizes  that  with  hardly  more  than  one  or 
two  exceptions  there  is  not  a  large  Protestant  denomination 
that  is  not  cooperating  in  some  of  these  union  institutions  he 
realizes  how  profound  are  the  influences  that  are  at  work. 

2.  In  Other  Cooperative  Undertakings. 

More  far-reaching  still  are  the  united  efforts  being  made 
to  deal  in  a  constructive  way  with  educational  policies  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  missionary  movement  as  a  whole.  Sub- 
stantial progress  has  been  made  within  this  Quadrennium.  In 
China  the  China  Educational  Association,  which  has  been  at 
work  for  some  years,  has  developed  further  so  that  a  second 
secretary  was  added  to  its  staff  in  1918.  It  is  aiming  to  work 
out  a  comprehensive  common  policy  for  Christian  education 
throughout  the  republic.  It  publishes  a  quarterly  journal  on 
education.  Nine  local  Christian  educational  associations  have 
been  developed  within  the  last  few  years,  working  in  cooper- 
ation with  the  national  association,  and  it  is  proposed  that 
each  of  these  shall  have  an  administrative  secretary,  a  Chinese 
associate  secretary,  and  a  director  of  teacher-training.  In 
the  Congo  an  interdenominational  committee  was  formed  in 
1918  to  coordinate  the  curricula  of  the  various  schools  and 
to  consider  general  educational  policies.  This  was  particu- 
larly demanded  because  of  the  enlarging  operations  of  the 
colonial  governments  in  educational  work.  The  Committee 
on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America  maintains  a  Secretary  on 
Education  on  the  field,  who  is  constantly  visiting  the  mission 
schools  with  a  view  to  a  more  eflFective  handling  of  educa- 
tional problems. 

Another  outstanding  development  which  falls  chiefly  within 
the  last  four  years  has  been  in  connection  with  public  health 
education  in  China.  Inaugurated  by  the  China  Medical  Mis- 
sionary Association  in  1915,  the  movement  has  already  ren- 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     261 

dered  conspicuous  service  in  providing  literature,  exhibits, 
lantern  slides  and  lectures  on  this  vital  subject. 

In  the  production  of  Christian  literature  there  has  been 
another  call  for  cooperation.  The  literature  so  sorely  needed 
in  a  non-Christian  land  is  the  same  for  Baptists,  Methodists 
or  Presbyterians.  Considerable  progress  in  this  line  has  re- 
cently been  made.  In  1917  the  China  Christian  Literature 
Council  was  organized,  to  meet  the  desire  for  a  more  united 
approach  to  the  problem,  and  is  being  promoted  by  the  China 
Continuation  Committee.  A  constitution  was  adopted  which 
provides  that  the  Council  may  exercise  executive  as  well  as 
advisory  functions  if  so  desired.*  In  India  the  interdenomi- 
national agency  known  as  the  National  Missionary  Council 
has  lately  made  a  survey  of  the  existing  Christian  literature 
and  of  further  needs.  In  Japan  the  Christian  Literature 
Society  is  directly  representative  of  and  supported  by  the 
various  missions.  In  Korea  the  Korean  Religious  Book  and 
Tract  Society  is  the  agency  of  all  the  missions.  In  Latin 
America,  as  already  noted,  union  book  depositories,  publishing 
houses  and  journals  have  been  developed  in  several  of  the 
capital  cities  during  the  last  four  years  and  even  larger  pro- 
jects for  furnishing  a  Christian  literature  to  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  speaking  world  are  now  under  way.  The  work  of 
the  American  Bible  Society  in  circulating  the  Scriptures 
throughout  the  world  is  too  well  known  and  of  too  long  stand- 
ing to  need  description. 

In  the  promotion  of  Sunday  School  work  an  increasing 
degree  of  cooperation  is  being  secured  in  several  fields  through 
the  work  of  the  representatives  of  the  World's  Sunday  School 
Association,  which,  within  the  last  Quadrennium,  has  been 
reorganized  so  as  to  make  it  officially  representative  of  the 
Sunday  School  and  the  missionary  boards  of  the  churches. 
Its  field  representatives  in  Japan,  China,  Korea,  Egypt,  the 
Philippines,  Brazil,  Argentina  and  Chile  are  pushing  the  devel- 
opment of  Sunday  School  work  and  through  training  confer- 
ences, the  promotion  of  literature,  and  otherwise  are  trying 
to  make  a  united  approach  to  the  problems. 

Probably  the  most  far-reaching  line  of  cooperation  of  all 
has  been  so  far  only  referred  to,  but  needs  to  be  emphasized 
strongly  in  any  adequate  narrative  of  the  situation, — the  work 
of  the  interdenominational  committees  on  the  field  known  in 
the  Orient  generally  as  Continuation  Committees  and  in  Latin 
America  as  Committees  on  Cooperation.  In  all  the  contin- 
uation conferences  held  in  the  Orient  in  1912-1913,  as  a  result 
of  the  Edinburgh  Conference,  the  need  for  greater  coopera- 
tion and  unity  was  urged,  and  in  some  of  the  larger  fields 
definite  agencies  for  inter-mission  conference  and  cooperation 

*  For  the  Constitution  see  Appendix  B,  1918  China  Missions  Year  Book. 


262         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

were  formed.  In  India  the  National  Missionary  Council  and 
Provincial  Councils  were  established.  As  a  result  valuable 
surveys  have  been  made  and  common  counsel  taken  upon 
public  questions  affecting  all  the  missions,  such  as  temperance 
and  education,  including  the  question  of  the  conscience  clause. 
Principles  of  comity  have  been  developed  and  the  activities 
of  the  various  agencies  more  closely  coordinated  in  many  ways. 
During  the  war  it  was  recognized  as  the  agency  with  which 
the  government  would  deal  in  regard  to  missionaries  of  alien 
nationality.  The  National  Council  has  recently  been  making  a 
survey  of  mission  problems  and  work  which  surpasses  any- 
thing yet  undertaken.  In  China  the  Continuation  Committee 
is  made  up  in  a  less  official  way,  being  composed  of  individuals 
(one-third  of  them  Chinese)  from  various  missions.  As  in 
India,  it  studies  common  problems  from  the  standpoint  of 
the  work  as  a  whole,  promotes  cooperation  in  educational, 
literary,  evangelistic  and  medical  work,  and  carries  on  surveys. 
It  has  been  making  valuable  studies  of  the  right  attitude  for 
the  Church  on  such  issues  as  polygamy,  ancestor  worship  and 
mission  organization,  and  serves  also  as  a  valuable  link  be- 
tween the  home  base  and  the  field.  In  Japan  the  Continuation 
Committee  is  constituted  by  the  appointment  of  eight  men  by 
the  Federation  of  Japanese  Churches,  eight  by  the  Conference 
of  Federated  Missions,  and  eight  others  designated  by  the 
sixteen  thus  chosen.  Its  special  significance  is  less  in  the 
scope  of  its  activities  than  in  its  bringing  the  Japanese  churches 
and  the  missions  into  a  close  relationship  in  promoting  evan- 
gelism and  making  surveys  of  social  conditions.  The  Con- 
ference of  Federated  Missions,  just  referred  to,  embraces  prac- 
tically all  the  Protestant  missions  except  the  Anglican.  It 
established  the  Christian  Literature  Society,  publishes  the  Ja- 
pan Evangelist  and  the  Year  Book  known  as  "The  Christian 
Movement  in  the  Japanese  Empire."  In  general  it  may  be 
said  of  all  these  Continuation  Committees  that  their  functions 
are  advisory,  their  authority  resting  on  their  experience  and 
their  intrinsic  value.  They  provide  a  most  valuable  central 
organization  which  can  speak  for  the  missionary  movement 
on  a  field  as  a  whole  and  study  the  common  problems. 

One  of  the  most  outstanding  cooperative  movements  in  the 
Orient,  largely  promoted  by  the  Continuation  Committees, 
has  been  only  mentioned, — the  evangelistic  movement.  There 
is  no  more  conspicuous  aspect  of  the  Christian  Church  in 
Asia  than  the  wave  of  evangelism  during  the  last  few  years. 
In  Japan  in  1917  the  National  Evangelistic  Campaign,  begun 
in  1914  by  the  Japanese  churches,  was  closed.  As  a  result  of 
its  meetings  twenty-seven  thousand  had  expressed  a  decision 
to  be  followers  of  Christ.  In  China  a  yearly  evangelistic 
effort  has  become  a  settled  part  of  the  Church's  work.     For 


STATEMENTS    OF    AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING    BODIES     263 

three  successive  years  (1917-1919),  a  week  of  evangelism  at 
the  time  of  the  Chinese  New  Year  has  been  arranged,  no 
fewer  than  twelve  hundred  congregations  participating.  The 
China  Continuation  Committee  has  two  full-time  secretaries 
promoting  evangelistic  work.  In  the  South  India  United 
Church  an  annual  week  of  evangelism  is  now  a  regular  part 
of  the  work,  as  a  result  of  its  noteworthy  campaign  in  1914. 
The  Madras  Representative  Council  has  a  secretary  for  ex- 
clusively evangelistic  work.  Altogether  the  growing  emphasis 
on  simultaneous  evangelism  is  not  only  a  great  expression  of, 
but  also  a  new  stimulus  to,  the  spirit  of  Christian  unity. 

The  great  development  in  Latin  America,  promoted  by  the 
Committee  on  Latin  America,  has  already  been  referred  to. 
The  statement  made  to  the  Federal  Council  four  years  ago 
by  its  Committee  on  Foreign  Missions  outlined  the  program  of 
cooperation  proposed  for  Latin  America  along  lines  of  printing 
and  publication,  education,  theological  education  and  terri- 
torial occupation.  At  that  time  the  program  referred  not  to 
actual  achievements  but  to  future  ideals.  To-day  great  steps 
have  already  been  taken  toward  translating  that  program  into 
actualities. 

The  Committee  on  Coopertion  in  Latin  America  vigorously 
promotes  this  development  by  providing  for  conferences  and 
joint  discussion,  by  making  studies  and  surveys  of  the  fields, 
by  fostering  the  cooperative  publication  of  Christian  literature, 
by  developing  cooperative  institutions,  by  arranging  for  terri- 
torial agreements  and  the  more  adequate  occupation  of  the  field 
as  a  whole  and  by  assisting  committees  on  cooperation  on  the 
fields.  It  now  provides  for  a  secretary  for  literature  in  Brazil 
and  secretaries  for  cooperative  work  in  Porto  Rico,  Cuba  and 
Mexico.  During  the  last  year  it  has  arranged  for  a  conference 
in  New  York  on  Indian  work  and  one  in  Central  America  on 
general  cooperative  enterprises.  It  has  surveyed  the  virgin 
fields  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti,  with  the  adoption  of  a 
comprehensive  union  program  for  serving  these  neglected  peo- 
ples. A  review  designed  to  reach  the  educated  classes,  "La 
Neuva  Democracia,"  has  been  successfully  established.  Union 
institutions  have  been  fostered,  with  results  already  noted,  and 
plans  for  the  allocation  of  territory  have  been  carried  out,  as 
indicated  in  a  later  section  of  this  report.  Regional  commit- 
tees on  cooperation,  directly  representative  of  the  mission 
boards,  now  cover  the  entire  Latin-American  field,  being  nine 
in  number. 

3.  Movements  for  the  Union  of  Churches. 

Beyond  these  union  undertakings  in  various  forms  of  local 
work  and  the  larger  cooperative  enterprises  covering  the  mis- 
sions of  a  country  as  a  whole  lie  various  movements  for  a 
closer    relationship    between    the    denominations    themselves. 


264         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

These  have  taken  the  form  of  comity  agreements  for  delimi- 
tation of  territory,  federations,  and  even  organic  unions. 
Former  Quadrennial  reports  of  this  committee  have  described 
at  some  length  both  such  agreements  as  those  made  in  the 
Philippines  assigning  areas  to  the  exclusive  responsibility  of 
a  certain  board,  and  also  the  formation  of  various  federations 
of  the  evangelical  bodies,  such  as  those  in  Japan,  Korea, 
Szechuan  province  in  China,  the  Philippines  and  Porto  Rico. 
We  need  here,  then,  only  refer  to  them,  although  attention 
should  be  called  in  passing  to  the  notable  declaration  made  by 
the  Japanese  Federation  of  Churches  in  1919,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  the  granting  of  the  national 
constitution,  setting  forth  the  responsibility  of  the  Christians 
in  Japan  for  the  establishment  of  true  democracy. 

Concerning  the  development  in  the  direction  of  allocation 
of  territory  in  Latin  America,  within  the  period  of  the  last 
Quadrennium,  a  word  should  be  said.  In  Cuba  important 
adjustments  have  been  made,  the  Disciples  in  1918  having 
agreed  to  turn  over  their  work  to  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  United  States  of  America  and  to  retire  from  the  Island. 
The  Southern  Presbyterians  have  more  recently  done  the  same, 
and  consequently  the  zone  system  will  be  practically  effective 
over  the  Island.  In  Paraguay  the  Methodists  have  withdrawn 
from  a  large  territory,  to  give  the  Disciples  full  responsibility. 
In  Peru  the  Methodists,  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  and  the 
Evangelical  Union  of  South  America  have  come  to  an  agree- 
ment as  to  territorial  responsibility.  In  Mexico  in  1919  the 
final  consummation  of  territorial  allotments  was  definitely 
reached.  The  missionary  map  of  Mexico  has  almost  been 
re-made  in  the  last  few  years  with  a  view  to  eliminating 
overlapping  and  making  possible  the  occupation  of  new  fields, 
thus  effecting  what  is  probably  the  most  radical  rearrangement 
of  territorial  responsibility  ever  effected  on  a  mission  field. 

But  the  movement  toward  church  unity  on  the  foreign  field 
has  in  several  places  gone  far  beyond  comity  and  federation. 
We  do  not  need  here  to  repeat  former  statements  concerning 
the  union  of  various  families  of  denominations,  as  the  result 
of  which  there  came  to  be  in  Japan,  for  example,  only  five 
large  denominational  groupings, — ^the  Lutheran,  Congrega- 
tional, Presbyterian,  Anglican  and  Methodist  Churches — each 
including  the  converts  of  the  missions  of  various  branches 
of  these  Churches.  The  so-called  "Church  of  Christ  in  Japan" 
includes  six  Reformed  and  Presbyterian  communions.  In 
India  the  South  India  United  Church  has  included  for  more 
than  a  decade  the  missionaries  and  Indian  Christians  of  the 
missions  of  the  American  and  English  Congregationalists,  the 
Reformed  Church  in  America  and  the  United  Free  Church 
of  Scotland.     During  the  last  Quadrennium,  however,  there 


STATEMENTS    OF   AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     265 

have  been  three  outstanding  movements  on  the  foreign  field 
in  the  direction  of  a  comprehensive  union  on  a  wider  scale, 
and  of  these  we  need  to  take  special  notice.  They  have  oc- 
curred in  South  India,  in  China  and  in  Africa. 

A.  China 

In  China  the  twelve  churches  of  the  Presbyterian  order 
have  been  gradually  moving  toward  union  for  thirty  years. 
In  April,  1918,  at  the  fifth  meeting  of  their  Federal  Council, 
which  had  been  established  in  1907,  this  Council  resolved  itself 
into  a  Provisional  General  Assembly  for  all  of  China.  At  the 
same  meeting  a  group  of  Congregationalists  from  both  Amer- 
ican and  British  societies  were  sent  by  their  bodies  to  express 
a  desire  for  federation  with  the  Presbyterian  churches,  the 
object  being  "such  comparison  of  views  and  adjustment  of 
practice  as  shall  prepare  the  way  for  ultimate  organic  union." 
In  January,  1919,  a  doctrinal  basis  and  plan  of  union  were 
agreed  upon  by  representatives  of  the  bodies  concerned.  If 
approval  is  given  by  the  boards  at  home,  a  meeting  to  constitute 
a  general  assembly  is  to  be  called  in  1921.  The  resultant  body 
is  to  be  called  "The  United  Qiurch  of  Christ  in  China,"  and 
its  purpose  is  declared  to  be  "to  bind  the  churches  together 
in  one  body  with  a  view  to  developing  a  self-supporting  and 
self -propagating  Chinese  Church  which  shall  present  a  united 
living  testimony  to  Christ  and  worthily  represent  to  the  world 
the  Christian  ideal."  Other  bodies,  particularly  the  English 
Baptists,  are  also  considering  entering  this  United  Church. 
Furthermore,  local  unions  with  other  denominations  are  ex- 
plicitly encouraged. 

Various  local  unions  have  existed  in  China  for  some  years, 
the  best  known,  perhaps,  being  at  Tsinanfu,  between  the  Eng- 
lish Baptists  and  the  American  Presbyterians,  begun  in  1906. 
A  significant  local  organic  union,  reaching  over  a  consider- 
able area  of  the  Presbyterian  and  Congregational  churches  in 
South  Fukien,  was  decided  upon  in  1918,  to  take  effect  in  the 
following  year,  having  been  definitely  approved  by  the  judi- 
catories of  both  bodies.  The  churches  established  by  the  mis- 
sions of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  and  the  English 
Presbyterian  Church  have  from  the  very  beginning  been  united 
in  an  independent  Chinese  Church.  The  churches  established 
by  the  London  Missionary  Society,  hitherto  organized  in  a 
separate  conference,  now  join  in  the  united  Church.  For  the 
future,  therefore,  while  there  are  three  missions  working  in  the 
area,  the  Chinese  Christians  will  be  bound  together  in  one  self- 
governing  church,  with  an  adult  membership  of  eight  thousand. 

The  Anglicans  of  America,  Great  Britain  and  Canada  in 
China  have  constituted  one  church  for  several  years.  The 
Lutheran  missions  of  the  United  States,  Norway,  Sweden, 
Finland,   Denmark  and   Germany,   at   a  joint  conference   in 


266         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

1917,  adopted  a  "Constitution  of  the  Lutheran  Church  of 
China,"  providing  for  a  federation  of  synods,  with  a  triennial 
General  Assembly.  This  constitution  has  been  submitted  to 
the  boards  at  home  and  some  of  them  have  already  taken 
favorable  action.* 

B.  India 

In  India,  in  April,  1919,  a  basis  of  union  and  constitution 
for  a  "United  Church  of  Christ  in  India"  was  drawn  up  as 
a  proposal  for  the  organic  union  of  the  Presbyterian,  Con- 
gregational and  the  South  India  United  Churches.  About  the 
same  time  a  conference,  under  the  presidency  of  Bishop  Aza- 
riah,  was  held  at  Tranquebar,  in  South  India,  at  which  a  group 
of  native  ministers  of  the  Anglican  Church  and  the  South 
India  United  Church  issued  a  statement  proposing  a  union 
between  them.  After  these  two  proposals  had  been  made 
an  even  further  step  in  the  direction  of  church  union  was 
taken  in  the  form  of  an  unofficial  statement  signed  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Mar  Thoma  Syrian  Church  saying  that  they  felt 
that  the  time  was  ripe  for  the  union  of  the  Syrian  Church 
with  the  Anglican  and  the  South  India  United  Churches  on 
the  lines  of  the  same  proposal  which  had  already  been  made 
for  the  union  of  the  other  two  bodies. 

Official  action  on  the  proposed  union  is  still  awaiting  the 
definite  action  of  all  the  bodies  concerned.  The  far-reaching 
significance  of  such  a  union  can  hardly  be  overemphasized.  It 
would  be  the  first  time  since  the  Reformation  that  the  bridge 
between  the  Episcopal  and  the  non-Episcopal  Churches  has 
been  spanned  and  the  first  time  since  the  division  between  the 
East  and  the  West  in  the  eleventh  century  that  bodies  related 
to  these  two  great  branches  of  the  Church  have  ever  come 
together.  The  Syrian  Church  in  India  traces  its  history  back 
to  the  fourth  century,  and  tradition  even  says  it  was  founded 
by  the  Apostle  Thomas  in  the  first  century.  The  proposal 
calls  for  an  episcopacy,  accepting  the  fact  of  the  episcopacy, 
and  not  any  theory  as  to  its  character,  and  for  mutual  recog- 
nition of  the  equality  of  the  ministry  and  of  the  membership 
of  the  existing  churches,  and  provides  that  the  resultant  church 
is  to  be  an  autonomous  and  independent  entity. 

The  statement  of  the  members  of  the  Mar  Thoma  Syrian 
Church  in  response  to  the  utterance  of  the  members  of  the 
Anglican  and  South  India  United  Churches  is  memorable: 
"After  centuries  of  the  bitter  experience  of  disunion,  we,  like 
yourselves,  do  not  desire  to  perpetuate  such  divisions.  We  are 
glad  to  see  that  you  propose  union  not  on  any  basis  of  compro- 
mise but  on  comprehension,  whereby  each  body  shall  contrib- 
ute its  treasury  and  tradition  to  the  enrichment  of  the  whole. 
.    .    .  We  believe  that  it  is  under  the  guidance  of  the  Spirit 

*  For  this  Constitution  see  Appendix  D,  of  the   China   Missions  Year   Book  for 
1917. 


STATEMENTS   OF    AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     267 

that  union  is  now  proposed  between  the  Anglican,  Syrian  and 
Free  Church  bodies.  This  would  unite  three  churches,  repre- 
senting the  Western  Catholic,  the  Eastern  Catholic  and  the 
Free  Protestant  Churches.  It  would  be  the  first  instance  in 
history  where  union  has  been  effected  between  East  and 
West,  between  Catholic  and  Protestant,  between  Episcopal  and 
non-Episcopal  bodies.  The  prayer  of  centuries  would  thus 
be  answered." 

C.  Africa 

The  widely  discussed  Kikuyu  Conference  in  1912  proposed 
a  scheme  for  federating  Presbyterian,  Anglican  and  other 
societies  working  in  British  East  Africa.  Vigorous  opposition 
by  the  Bishop  of  Zanzibar  led  to  a  reference  of  the  matter  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  At  a  second  conference  at 
Kikuyu  in  1919  a  proposal  for  an  alliance  more  along  the 
lines  of  the  Archbishop's  conciliatory  statement  was  put  forth. 
A  constitution  was  drawn  up  by  official  representatives  of  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  (Anglican),  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land Mission  (Presbyterian),  the  Africa  Inland  Mission,  the 
United  Methodist  Church  Mission  and  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society.  It  recognized  that  "in  existing  conditions  inter- 
communion between  Episcopal  and  non-Episcopal  communions 
is  not  yet  possible,"  but  they  definitely  affirmed  the  need  of 
a  united  church  and  say  they  will  not  rest  until  they  all  share 
one  ministry.  In  the  meantime,  the  statement  says,  the  several 
bodies  "resolve  to  form  an  alliance  with  a  view  to  moving 
along  agreed  lines  of  action  appropriate  to  each  society  so  as 
to  prepare  the  way  for  further  organic  unity."  To  the  council 
thus  established  each  of  the  constituent  bodies  is  to  send  rep- 
resentatives, and  it  proposes  to  organize  united  educational, 
medical  and  social  work.* 

III.    Bearing  on  the  Work  of  the  Church  as  a  Whole 

Such  is  the  story,  fragmentarily  and  partially  told,  of  recent 
development  in  cooperation  and  unity  in  the  work  of  foreign 
missions.  It  is  a  record  of  unmistakable  and  far-reaching 
progress.  In  spite  of  the  interruption  or  postponement  of 
many  cooperative  enterprises  on  account  of  the  war,  in  spite 
of  severed  international  relationships  for  a  time,  we  are  on 
a  further  frontier  of  advance  in  unity  in  the  missionary  move- 
ment than  we  have  hitherto  known. 

What  has  happened  on  the  foreign  field  cannot  be  without 
far-reaching  effect  upon  the  Churches  at  home.  In  the  first 
place,  the  missionary  boards  in  this  country  must  either  ap- 

*  For  a  fuller  discussion  of  the  movements  toward  church  union  now  taking 
place  in  India,  China  and  Africa  see  the  "International  Review  of  Missions," 
January,  1920.  The  text  of  the  plan  of  union  and  doctrinal  basis  for  the 
"United  Church  of  Christ  in  China"  is  printed  as  an  appendix  to  that  number, 
as  also  the  proposals  concerning  the  union  in  India  and  the  alliance  in  East  Africa. 


268         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES    OF   CHRIST 

prove  or  disapprove  what  is  undertaken  over  there.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  approval  is  practically  unanimous.  With 
hardly  more  than  one  or  two  exceptions  the  leading  mission- 
ary societies  have  expressly  committed  themselves  as  thor- 
oughly in  accord  with  the  development  on  the  foreign  field, 
in  the  direction  of  cooperation  and  unity. 

And,  in  the  second  place,  this  development  affects  not  only 
the  mission  boards  at  home,  but  also  the  Churches  themselves. 
We  cannot  hope  that  this  movement  will  advance  to  the  degree 
that  all  agree  to  be  essential  for  the  foreign  field  unless  the 
Churches  at  home  can  keep  pace  with  that  development.  The 
Church  in  China  and  the  Church  in  America  being  one  church, 
we  shall  not  long  be  able  to  develop  united  churches  there  if 
we  have  disunited  churches  here.  Commission  VII  of  the 
Edinburgh  Conference  made  this  statement,  the  truth  of  which 
becomes  constantly  more  apparent:  "In  the  matter  of  unity 
the  mission  field  is  leading  the  way,  but  it  does  not  seem  that 
the  movement  can  advance  far  with  safety  apart  from  the 
cooperation  of  the  Church  at  home." 

In  the  third  place,  it  is  clear  that  the  existing  cooperation 
in  foreign  missionary  work  needs  to  be  linked  up  more  closely 
with  the  other  cooperative  enterprises  of  the  Church.  We  no 
longer  think  of  foreign  missions  as  set  over  against  home 
missions.  Increasingly  we  discover  that  the  winning  of  the 
world  to  Christ  is  interwoven  inextricably  with  the  Christian- 
izing of  all  aspects  of  our  own  national  life.  Nor  can  we 
separate  our  foreign  mission  responsibility  from  our  respon- 
sibility for  Christian  education, — each  is  inevitably  tied  up 
with  the  other.  Foreign  missions  must  more  completely  be 
a  part  of  our  program  of  religious  education  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  our  best  educational  resources  must  be  developed  for 
the  missionary  enterprise.  In  a  word,  the  task  of  the  Church 
is  a  single  task.  This  being  so,  it  is  not  enough  that  cooper- 
ation be  secured  among  the  missionaries  on  the  field  ;  not  enough 
that  cooperation  prevail  among  all  our  foreign  mission  agencies 
at  the  home  base.  Beyond  any  question  there  is  a  fundamental 
need  for  a  fuller  coordination  of  all  the  agencies  of  all  the 
Churches  in  order  that  the  whole  Church,  seeing  its  whole 
task,  may  coordinate  its  forces  in  such  a  way  as  to  undertake 
that  task  as  one. 

Samuel  McCrea  CaVert 

(in  consultation  with  the  secretaries  of  the 
Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  and 
the  Committee  on  Cooperation  tn  Latin- 
America.) 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    269 


2.     THE  HOME   MISSIONS   COUNCIL 

The  Home  Missions  Council  is  the  central  clearing-house 
of  forty-one  Home  Mission  Boards  and  Societies  of  twenty- 
three  denominations.  Organized  in  1908,  for  ten  years  the 
Council's  functions  were  determined  in  an  Annual  Meeting; 
and  then  expressed  through  the  activities  of  committees,  com- 
posed of  the  members  of  the  bodies  which  it  represented. 
Needing  a  more  constant  and  efficient  administration,  in  1918 
it  established  a  permanent  office,  and  engaged  an  Executive 
Secretary  and  staff.  Through  its  committees  which  are  still 
employed,  the  Council  brings  into  the  special  fields  of  Home 
Mission  activity  the  experts  of  the  denominational  boards,  and 
secures  effective  cooperation. 

The  Home  Missions  Council,  and  the  Council  of  Women 
for  Home  Missions,  are  in  close  cooperation  and  accord ;  their 
offices  adjoin;  their  committees  are  largely  joint  committees; 
they  have  frequent  conference  and  consultation. 

With  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  and  with  practically 
all  other  interdenominational  and  benevolent  organizations 
and  societies,  the  Council  has  fellowship,  and  inter-relates 
its  plans  and  its  work. 

The  following  may  be  cited  as  outstanding  instances  of  suc- 
cessful achievement  in  the  domain  of  cooperative  endeavor : 

1.  In  1918  all  of  the  denominational  agencies  engaged  in  mission- 
ary work  in  the  territory  of  Alaska  joined  in  forming  "The  Asso- 
ciated Evangelical  Churches  of  Alaska" — the  central  committee  of 
which  is  the  Committee  on  Alaska  of  the  Home  Missions  Council. 
This  Committee  has  received  reports  from  representatives  of  dif- 
ferent denominations  who  have  made  studies  of  conditions  and 
needs  in  Alaska,  has  aided  in  allocating  responsibility  for  specified 
areas,  and  has  helped  in  making  exchanges  of  territory  between 
denominations  in  the  interest  of  more  efficient  and  more  economical 
administration,  has  considered  and  reported  upon  methods  of  service, 
adapted  to  present  needs,  and  has  cooperated  with  governmental 
and  other  agencies  at  work  in  Alaska. 

2.  The  Committee  on  Church  Building  has  prepared  for  publica- 
tion a  manual  of  designs  and  plans  of  church  edifices,  arranged  in 
the  order  of  village,  suburban,  community,  city,  and  rural. 

3.  The  Committee  on  Comity  and  Cooperation  carried  to  very 
successful  completion,  in  the  summer  of  1919,  a  plan  known  as 
"The  Every  Community  Service  Endeavor"  in  the  State  of  Mon- 
tana. In  accordance  with  this  plan,  protracted  conferences  were 
held,  and  after  personal  inspection  of  typical  Home  Mission  projects 
in  the  State  by  the  national  Board  secretaries  and  the  State  Home 
Mission  workers,  assignment  of  responsibility  for  the  execution  of 
Home  Mission  Work  in  one  hundred  and  nine  diflFerent  areas  was 
made  to  the  different  denominations.  A  permanent  organization, 
known  as  The  Home  Missions  Council  of  Montana,  continues  giving 
oversight  and  efficiency  to  these  plans.  In  1921  the  committee  ex- 
pects to  carry  similar  endeavors  into  the  State  of  Washington. 

4.  Jointly  with  representatives  of  the  Federal  Council,  the  Com- 
mittee   on    Plans   and    Policies    for    Hebrews    has    held    a    fruitful 


270         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

conference  with  representatives  of  the  Central  Conference  of  Amer- 
ican Rabbis.  In  this  conference  misunderstandings  were  removed 
respecting  the  terms,  and  efforts  made  under  them,  in  "American- 
ization" and  "Christianization."  This  committee  is  considering  the 
difficult  problem  of  promoting  better  relations  between  Jews  and 
Christians. 

5.  The  Committee  on  Indian  Missions  held  a  conference  of  more 
than  one  hundred  missionaries  to  Indians  in  Wichita,  Kan.,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1919.  A  Conference  of  Board  Secretaries  at  Wallace  Lodge, 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  in  September,  1920,  made  assignment  of  unoccupied 
mission  fields  among  the  Indians  to  consenting  Boards.  This  Com- 
mittee is  leading  in  a  movement  aimed  at  restricting  the  use  of  the 
deleterious  bean  —  Peyote  —  among  the  Indians,  and  has  rendered 
helpful  service  in  adjusting  relationships  between  church  Boards  and 
departments  of  the  Government. 

6.  The  Committee  on  Migrant  Groups  has  given  special  attention 
to  the  need  of  workmen  in  lumber  camps,  in  the  areas  of  the  North- 
west, the  Central  North,  and  the  South.  In  the  lumber  camps  of 
the  Northwest  the  propaganda  of  the  I.  W.  W.  is  strong.  As  a  part 
of  the  investigation  inaugurated  by  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment, and  cared  for  by  this  Committee,  four  cooperating  Boards 
hare  had  theological  students  spend  their  summer  vacations  in  these 
lumber  camps,  with  the  twofold  purpose  (a)  of  learning  actual 
conditions  through  personal  experience,  and  (b)  of  exerting  the 
steadying  influences  which  Christian  workmen,  without  proclaiming 
their  missionary  connections,  may  exert  upon  their  fellows.  The 
Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions  has  been  conducting  a 
fruitful  piece  of  experimental  missionary  service  among  the  cannery 
workers,  consisting  chiefly  of  women  and  children.  The  Boards  are 
to  receive  the  results  of  studies  made  amongst  the  harvesters  by 
representatives  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement. 

7.  The  Committee  on  Negro  Americans  in  September,  1919,  called 
a  conference  of  representative  whites  and  blacks  of  both  North  and 
South  to  consider  the  threatening  race  relations,  and  shared  this 
conference  with  the  Committee  on  Negro  Churches  of  the  Federal 
Council,  An  important  pronouncement  was  then  made,  and  was 
given  to  the  public  through  the  press,  and  to  church  organizations, 
and  has  been  distributed  to  the  extent  of  20,000  copies  under  the  title 
"A  Race  Crisis."  The  Home  Missions  Council  has  assigned  an 
Associate  Secretary,  Rev.  Rodney  W.  Roundy,  to  this  special  field 
of  Negro  Americans.  Mr.  Roundy  has  held  conferences  in  many 
of  the  cities  into  which  the  negro  migrations  from  the  South  have 
brought  unassimilated  thousands,  including  New  York,  Newark, 
Philadelphia,  Washington  and  Pittsburgh,  and  has  attended  others  in 
Baltimore,  Chicago,  Detroit,  Cincinnati,  Toledo,  Cleveland  and  Buf- 
falo. All  of  these  have  aimed  at  foreseeing  and  preventing  clashes 
between  the  races.  Mr.  Roundy  has  written  a  pamphlet,  "The 
Negro — An  Asset  of  the  American  Nation,"  which  has  been  printed 
entire  in  some  church  papers,  and  is  having  wide  circulation  as  a 
separate  pamphlet. 

8.  In  the  field  of  Americanization,  the  Council  has  published  a 
Bulletin  for  Pastors,  a  Poster  with  informing  information  upon  it 
for  young  people,  a  Sunday-School  Program  with  an  accompanying 
booklet  of  stories,  and  a  pamphlet  entitled  "Americanization — a  Pro- 
gram of  Action  and  Service  for  the  Churches."  These  pieces  of 
literature  have  jointly  run  into  a  circulation  of  nearly  half  a  million 
copies.  Using  the  material  gathered  by  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement,  the  Committee  on  New  Americans  has  in  hand  the  fol- 
lowing completed  results :  (a)  A  report  upon  all  of  the  Sunday- 
School  and  educational  literature  in  foreign  languages,  published  in 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     271 

the  United  States,  with  a  just  evaluation  of  each.  This  is  in 
cooperation  with  the  Sunday-School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denom- 
inations, which  represents  the  publishing  houses  of  the  denomina- 
tions, (b)  A  report  upon  the  religious  literature  (including  tracts 
and  periodicals)  in  foreign  languages,  published  in  the  United  States, 
with  an  evaluation  of  each.  (c)  The  Committee  has  in  hand 
seventeen  manuscripts  of  race-groups  studies,  prepared  by  specialists, 
which  it  is  hoped  soon  to  publish.  It  is  further  expected  that  a 
permanent  bureau  of  information,  available  to  all  Boards,  will  be 
established  in  which  information  respecting  these  kinds  of  literature 
will  be  kept  up  to  date.  Already  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Board, 
loaning  its  staff  for  the  purpose,  is  furnishing  the  beginning  of  this 
bureau. 

9.  The  Committee  on  Orientals  and  Hawaiians  has  held  confer- 
ences in  October,  1920,  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Francisco,  at  which 
have  been  representatives  of  the  Boards  and  agencies  which  are 
working  on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  the  Chinese,  the  Japanese,  Hindus, 
Koreans  and  Armenians.  Adjustments  of  work  have  been  made, 
so  as  to  avoid  conflict  and  overlapping,  and  agreements  have  been 
reached   respecting   responsibilities   and  plans. 

10.  The  Committee  on  Spanish-Speaking  Peoples  in  the  United 
States  has  published  "A  Study  of  Mexicans  and  Spanish-Americans 
in  the  United  States,"  by  Rev.  J.  S.  Stowell,  which  was  begun  under 
the  direction  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement.  With  this  infor- 
mation as  a  basis,  and  with  the  knowledge  possessed  by  the  persons 
present,  programs  for  advanced  work  in  education  in  evangelistic 
and  social  service,  and  in  the  fuller  occupation  of  the  field,  have 
been  worked  out  in  conferences  held  in  October,  1920,  in  Albu- 
querque, New  Mexico,  El  Paso,  Texas,  and  Tucson,  Arizona. 

11.  A  Committee  on  Mormonism  has  held  several  meetings  in 
New  York  City,  and  one  conference  in  Salt  Lake  City,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  following  features  of  missionary  service  in  Utah  and 
adjacent  states :  (a)  The  equipment  and  the  personnel  of  Protestant 
Churches,  as  compared  with  Mormon  churches ;  (b)  the  literature 
relating  to  Mormonism;  (c)  a  common  educational  policy;  (d)  col- 
portage — its  methods  and  results;  (e)  a  lectureship.  The  Council 
of  Women  and  the  Home  Missions  Council  have  published,  through 
the  press  of  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company,  the  "Foundations  of 
Mormonism,"  by  Rev.  William  E.  La  Rue,  a  book  addressed  to 
the  intelligence  of  educated   Mormons. 

12.  Through  the  Committee  on  Recruiting,  the  Home  Mission 
Force,  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the  Council  of  Women  for 
Home  Missions  have  established  relationships  with  the  Student 
Volunteer  Movement,  the  Church  Boards  of  Education,  and  the 
Student  departments  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
For  four  months  in  1920  the  Congregational  Home  Missionary 
Society  loaned  the  services  of  Rev.  William  S.  Beard,  to  investigate 
this  important  field  of  cooperation,  and  outline  plans.  A  special 
associate  Secretary  of  the  Council,  Rev.  J.  S.  Stowell,  is  now  en- 
gaged in  promoting  these  plans,  and  enrolling  and  corresponding 
with  Homeland  Volunteers. 

13.  The  important  Committees  (a)  on  Cities,  (b)  on  Town  and 
Country,  and  (c)  on  Community  and  Industrial  Relations  have 
suspended  to  quite  a  degree  independent  action,  while  cooperating, 
by  the  loan  of  their  staflfs,  and  of  important  Board  workers,  with 
the  Interchurch  World  Movement.  When  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  ceased  its  activities  at  the  end  of  June,  1920,  the  Home 
Missions  Council  took  over  the  surveys,  in  their  varying  stages  of 
incompleteness;  met  the  expenses  of  investigating  the  material,  and 


272         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

endeavored  to  extract  the  values,  expecting  the  Committee  on  Re- 
organization of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  to  report  in 
September  or  October.  This  emergency  service  has  been  protracted 
awaiting  the  report  of  that  Committee.  At  the  time  of  making  these 
.  statements,  fifteen  persons  in  the  employ  of  the  Home  Missions 
Council  are  compiling  the  data  assembled,  and  making  write-ups. 
There  is  still  uncertainty  as  to  the  value  of  these  results,  and  the 
use  to  which  they  can  be  put. 

14.  In  the  field  of  Publicity,  the  Home  Missions  Council  has  an 
eflScient  Committee,  headed  by  Dr.  Ralph  Welles  Keeler,  who  sends 
information  to  the  church  press  of  the  country  relating  to  the 
whole  Home  Mission  field  and  its  several  parts. 

15.  The  Home  Missions  Council  is  represented  in  the  Committee 
on  Cooperation  in  Latin-America,  and  through  its  representatives 
in  that  Committee — which  it  calls  its  Committee  on  the  West  Indies 
— cares  for  the  joint  work  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  developing 
plans  of  work  in  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 

16.  Several  years  ago  the  Home  Missions  Council  set  up  a  com- 
mittee on  Ports  of  Entry.  Because  it  was  desirable  to  have  in  this 
Committee  representatives  of  Jewish  organizations  and  of  the  Cath- 
olic Church,  this  Committee  was  given  a  kind  of  independency — its 
name  has  been  changed  to  the  General  Committee  on  Immigrant 
Aid  at  Ellis  Island.  This  Committee  reports  to  the  Home  Missions 
Council  through  the  Committee  on  New  Americans. 

The  Home  Missions  Council  maintains  most  cordial  rela- 
tions with  all  of  the  great  interdenominational  and  undenomi- 
national organizations,  which  are  promoting  human  welfare 
and  the  purposes  of  the  Christian  church,  such  as,  the  Foreign 
Missions  Conference  of  North  America;  the  American  Bible 
Society ;  the  Church  Peace  Union ;  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association ;  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association ;  vari- 
ous organizations  for  the  betterment  of  the  Negroes  and  the 
Indians,  and  similar  bodies.  Its  very  genius  is  to  inter-relate, 
coordinate,  and  help.  It  is  sharing  in  most  of  the  larger  move- 
ments which  are  tending  toward  the  fuller  cooperation  of 
Christians,  in  bringing  in  amongst  men  the  realization  of  the 
Kingdom  of  God. 

Alfred  Wms.  Anthony, 
Executive  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED  AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    273 

3.     THE     FEDERATION    OF    WOMAN'S     BOARDS 
OF   FOREIGN   MISSIONS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Not  every  beginning  has  a  known  date.  Women  who  serve 
a  great  cause  Hke  that  of  foreign  missions  are  inclined  to  get 
together  for  practical  and  inspirational  barter  whether  inter- 
denominational markets  have  been  planned  or  not.  An  in- 
formal conference  of  women  of  different  boards  was  held 
before  the  Parliament  of  Religions  (1893).  Other  gatherings 
followed,  usually  with  an  interval  of  one  year,  without  the 
formality  of  federating.  They  were  called  "Interdenomina- 
tional Conferences." 

The  outstanding  event  of  1900  was  the  Ecumenical  Con- 
ference held  in  New  York  City.  And  the  greatest  day  for 
women  was  April  24th,  when  Miss  Abbie  B.  Child  presented 
a  scheme  for  systematic  mission  study  to  be  followed  by  women 
of  all  communions.  The  Central  Committee  for  United  Study 
of  Foreign  Missions  was  then  created,  representing  at  first 
five,  later  seven  denominations.  This  committee  reported 
regularly  to  the  Interdenominational  Conference,  although  it 
was  not  appointed  by  it. 

The  World  Committee  which  organized  the  woman's  pro- 
gram for  the  Ecumenical  Conference  went  out  of  existence 
that  year,  leaving  the  Central  Committee  for  United  Study 
the  only  national  interdenominational  committee  to  offer  a  re- 
port to  the  Conference  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. It  became  necessary  for  it  to  assume  leadership  in  the 
organization  of  summer  schools  of  missions.  This  was  in 
response  to  a  growing  interest  in  the  study  of  Central  Com- 
mittee text-books,  and  a  demand  for  trained  leaders  of  study 
classes.     Northfield,  in  1904,  was  the  pioneer  summer  school. 

The  year  1910  is  marked  in  red  and  gold  as  the  Jubilee,  the 
program  of  which  was  initiated  by  the  Central  Committee. 
The  story  of  its  nationwide  success,  of  the  enthusiasm  of  its 
luncheons,  assemblies,  prayers,  and  gifts  is  known  to  all. 

In  1911  the  boards  voted  to  federate  for  conservation  of 
Jubilee  gains,  since  the  Central  Committee  had  begged  to  be 
released  from  all  responsibility  save  that  of  publishing  study 
books.  In  1912  a  large  attendance  of  delegates,  meeting  on 
the  invitation  of  the  Jubilee  Continuation  Committee  of  Phila- 
delphia, adopted  a  new  plan  of  federation,  leading  in  1913  to 
an  organization  of  five  Territorial  Commissions  and  a  General 
Advisory  Commission.  In  1914  the  publication  of  a  Bulletin 
was  begun. 

In  1915  the  suggestion  was  made  of  merging  the  Triennial 
Conference  of  woman's  boards,  inaugurated  in  1912,  and  the 
Federation,  for  the  sake  of  simplicity  and  strength  in  organi- 
zation.    In  1916  the  merging  was  successfully  achieved,  "the 


274         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

wedding  celebrated,"  as  the  Bulletin  for  April,  1916,  expressed 
it,  "at  25  Madison  Avenue,  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  North  America." 

During  this  brief  history  of  sixteen  to  twenty  years  there 
have  been  evolved  the  following: 

1.  A  Federation  that  is  purely  advisory  and  yet  truly  and 

widely  influential,  an  organization  that  democratically 
makes  a  place  for  the  representatives  of  the  Boards  of 
smaller  as  well  as  larger  communions,  a  plan  that  is  both 
stable  and  flexible. 

2.  A  Bulletin  of  four  pages  appearing  six  times  a  year  in 
the  "Missionary  Review  of  the  World." 

3.  Six  standing  committees  on  which  serve  40  women  repre- 

senting 14  diflferent  Boards. 
Home  Base: 

Student  Work. 

Publication  and  Literature. 

Methods  of  Work. 

Summer  Schools. 
Foreign  Field: 

Interdenominational   Institutions. 

Christian  Literature  for  Women  and  Children  in 
Mission  Fields. 

4.  Practical  Helps  in  foreign  mission  education  and  propa- 
ganda such  as  a  National  Day  of  Prayer  for  Home  and 
Foreign  Missions,  several  new  Summer  Schools,  many 
local  missionary  unions  of  women's  auxiliaries,  lecture 
courses  and  institutes  on  the  study  books,  pageants,  lan- 
tern slide  lectures,  forums  and  rallies,  often  entered  into 
by  the  Protestant  constituency  of  an  entire  community. 

5.  Cooperation. 

This  has  been  evidenced  by  hearty  endorsement  of  and 
work  for  the  World  Alliance  of  International  Friendship, 
Y.  W.  C.  A.,  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America,  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions, 
the  Laymen's  Missionary  Movement,  Student  Volunteer 
Movement,  and  the  Interchurch  World  Movement. 
At  the  time  of  the  last  annual  meeting   (January,   1920), 
there  were  35  Boards  of  women  for  Foreign  Missions  cooperat- 
ing in  the  activities  and  financial  responsibilities  of  the  Fed- 
eration, out  of  54  listed  in  the  Directory.     The  reports  of  all 
committees  were  full  of  the  joy  of  accomplishment  and  en- 
thusiasm  for   future   opportunity.      No   discouraged   or   dis- 
cordant note  was  sounded. 

Especial  attention  should  be  called  to  the  completion  of  20 
years  of  Central  Committee  publications.  During  the  first 
decade  850,000  books  were  sold  and  studied;  in  the  second 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED  AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     275 

G 

decade  1,000,000.     If  we  count  the  children's  books  the*  total 
for  the  20  years  would  be  about  2,500,000. 

Christian  literature  for  women  and  children  of  mission 
fields  can  also  prove  progress  in  spite  of  poverty.  Much  more 
money  should  be  applied  by  all  Boards  to  this  work  if  advan- 
tage is  to  be  taken  of  the  very  favorable  conditions  offered 
by  China's  new  phonetic  alphabet,  by  India's  hunger  for  child 
literature,  by  Japan's  need  for  clean  and  uplifting  books,  and 
by  the  general  dearth  in  all  our  mission  fields. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  seven  union  institutions  in  India, 
China,  and  Japan  has  been  icreased  by  a  deputation  of  women 
who  went  to  the  East  (1919)  to  gain  information  on  various 
phases  of  work :  collegiate  education,  primary  and  secondary 
education,  religious  education  and  evangelism,  medical,  so- 
cial service,  Christian  literature,  problems  in  administration. 
The  reports  of  these  seven  commissions  will  be  of  great  value 
to  all  the  Boards. 

The  five  union  colleges  (at  Madras  and  Lucknow,  India; 
Nanking  and  Peking,  China;  and  Tokyo,  Japan)  and  the  two 
medical  schools  (at  Vellore,  India,  and  Peking,  China)  present 
stories  of  marvelous  growth  and  serious  needs.  Begun  in 
faith,  developed  by  prayer  and  effort,  they  now  stretch  longing 
hands  to  America,  begging  for  sufficient  space  and  equipment 
to  enable  those  to  enter  who  have  already  applied  for  training 
as  doctors,  nurses  and  teachers. 

The  function  of  the  Federation  is,  and  probably  always  will 
be,  the  collecting  and  distributing  of  foreign  missionary  in- 
telligence. But  this  can  be  made  an  inspiration  to  bring  about 
larger  gifts  of  prayer,  money,  time  and  talents,  and  to  further 
a  more  cordial  spirit  of  unity  and  cooperation  among  all  the 
Women's  Boards,  and  the  churches  they  represent.  "The  task 
to  be  performed  is  too  great  for  any  denomination  alone  suc- 
cessfully to  meet.  In  the  reconstruction  that  follows  the  war 
there  is  a  greater  call  than  ever  before  for  the  focusing  of  all 
denominations  upon  great  strategic  centers  and  the  establish- 
ment there  of  institutions  of  education  and  religion  of  surpass- 
ing strength."  "More  and  more  is  it  apparent  that  a  work 
is  possible  through  cooperation  that  is  not  possible  to  single 
Boards,  and  enthusiasm  characterizes  a  program  that  unifies 
the  interests  of  large  agencies  working  for  a  common  cause." 
These  quotations  express  the  raison  d'etre  of  the  Federation 
of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  of  North  America. 

Grace  G.  Farmer, 
Editor  of  Federation  Bulletin. 


276         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

4.     THE    COUNCIL    OF    WOMEN    FOR    HOME 
MISSIONS 

One  definition  of  "affiliate"  is  "to  receive  into  a  family." 
Joying  in  the  growing  family  consciousness  which  more  and 
more,  through  love  for  our  Elder  Brother,  is  binding  the 
acknowledged  children  of  God,  the  Council  of  Women  for 
Home  Missions  as  an  affiliated  body  brings  to  the  Federal 
Council  greeting  and  sisterly  affection.  "Grace  to  you  and 
peace  be  multiplied  in  the  knowledge  of  God  and  of  Jesus  our 
Lord." 

There  have  been  a  few  changes  in  the  constituency  of  the 
Council  of  Women  during  the  four  years  now  ending,  Luth- 
eran bodies  having  united,  the  Women's  Missionary  Society 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada,  Western  Division, 
having  been  heartily  welcomed  by  the  Council,  and  the  groups 
of  boards  which  were  corresponding  organizations  having  be- 
come constituent.  There  are  now  seventeen  constituent  boards 
and  two  consulting  boards :  the  National  Board  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Associations  and  the  National  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union.  Thirteen  Schools  of  Missions 
all  the  way  from  Massachusetts  to  California  and  Texas,  and 
from  Michigan  and  Minnesota  to  Florida,  are  affiliated  with 
the  Council  of  Women. 

This  Council  brought  to  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Federal  Council  held  in  Baltimore,  last  December, 
a  short  report  of  its  coof)erative  work,  but  this  is  the  first  time 
we  bring  a  report  to  a  Quadrennial  meeting. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Council  of  Women  for  1916 
records  representation  on  a  Commission  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil, and  also  the  presence  of  appointed  delegates  at  the  con- 
ference of  organizations  engaged  in  various  forms  of  com- 
munity work  held  in  connection  with  the  third  Quadrennial 
meeting  of  the  Federal  Council.  The  report  of  the  next  year 
recounts  that  "the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions  has 
come  into  a  well-established  relation  with  the  Federal  Council 
as  a  cooperating  organization,"  and  that  Spring  delegates  were 
sent  in  answer  to  the  call  of  the  Federal  Council  to  meet  in 
Washington  "for  prayer  and  conference,  to  prepare  a  suitable 
message  for  the  hour,"  and  among  other  things,  "to  formulate 
Christian  duties  relative  to  conserving  the  economic,  social, 
moral  and  spiritual  forces  of  the  nation."  The  outline  of 
duties  prepared  by  the  Council  of  Women  and  sent  to  its 
constituent  and  corresponding  organizations  included  the  fol- 
lowing: Americanization  of  foreign-tongued  people,  preserva- 
tion of  child  labor  laws  and  standards  of  labor,  the  care  of 
Negroes  attracted  north  in  large  numbers  by  high  wages, 
conservation  of  food  and  suppression  of  personal  extravagance, 


STATEMENTS   OF    AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     277 

assistance  in  local  Red  Cross  work,  and  provision  of  suitable 
amusement  and  recreation  for  soldiers  and  sailors  off  duty. 

In  October  of  that  year,  the  Council  of  Women  was  repre- 
sented at  the  Efficiency  Congress  held  in  Pittsburgh  by  the 
Commission  on  Inter-Church  Federations.  This  Congress, 
which  had  for  motto,  "That  they  may  be  one;  that  the  world 
may  believe  that  Thou  hast  sent  me,"  "has  been  considered  the 
finest  example  of  Protestant  unity  ever  shown"  up  to  that 
time. 

The  General  War-Time  Commission  of  the  Churches,  the 
Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service,  the  Home 
Missions  Council,  and  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Mis- 
sions cooperated  in  work  in  the  industrial  field  in  1918.  In 
July  of  that  year,  a  joint  committee  on  War  Production  Com- 
munities was  formed.  The  cooperation  of  several  denomina- 
tional War  Boards  and  Councils  was  secured  and  an  under- 
standing with  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  and  the  Ordnance 
Department  of  the  Government.  The  War  Department  gave 
the  responsibility  for  Protestant  church  work  in  ordnance 
reservations  to  the  joint  committee,  a  responsibility  similar  to 
that  given  to  Catholic  and  Jewish  organizations. 

The  Council  of  Women  was  represented  both  at  the  special 
meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  in  Qeveland  in  May,  1919, 
when  steps  were  taken  to  form  an  Editorial  Council  of  the 
Religious  Press,  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, in  December  of  the  same  year,  when  the  Editorial 
Council  was  further  perfected. 

A  number  of  members  of  the  Council  of  Women  serve  on 
Commissions  and  Committees  of  the  Federal  Council  in  de- 
nominational capacities,  and  the  President  is  a  member  of  the 
Administrative  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council. 

Looking  back  over  the  quadrennium  a  deepening  cooperation 
with  the  Home  Missions  Council  is  noted.  The  programs  for 
Home  Mission  Week  in  November  have  been  provided  by 
joint  committees  on  themes  such  as  "America  for  Humanity — 
A  Challenge  for  Service" ;  "Christian  Americanization :  Our 
National  Ideals  and  Mission" ;  "The  Soul  of  Democracy ; 
Christian  Service,  Personal  and  Social."  The  Councils  have 
this  fall  cooperated  with  the  American  Mayflower  Council  in 
celebrating  the  Pilgrim  Tercentenary. 

Invited  to  attend  the  sessions  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Home  Missions  Council  in  1916,  the  two  Councils  have  since 
then  prepared  together  the  annual  meeting  program,  joint  so 
far  as  the  consideration  of  topics  of  interest  to  both,  but  sepa- 
rate as  to  the  large  majority  of  the  business. 

At  the  annual  meeting  in  January,  1919,  the  Council  of 
Women  unanimously  voted  to  "express  desire  for  the  closest 
degree  of  cooperation  between  the  two  Councils  and  suggest 


278         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

that  this  cooperation  be  arrived  at  through  joint  committees 
representing  all  common  lines  of  work,  such  committees  to 
consist  of  men  and  women,  the  women  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home 
Missions."  In  accordance  therewith  the  following  joint  stand- 
ing committees  have  been  operative  during  1920:  Home  Mis- 
sion Committee  of  Review,  Alaska,  Church  Building,  Cities, 
Comity  and  Cooperation,  Community  and  Industrial  Relations, 
Indian  Missions,  Migrant  Groups,  Negro  Americans,  New 
Americans,  Orientals  and  Hawaiians,  Plans  and  Policies  for 
the  Hebrews,  Publicity,  Recruiting  the  Home  Mission  Force, 
Spanish-Speaking  Peoples  in  the  United  States,  Town  and 
Country,  West  Indies.  Women  have  served  as  chairmen  on 
two  of  these  committees.  Other  standing  committees  of  the 
Council  of  Women  are :  Study  Courses  and  Literature ;  Schools 
of  Missions;  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Young  People's  Confer- 
ences, Women's  Church  and  Missionary  Federations.  It  would 
require  too  long  even  to  outline  the  cooperative  work  of  these 
committees,  but  the  list  is  here  given  that  you  may  judge  of 
the  breadth  and  scope  of  the  work.  A  word  should,  however, 
be  said  in  regard  to  a  few  of  these  activities. 

The  mission  study  theme  for  1916-1917,  the  year  of  the 
Latin-American  Congress  in  Panama,  was  "The  Two  Ameri- 
cas," the  textbooks  issued  by  the  Council  being  "Old  Spain 
in  New  America,"  "From  Plaza,  Patio  and  Palm,"  and  "Chil- 
dren of  the  Light  House."  The  Quadricentennial  of  the 
Protestant  Reformation  was  celebrated  in  191^-1918,  and  the 
Council  issued  "Missionary  Milestones"  and  "Bearers  of  the 
Torch."  "Christianity  and  the  World's  Workers"  was  the 
theme  for  1918-1919,  the  textbooks  being  "The  Path  of  Labor" 
and  "Jack-of-All-Trades."  The  above  books  were  issued  by 
the  Council  for  use  in  women's,  young  people's,  and  children's 
study  groups  respectively.  In  the  publication  of  the  senior 
book  for  the  next  year,  1919-1920,  the  Missionary  Education 
Movement  cooperated  with  the  Council  of  Women,  thus  pro- 
viding one  home  mission  book  on  the  current  theme  of  the 
year  for  all  adult  groups :  "Christian  Americanization — A  Task 
for  the  Churches."  "Called  to  the  Colors"  was  the  Junior 
book  that  year.  For  1920-1921  the  Missionary  Education 
Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  which  func- 
tioned in  place  of  the  Missionary  Education  Movement,  united 
with  the  Council  of  Women  in  publishing  "The  Church  and 
the  Community"  for  adults,  "Serving  the  Neighborhood"  for 
young  people,  and  "Mr.  Friend-o'-Man"  for  the  children. 
Considerable  supplemental  material  is,  of  course,  provided  for 
use  in  connection  with  these  books,  and  incidental  leaflets  and 
other  publications  are  issued. 

The  program  for  the  interdenominational  Home  Mission 
Day  of  Prayer  in  Home  Mission  Week  in   1917,   1918,  and 


STATEMENTS   OF    AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     279 

1919,  was  prepared  by  the  Council.  In  accordance  with  the 
desires  of  the  women  of  the  churches,  the  Day  of  Prayer  for 
Foreign  Missions  and  the  Day  of  Prayer  for  Home  Missions 
were  finally  united,  and  on  February  20,  1920,  the  first  Friday 
in  Lent,  the  Day  of  Prayer  for  Missions — World-Wide  Mis- 
sions— was  observed,  the  theme  being  "The  World  to  Christ 
We  Bring,"  the  program  being  prepared  by  a  joint  committee 
of  the  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions 
and  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions. 

Conventions  for  Women,  paralleling  those  of  the  Laymen's 
Missionary  Movement,  and  addressed  by  the  same  speakers, 
were  held  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1917-1918,  the  Federation  of 
Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  and  the  Council  of 
Women  providing  a  field  representative  who  arranged  for  these 
conventions  and  organized  missionary  federations. 

In  1918  a  joint  Committee  of  Conference  was  formed  com- 
posed of  representatives  of  the  Federation  and  the  Council 
**to  consider  points  of  mutual  interest  and  to  promote  unified 
activity."  One  outcome  of  this  committee  has  been  a  Sug- 
gestive Constitution  for  state  and  local  Women's  Church  and 
Missionary  Federations.  Some  one  hundred  and  seventy  fed- 
erations are  listed,  many  of  them  independent  organizations,  a 
few  being  departments  of  City  Federations  fostered  by  the 
Federal  Council.  The  Council  of  Women  has,  as  above  cited, 
a  committee  to  promote  the  formation  of  such  federations  in 
order  to  deepen  spiritual  life  and  to  further  the  establishment 
of  the  Lord's  Kingdom  through  cooperation  in  meeting  the 
great  opportunities  and  needs  which  confront  the  Church,  and 
to  quicken  community  consciousness  and  Christian  respon- 
sibility. 

The  Council  of  Women  heartily  cooperated  with  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement  along  many  lines,  one  of  which  was 
the  securing  for  the  Movement  of  a  carefully  itemized  survey 
with  full  data  of  work  done  by  the  boards  constituent  to  the 
Council,  tabulated  both  by  denominations  and  by  groups  of 
people  served.  Each  station  was  located  on  a  denominational 
map  showing  varieties  of  work  carried  on  at  each,  and  other 
maps  were  made  of  each  field  showing  location  of  each  station 
under  the  various  Women's  Boards  and  Societies. 

The  Council  of  Women  was  represented  at  the  National 
Conference  of  Women  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Women's 
Activities  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  in  February,  1919.  The  two  hundred  and 
eighty  delegates  represented  twenty-one  denominations,  forty 
mission  boards,  and  thirty-one  states. 

A  new  outstanding  unoccupied  field  of  mission  work  dis- 
covered by  the  survey  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  was 
the  migrant  workers  in  farms,  canneries,  harvest  fields,  and 
labor  camps.    In  response  to  a  recommendation  of  the  Move- 


280         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

ment,  work  among  women  and  children  in  the  small  fruit, 
vegetable  and  canning  industries  was  carried  on  by  the  Council 
at  three  experimental  stations  in  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and 
Maryland  this  past  summer,  seven  women's  boards  furnishing 
the  funds.  Three  types  were  selected:  a  station  near  a  truck 
garden  where  the  produce  is  shipped  fresh  and  there  are  no 
canneries,  a  cannery  owned  by  an  individual,  and  one  owned 
by  a  corporation.  The  Council  supplied  the  workers,  the 
canners  the  buildings,  and  the  community  its  backing  and 
interest  especially  through  a  local  committee  of  women.  It  is 
expected  that  by  the  time  this  report  is  presented  the  Council 
will  have  opened  an  experimental  station  at  an  oyster  cannery 
somewhere  on  the  Chesapeake. 

A  committee  representing  the  Home  Missions  Council,  the 
Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions,  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  and  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  has  considered  the  provision  of  a  more  adequate 
program  for  the  religious  education  of  Indians,  and  the  secur- 
ing of  denominational  responsibility  for  all  unreached  Indian 
fields.  A  conference  was  held  at  Wichita,  Kansas,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1919,  attended  by  workers  in  the  Indian  field,  representa- 
tives of  boards,  of  the  Government  and  of  many  Indian  tribes. 
A  conference  was  held  at  Yonkers,  New  York,  in  September, 
1920,  to  which  report  was  made  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  survey  and  unoccupied  or  inadequately  occupied 
areas  were  allocated  to  the  various  boards. 

The  Committee  on  Recruiting  the  Home  Mission  Force,  one 
of  the  joint  committees  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the 
Council  of  Women,  is  seeking  to  coordinate,  dignify  and 
strengthen  recruiting  on  behalf  of  homeland  service.  It  is 
cooperating  with  the  Student  Volunteer  Movement,  the  Stu- 
dent Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Student  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association,  the  Missionary  Education 
Movement,  and  Church  Boards  of  Missions  and  of  Education. 

The  "Woman's  Home  Mission  Bulletin,"  the  official  organ 
of  the  Council,  has  appeared  in  the  "Missionary  Review  of  the 
World"  since  July,  1917,  four  pages  being  occupied  by  this 
Bulletin  in  alternate  issues  of  the  "Review." 

Florence  E.  Quinlan, 

Executive  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    281 

5.  THE  COUNCIL  OF  CHURCH  BOARDS 
OF  EDUCATION 

The  energies  of  the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 
were  very  largely  addressed  during  the  year  to  the  task  of 
conducting  the  American  Education  Survey  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement.  This  consisted  of  an  elaborate  investigation 
of  hundreds  of  institutions  classified  under  four  general  heads, 
namely,  denominational  and  independent  colleges,  tax-sup- 
ported institutions,  theological  seminaries  and  religious  training 
schools,  and  denominational  and  independent  secondary  schools. 
A  considerable  measure  of  success  attended  the  efforts  of  the 
Council  in  this  field,  with  the  result  that  there  is  now  at  the 
Council's  disposal  a  large  amount  of  material  bearing  upon 
Christian  education  with  special  reference  to  the  development 
of  leaders.  Phases  of  this  material  are  being  tabulated,  inter- 
preted and  published  by  the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of 
Education  on  its  own  account  and  in  conjunction  with  various 
national  educational  associations.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Association  of  American  Colleges  which  is  to  be  held  at  the 
Hotel  Astor  on  January  6th-8th,  is  to  be  devoted  very  largely 
to  phases  of  the  American  Education  Survey. 

During  the  year  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  colleges  and 
universities  have  taken  official  action  approving  the  definition 
of  a  unit  of  Bible  study  for  church  schools  and  other  secondary 
schools  made  by  a  Commission  of  the  Council.  This  approval 
carries  with  .it  the  agreement  to  grant  to  students  who  have 
completed  the  work  outlined  in  this  definition  in  accordance 
with  its  terms  one  unit  of  entrance  credit  for  admission  to 
college.  This  means  that  the  work  done  by  Sunday  Schools 
and  church  schools  which  are  able  to  conduct  Bible  study  for 
their  students  of  secondary  grade  on  the  plane  of  the  educa- 
tional requirements  of  this  definition  will  be  recognized  as 
worthy  of  academic  credit  by  the  colleges. 

The  Council  has  a  Committee  on  Religious  Education  work- 
ing in  conjunction  with  a  similar  committee  appointed  by  the 
Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations.  This 
committee  is  formulating  a  definition  of  a  Department  of 
Religious  Education  for  Colleges  and  Universities  and  is  giving 
attention  to  the  possible  development  of  Schools  of  Religion 
in  denominational  and  other  colleges. 

The  Council  also  has  a  Committee  on  Evangelism  in  Col- 
leges which  is  attempting  to  formulate  and  recommend  the 
best  methods  of  presenting  the  claims  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Jesus  Christ  to  college  students. 

The  Council  is  represented  conjointly  with  the  Home  Mis- 
sions Council,  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions, 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association,  and  the  Student  Volunteer  Movement, 


282         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

on  the  Committee  of  Six  which  is  engaged  in  formulating 
methods  of  cooperative  approach  to  students  of  secondary  and 
college  grade  for  life  enlistment  in  Christian  service. 

During  the  year  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention  has  been  permanently  organized,  and  while 
as  yet  not  officially  affiliated  with  the  Council  of  Church  Boards 
of  Education,  is  drawing  largely  upon  the  experience  of  the 
Council  and  of  the  various  constituent  Boards.  During  the 
year,  also,  the  Council  has  been  called  upon  to  furnish  data 
to  other  denominational  representatives  who  are  now  planning 
to  organize  Commissions  or  Boards  of  Education. 

As  indicating  in  a  practical  way  the  progress  in  the  field 
of  cooperative  educational  work,  it  may  be  reported  that  one 
of  the  Boards  of  Education  which  was  considering  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  college  in  one  of  the  newer  states,  requested  the 
Coimcil  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  field  and  possible 
constituency  of  such  an  institution  before  definite  steps  were 
taken.  The  representatives  of  the  denominations  in  two  other 
states  have  also  called  upon  the  Council  to  assist  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  interdenominational  colleges  in  those  states.  These 
practical  evidences  of  the  substitution  of  cooperation  for  de- 
nominational rivalry  which  in  too  many  instances  in  the  past 
has  marred  enterprises  of  this  sort,  are  very  encouraging. 

During  the  year  the  Council  has  appointed  on  full  time  an 
Associate  Secretary  for  work  in  the  University  Centres  and  in 
connection  with  the  theological  seminaries,  and  while  this  is 
merely  a  beginning,  it  indicates  some  progress  in  these  most 
interesting  and  vital  fields. 

The  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Council  is  called  upon  to 
represent  the  cause  of  Christian  education  in  many  confer- 
ences of  national  and  international  import,  and  before  numer- 
ous assemblies.  Mention  may  be  made  in  this  connection  of 
the  National  Citizens'  Conference  on  Education  called  by  the 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Education  through  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior,  the  American  University  Union  in 
Europe,  and  the  Committee  on  Franco^American  Exchange 
of  Scholarships  and  Fellowships. 

Robert  Lincoln  Kelly, 

Executive  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     283 

6.     THE   SUNDAY   SCHOOL   COUNCIL   OF   EVAN- 
GELICAL  DENOMINATIONS 

The  Sunday  School  Council  came  into  existence  ten  years 
ago  as  a  natural  and  logical  step  in  the  development  of  the 
work  of  religious  education. 

The  Sunday  School  Associations  in  the  States  and  Prov- 
inces in  North  America  had  developed  great  strength  under 
the  fostering  care  and  solidifying  influence  of  the  Interna- 
tional Sunday  School  Association.  These  were  exerting  a 
vigorous  and  helpful  influence  upon  the  work  of  the  schools 
of  the  churches  of  all  communions,  but  were  not  in  any  way 
responsible  to,  or  directed  by,  the  programs  of  these  Com- 
munions. 

Twenty  years  ago  the  churches  through  their  Boards  of 
Religious  Education,  undertook  to  strengthen  greatly  their 
church  schools,  with  the  result  that  programs  took  on  a  more 
definite  form,  objectives  became  more  clear,  and  the  policies  of 
these  Boards  were  more  vigorously  pressed  in  the  schools. 
This  resulted  in  the  necessity  of  modification  of  the  lines  and 
kinds  of  work  that  had  previously  been  carried  on  by  the 
International  Sunday  School  Association,  and  its  affiliated 
State  associations,  and  the  assumption  of  much  of  this  work 
by  the  church  boards  working  together.  The  result  was  the 
organization  of  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical 
Denominations  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  ten  years 
ago. 

The  new  Council  in  the  field,  alongside  of  the  International 
Association,  which  had  flourished  and  served  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, resulted  in  situations  that  at  times  were  strained  and 
difficult;  but  the  leadership  of  both  organizations  recognizing 
that  growth  involves  change,  sometimes  accompanied  with 
pain,  patiently  set  themselves  to  work  out  the  problems  which 
they  faced. 

During  the  ten  years  that  have  passed,  some  very  difficult 
problems  have  been  solved  in  an  entirely  satisfactory  way. 
The  complete  reorganization  of  the  International  Sunday 
School  Lesson  Committee  so  as  to  make  it  representative  of 
the  evangelical  denominations  in  North  America,  was  brought 
about  without  loss  to  either  party,  and  with  great  gain  to  all. 
The  World's  Simday  School  Association  was  completely 
changed  in  its  organization  so  that  the  church  boards  having 
to  do  with  religious  education  as  well  as  those  responsible 
for  Foreign  Mission  work,  are  now  officially  represented  on 
the  Executive  Committee  of  this  Association,  and  make  up 
one-half  of  that  body;  other  changes  equally  significant  have 
been  effected  and  always  with  perfect  good  feeling  and  good- 
will on  the  part  of  both  bodies. 


284         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Still  it  was  felt  that  however  much  cooperation  might  be 
secured,  the  existence  of  two  organizations,  unrelated,  and 
both  attempting  to  direct  Sunday  School  work  in  the  same 
field,  must  always  result  in  confusion,  and  expose  both  parties 
to  the  danger  of  serious  friction.  This  situation  is  the  more 
serious  while  one  of  these  organizations  remained  without 
direct  relationship  to  the  church  boards  that  are  primarily 
responsible  for  all  the  work  in  the  church  schools.  It  was 
therefore  proposed  three  years  ago  that  steps  should  be  taken 
to  reorganize  the  Sunday  School  Council  so  as  to  include  in  its 
membership  not  only  denominational  editors,  publishers,  and 
educational  secretaries,  but  also  the  secretaries  and  depart- 
mental heads  of  the  International  Sunday  School  Association 
and  its  auxiliary,  national,  State  and  provincial  associations ; 
also  to  reorganize  the  International  Sunday  School  Associa- 
tion and  all  of  its  national.  State,  and  provincial  associations, 
so  that  their  executive  committees  should  consist  of  fifty  per 
cent  representation  from  the  denominational  church  boards  in 
proportion  to  their  Sunday  School  enrollment. 

Negotiations  on  this  matter  have  been  continued  over  two 
years,  and  it  is  our  pleasure  to  report  that  the  desired  end 
has  been  attained.  The  Sunday  School  Council  now  has  in 
its  membership  almost  fifty  per  cent  representatives  from  the 
territorial  organizations,  and  the  International  Association 
and  State  Associations  have,  or  will  have,  on  their  membership 
official  denominational  representatives  equal  to  one-half  of  the 
total  number. 

There  are  still  two  bodies,  but  each  represents  equally  both 
interests,  and  the  field  and  function  of  each  is  clearly  defined. 

The  Stmday  School  Council  is  made  up  of  the  employed 
workers  of  the  international.  State  and  provincial  associa- 
tions, and  the  educational  secretaries,  editors  and  publishers 
employed  by  the  Sunday  School  Boards  of  the  cooperating 
evangelical  denominations.  Its  functions  are  advisory.  It  will 
study  situations,  propose  policies  and  formulate  standards 
which  will  be  recommended  to  the  Church  Boards  and  to  the 
International  Sunday   School  Association. 

The  International  Sunday  School  Association's  membership 
includes  fifty  per  cent  appointed  territorially  and  fifty  per 
cent  appointed  by  church  boards,  and  this  body  becomes  the 
executive  body  to  carry  out  the  policies  that  may  be  decided 
upon  for  cooperative  work. 

There  are  two  bodies,  but  these  are  so  related  as  to  make 
their  interests  one,  and  the  plans  and  policies  of  the  Church 
Boards  of  Religious  Education  are  thus  fully  safeguarded 
and  materially  advanced. 

This  is  not  regarded  by  either  party  as  the  final  situation 
in  the  leadership  of  the  work  of  religious  education.  It  is 
a  step  and  a  long  step  of  progress,  but  both  bodies  have  agreed 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    285 

to  move  as  rapidly  as  possible  toward  "a  complete  merger  of 
both  organizations  into  one  new  organization  with  a  new  name, 
and  under  a  new  charter,  and  with  functions  to  be  mutually 
agreed  upon."  How  soon  this  will  be  realized  remains  to 
be  seen,  but  steps  have  already  been  taken  to  secure  this  end 
and  no  delay  in  progress  will  be  encouraged.  In  the  mean- 
time the  Sunday  School  Council  reports  the  full  success  of  its 
effort  to  correlate  these  two  organizations  into  a  unified  lead- 
ership of  the  Sunday  School  work  of  North  America  on  a 
basis  that  gives  promise  of  vigorous  advance,  and  puts  the 
whole  into  official  relation  with  the  Church  Boards  of  religious 
education. 

George  T.  Webb, 
Secretary. 


286         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 


7.     THE   AMERICAN   BIBLE   SOCIETY 

The  four  years  since  the  last  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council 
cover  the  saddest  period  in  the  world's  history.  There  are, 
however,  many  revelations  of  goodness  and  mercy  which  have 
been  made  manifest  during  this  period.  In  the  circulation  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  there  has  never  been  such  an  opportunity. 
When  one  thinks  of  the  blood-stained  battlefields  of  Europe 
he  does  not  realize  that  more  than  twenty  million  copies  of 
the  Scriptures,  in  between  ninety  and  one  hundred  languages, 
were  distributed  among  the  warring  forces  of  all  nations. 
These  Scriptures  were  distributed  to  soldiers  in  the  trenches ; 
they  reached  the  prisoners  in  the  prison  camps  in  all  the 
different  countries ;  they  were  carried  in  the  pockets  of  the 
soldiers'  uniforms ;  they  were  a  comfort  in  the  hospitals ;  they 
were  used  in  classes  in  the  cantonments ;  and  they  awakened 
an  interest  and  a  demand  for  the  Bible  such  as  society  has 
never  known. 

Before  the  United  States  entered  into  the  war,  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society  had  taken  up  the  task  of  reaching  the  differ- 
ent armies  already  engaged  in  the  conflict.  Hundreds  of 
thousands  of  copies  of  the  Scriptures  were  sent  over  by  the 
assistance  of  individuals,  and  of  Churches  and  of  the  World 
Sunday  School  Association.  These  Gospels  and  Testaments 
were  given  to  the  armies  of  Russia  and  Austria  and  Germany 
and  France  and  all  of  the  powers  on  both  sides  of  the  battle 
line. 

As  it  appeared  probable  that  the  United  States  would  be 
drawn  into  the  conflict,  the  officers  at  the  Bible  House  began 
to  order  by  the  carload  paper  to  be  ready  for  any  emergency 
that  might  occur.  They  also  procured  rolls  of  khaki  and  of 
a  navy  blue  cloth  and  they  made  a  study  of  the  Scriptures 
that  were  likely  to  be  useful.  They  settled  upon  the  Book 
of  Proverbs,  the  Book  of  Psalms  in  the  Old  Testament;  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John  in  the  New  Testament  and  the  entire  New 
Testament.  Some  time  after  the  selection  had  been  made  and 
special  editions  were  in  process  of  preparation,  the  officers 
were  interested  in  looking  back  over  the  records  of  the  Society 
to  discover  that  exactly  the  same  selection  of  Scriptures  was 
made  by  those  who  were  at  the  Bible  House  in  charge  of 
affairs  in  the  Civil  War  in  1861.  A  Bible  in  good  type,  bound 
in  khaki,  was  gotten  ready  for  chaplains  in  cantonments. 
Without  a  dollar  in  the  treasury  to  meet  any  of  these  obliga- 
tions, and  with  all  the  resources  of  the  Society  pledged  and 
more  than  pledged  to  the  regular  work  at  home  and  abroad, 
the  Board  of  Managers  undertook  to  reach  every  soldier  and 
sailor  in  the  United  States  Army  and  Navy  and  supply  him 
with  a  copy  of  the  New  Testament.  In  order  to  avoid  setting 
up  sub-agencies  for  this  purpose,  the  Society  undertook  to 


STATEMENTS    OF   AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     287 

reach  these  young  men  through  the  chaplains  and  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  which  had  been  recognized  by 
the  Government  as  the  agencies  for  religious  work  in  the 
Army  and  Navy.  The  largest  grant  of  Scriptures  ever  made 
so  far  as  the  Society  is  informed  was  over  a  million  copies, 
khaki  bound,  given  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors  through  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  in  the  summer  and  au- 
tumn of  1917  and  the  winter  of  1918.  The  total  war  distri- 
bution of  the  American  Bible  Society  through  free  gift  and 
distribution  always  below  cost,  amounted  to  6,387,943  copies 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

The  embargo  forced  by  the  war  conditions  on  transporta- 
tion across  the  Atlantic  caused  the  Society  to  undertake  the 
supply  of  Bibles  and  Testaments  in  foreign  languages  both 
for  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  for  the  Army  and 
Navy  which  it  had  been  accustomed  to  receive  from  the 
agencies  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  and  other 
Societies  in  Europe.  It  prepared  by  processes  of  photography 
ten  whole  Bibles  in  Roumanian,  Finnish,  Bulgarian,  Hunga- 
rian, Lithuanian,  Russian,  Bohemian,  Ukrainian,  Polish  and 
Armenian,  and  the  New  Testament  in  Roumanian,  Yiddish, 
Greek,  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  Portuguese,  Russian,  Polish 
and  Czech. 

In  these  various  war  enterprises  the  Society  expended  close 
to  half  a  million  of  dollars.  Special  gifts  of  individuals  and 
Churches  for  these  purposes  have  almost  covered  the  unusual 
expenditures. 

The  ordinary  work  of  the  Society  has  been  carried  forward 
under  difficulties  that  cannot  be  stated.  Every  problem  pos- 
sible apparently  has  been  faced,  shipping  disorganization, 
strikes,  financial  difficulties,  war  conditions  in  many  countries 
making  impossible  contact  with  the  foreign  offices  of  the 
Society. 

The  issues  during  the  four  years  have  been  as  follows : 

1917 5,604,768 

1918 4.818,564 

1919 6,040,707 

1920 3,752,309 

Total  of  20.216,348 

During  the  four  years  Rev.  Dr.  John  Fox,  for  20  years  one 
of  the  Corresponding  Secretaries  of  the  Society,  resigned 
owing  to  ill-health,  and  Rev.  H.  O.  Dwight,  LL.D.,  for  over 
a  decade  the  Recording  Secretary  of  the  Society,  died.  The 
title  of  the  Corresponding  Secretaries  has  been  changed  to 
"General  Secretaries."  Mr.  Frank  H.  Mann,  of  New  York 
City,  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
States,  was  elected  one  of  the  General  Secretaries  in  February, 


288         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

1919.  The  Treasurer,  Mr.  William  Foulke,  died  July  1,  1920, 
and  Mr.  Gilbert  Darlington,  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  has  been  elected  in  his  stead. 

In  the  United  States  the  Scriptures  for  the  Navajo  Indians 
have  been  published.  In  Latin  America  a  new  Spanish  Ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament  has  been  prepared,  and  certain 
translations  of  the  Gospels  in  the  Bolivian  Quechua  and  a 
Gospel  of  St.  John  in  the  Ecuador  Quechua  have  been  issued. 
In  Asia,  a  Siamese  Version  has  been  carried  forward  in  its 
revision  and  a  beginning  of  the  translation  of  the  Bible  in 
Kamu  has  been  made.  The  Revised  Japanese  New  Testament 
has  been  published  and  in  the  Philippines  revision  work  has 
gone  forward  in  the  Cebuan  New  Testament.  Most  important 
of  all  probably  has  been  the  completion  of  the  task  of  a  gen- 
eration in  the  revision  of  the  Wenli  and  Mandarin  Bible  in 
China.  This  new  Mandarin  Bible  will  probably  be  to  the 
Chinese  people  what  the  King  James  Version  has  been  to  the 
English  speaking  people. 

The  Society's  finances  are  not  in  a  satisfactory  condition.  It 
has  been  placed  on  the  budget  of  a  number  of  the  principal 
denominations,  but  the  Christian  Churches  of  America  have  not 
yet  realized  the  necessity  for  supporting  adequately  this  work. 

William  I.  Haven, 
General  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED  AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     289 

8.     THE    INTERNATIONAL    COMMITTEE     OF 

YOUNG  MEN'S   CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATIONS 

OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

The  following  action  of  the  Fortieth  International  Con- 
vention of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  of 
North  America,  held  November,  1919,  in  Detroit,  appears 
in  the  report  of  the  International  Committee  made  one  year 
ago  on  the  subject  of  cooperative  work  with  the  Churches : 

"That  in  order  to  insure  the  more  complete  cooperation  of  the 
Association  and  the  Churches  in  aims,  in  sympathy  and  in  work,  it 
is  recommended  that  each  Association,  each  State  Committee,  and 
the  International  Committee,  shall,  before  projecting  work  and  plans 
for  the  year,  enter  into  counsel  with  representatives  of  the  Churches." 

To  be  sure,  cooperative  measures  did  not  originate  with 
that  significant  resolution.  Association  cooperation  with 
the  Churches  is  a  practice  that  synchronizes  with  the  origin 
and  growth  of  the  Association  movement.  It  has  always 
been  taken  for  granted,  often  too  much  so,  yet  having  sub- 
stantial basis  in  fact.  The  distinctive  quality  in  the  new 
action  was  the  recognition  that  the  time  was  at  hand  when 
the  matter  of  relationships  with  the  evangelical  Churches 
called  for  further  emphasis,  practice,  study  and  definition 
all  along  the  line. 

The  result  already  has  been  to  stimulate  literally  hun- 
dreds of  new  approaches  on  the  part  of  local  Associations, 
State  Committees  and  Departments  of  the  International 
Committee  to  the  leaders  of  the  Churches  in  their  respec- 
tive areas  of  service,  looking  toward  clearer  understanding, 
more  collaboration  in  plan  and  effort,  and  closer  fellow- 
ship. There  has  been  reported  scarcely  a  single  situation 
where  the  Association's  initiative  has  not  been  met  by  a 
cordiality  and  comprehension  that  assure  large  gains  for 
the  united  cause.  In  the  majority  of  cases  steps  have  been 
taken  that  will  issue  in  permanent  organization  and  pro- 
cedure for  maintaining  and  developing  these  relationships. 

Locally,  the  machinery  of  cooperation  is  assuming  varied 
forms,  as  is  to  be  expected  under  the  condition  of  each 
Association  being  an  independent  unit  under  no  constraint 
whatever  to  observe  uniformity  throughout  the  organization 
nationally.  Moreover,  each  community  presents  a  different 
combination  of  conditions  in  the  Churches.  Here,  the  relig- 
ious program  of  the  Association  is  determined  by  a  council 
made  up  of  clergy  and  laymen  chosen  by  the  Churches  to 
represent  them,  and  of  the  religious  work  committee  of  the 
Association ;  there,  a  group  of  Church  representatives  sits  reg- 


290         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

ularly  with  the  rehgious  work  committee  of  the  Association; 
or  representatives  of  the  Churches  meet  occasionally  with  the 
Association  board  of  directors ;  or  the  chairman  of  the  local 
Church  Federation  or  of  the  Ministers'  Union  is  elected  a 
member  of  the  Association  directorate ;  or  the  entire  religious 
work  program  of  the  community  is  planned  and  carried  out 
under  the  general  direction  of  an  interchurch  council  in  which 
the  Association  is  a  regularly  represented  member,  accepts  its 
share  of  the  whole  task,  and  has  its  services  recognized  as 
being  by  and  for  the  Churches  through  their  members'  service 
and  gifts.  In  Minneapolis  what  is  known  as  the  Commission 
of  Eight,  representing  the  Ministers'  Federation,  the  Sunday 
School  Association,  the  Young  Men's  and  the  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association,  meets  for  regular  sessions  each  month 
with  the  function  not  of  legislation,  but  of  providing  the 
opportunity  for  regular  conference  on  the  plans  and  policies 
of  the  agencies  represented,  in  the  interest  of  a  more  effective 
coordination  of  the  service  of  all. 

Nationally,  there  are  areas  of  Church  and  Association  co- 
operation in  which  working  relations  are  well  advanced.  In 
others  only  beginnings  have  been  made.  The  limits  of  this 
report  admit  of  a  few  cases  only  being  described  as  illustra- 
tive. These  are  in  all  stages  of  maturity,  but  in  each  instance 
the  past  year  has  been  marked  by  encouraging  progress. 

In  the  conduct  of  the  Association  Student  Summer  Confer- 
ences, especially  at  Lake  Geneva,  Wisconsin,  and  at  Silver 
Bay,  New  York,  plans  are  advancing  toward  full  cooperation 
with  the  Church  leaders.  The  conference  committees  them- 
selves in  addition  to  their  membership  of  students  and 
professors  include  representatives  of  the  Church  Boards  of 
Education  and  are  usually  attended  by  other  Board  representa- 
tives. In  these  conferences  the  following  plan  of  cooperation 
has  been  evolved: 

First — To  have  a  representative  of  each  of  the  leading  denomina- 
tions present  throughout  the  Conference.  (This  representative  is 
usually  selected  in  conference  with  the  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Education.) 

Second — At  least  two  sessions  of  the  conference  are  held  by  denomi- 
nations, the  program  being  worked  out  entirely  by  the  denomina- 
tional  representative. 

Third — The  denominational  representative  is  free  to  bring  to  the 
conference  other  representatives  to  speak  on  the  needs  and  pro- 
gram of  the  Church  at  home  and  abroad. 

Fourth — Every  facility  is  offered  for  the  Church  representatives 
to  meet  student  members  of  their  denomination  in  interviews  and 
groups. 

Certain  misunderstandings  have  grown  up  in  connection 
with  these  conferences  because  too  high   expectations   were 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    291 

maintained  concerning  their  fruitage  as  recruiting  centers. 
It  is  now  generally  recognized  that  the  chief  purpose  of  student 
conferences  is  not  for  recruiting,  but  for  inspirational  and 
training  purposes.  With  this  recognition  we  are  finding  the 
Church  representatives  most  eager  to  cooperate,  even  though 
it  necessitates  turning  attention  more  than  formerly  to  the 
local  institutions  as  the  main  field  for  recruiting  effort.  In 
order  to  make  a  cooperative  plan  for  all  the  summer  confer- 
ences more  effective,  the  Student  Department  has  asked  for 
a  joint  conference  with  representatives  of  the  Home  Missions 
Council  and  the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education. 

During  the  past  year  the  Council  of  Home  Missions  and 
the  Student  Department  have  come  more  helpfully  into  touch 
on  common  ground.  Frequent  conferences  resulted  first  in  a 
tentative  plan  of  having  a  recruiting  secretary  of  the  Home 
Missions  Council  related  to  the  Student  Volunteer  Movement. 
A  later  development  has  been  the  establishment  of  a  joint 
committee  on  recruiting  drawn  together  at  the  initiative  of  the 
Student  Department,  representing  the  Home  Missions  Coun- 
cil, the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education,  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association,  the  Student  Volunteer  Move- 
ment and  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  This  com- 
mittee will  make  during  the  year  a  careful  study  of  the  most 
feasible  plans  of  bringing  the  challenge  of  the  whole  Church 
at  home  and  abroad  to  American  students,  and  it  is  empow- 
ered to  put  into  operation  during  the  year  whatever  experiment 
may  seem  necessary. 

The  Industrial  Department  of  the  International  Committee 
has  over  a  period  of  several  years  originated  and  furthered 
the  observance  of  Thrift  Week  until  it  has  reached  nation- 
wide proportions.  The  United  Stewardship  Council  of  Prot- 
estant Churches  is  an  organization  representing  the  steward- 
ship promotion  of  many  of  the  large  denominations.  This 
Council  has  secured  the  endorsement  of  their  various  denomi- 
nations in  a  united  stewardship  program  which  starts  January 
17th  and  includes  the  observation  of  National  Thrift  Week 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  Churches  with  local  Thrift 
Week  Committees  as  a  definite  part  of  their  own  program. 
The  Federal  Council  of  Churches  has  pledged  cooperation 
by  encouraging  local  federations  throughout  the  country  to 
cooperate  with  local  Thrift  Week  Committees  in  observing 
Thrift  Week  and  to  take  special  responsibilities  in  connection 
with  the  observance  of  "Share  with  Others  Day." 

Association  Press  is  a  member  of  the  United  Book  Agency, 
which  is  a  wholesaling  organization  including  the  American 
Baptist  Publishing  Society,  the  Congregational  Publishing  So- 
ciety, the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication,  and  the  Woman's 
Press.     Association  Press   furnishes  imprint  editions  to  de- 


292         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

nominations  constantly,  and  also  buys  imprint  editions  from 
them.  The  aim  is  to  publish  books  in  fields  not  directly 
covered  by  the  denominations.  While  our  books  are  used  by 
the  denominations,  they  cover  types  of  work  and  fields  in  the 
main  not  handled  by  the  Church  committees  or  publishers. 
The  voluntary  Bible  study  courses  represent  a  very  definite 
piece  of  direct  cooperation  with  the  denominations  in  the 
preparation  and  publication  of  books.  There  are  several  de- 
nominational editions  in  which  Northern  and  Southern  Metho- 
dists, Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Congregationalists,  and  Disciples 
cooperated.  This  service  was  also  handled  through  the  Sunday 
School  Council,  which  represents  more  than  a  score  of  de- 
nominations. 

The  foregoing  are  but  paragraphs  of  a  book  that  might  be 
written  dealing  only  with  like  cooperative  undertakings.  At 
the  end  of  the  complete  account,  one  at  all  familiar  with  the 
facts  would  know  that  still  only  the  surface  has  been  turned 
of  a  great  mine  at  our  very  feet  awaiting  development  for 
Christ  and  the  Church  at  the  hands  of  Church  and  Association 
leaders  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  master  the  not  too  difficult 
problems  of  Christian  engineering  involved.  A  single  possi- 
bility is  shown  bv  the  extensive  use  the  Canadian  Churches 
are  making  of  the  Christian  Citizenship  Training  Program 
for  boys  produced  by  the  Association,  not  for  its  own  use, 
chiefly  or  primarily,  but  as  a  basis  of  common  action  for  work 
with  boys  in  any  organization  concerned  with  their  all-round 
development.  Here  and  there  in  the  United  States  single 
churches  and  groups  of  churches  are  availing  themselves  of 
the  program  to  their  great  advantage,  whereas  in  Canada 
entire  denominations  have  recognized  its  value  to  them  and 
are  acting  accordingly. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  of  North  America 
constitute  a  brotherhood  of  several  hundred  thousand  men 
and  boys  with  equipment  representing  investments  of  more 
than  $100,000,000.  They  have  a  force  of  5,000  employed 
officers,  many  embodying  good  abilities  and  highly  technical 
training.  The  organization  is  continent-wide,  with  various 
approaches  and  far  outreaches.  Seventy-five  years  of  special- 
ized experience  are  included  in  its  assets.  It  is  true  in  heart 
and  mind  to  the  evangel — bone  and  blood  of  the  evangelical 
Churches.  No  desire  burns  through  it  so  dominantly  as  the 
one  to  serve  the  Kingdom  through  the  Churches.  The  forms 
of  usefulness  in  which  the  Churches  might  employ  this  free, 
mobile,  virile  body  of  men  and  boys  are  not  nearly  explored, 
and  where  known  are  very  partially  appropriated.  The  chal- 
lenge is  to  the  leaders  of  the  Association,  but  not  to  them  only, 
nor  chiefly.  This  deserves  to  have  directed  to  it  the  considera- 
tion of  some  of  the  best  churchmanship  of  the  day.    Prayers 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING   BODIES     293 

are  asked  in  behalf  of  the  Commission  soon  to  begin  their 
duties  under  the  authority  of  the  Detroit  Convention  resolu- 
tion: "To  open  direct  negotiations  with  the  denominations 
known  as  evangelical  for  a  careful  study  of  the  relations 
obtaining  between  the  evangelical  Churches  and  the  Asso- 
ciation." 

E.  T.  CoLTON,  Secretary. 


294         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST      . 

9.     THE   NATIONAL  BOARD  OF  THE  YOUNG 
WOMEN'S   CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATIONS   OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

The  focal  point  of  the  year  for  Young  Women's  Christian 
Associations  was  the  legislative  meeting  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation— the  Convention — which  met  in  Cleveland  in  April. 
This  was  the  first  in  a  period  of  five  years  and  was  over  51 
per  cent  larger  in  attendance  than  any  preceding  Convention, 
2,566  members  being  present. 

Among  the  unusually  important  actions  of  this  Convention 
two  are  of  especial  interest  and  significance  in  our  relation  to 
the  Church.  The  first  of  these  was  the  adoption  of  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  providing  an  alternate  definition  of 
the  basis  of  membership  in  student  Associations.  The  amend- 
ment provides  that  the  statement  which  follows  may  be  used 
by  student  Associations  if  desired: 

"Any  student  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  may  be  admitted 
to  membership  (in  the  National  Organization)  whose  constitution 
embodies  the  following  provisions : 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  of  , 

affirming  the  Christian  faith  in  God,  the  Father;  and  in  Jesus 
Christ,  His  only  Son,  our  Lord  and  Saviour;  and  in  the  Holy 
Spirit,  the  Revealer  of  truth  and  Source  of  power  for  life  and 
service;  according  to  the  teaching  of  the  Holy  Scripture  and  the 
witness  of  the  Church,  declares  its  purpose  to  be: 

Purpose 

1.  To  lead  students  to  faith  in  God  through  Jesus  Christ ; 

2.  To  lead  them  into  membership  and  service  in  the  Christian 
Church ; 

3.  To  promote  their  growth  in  Christian  faith  and  character,  espe- 
cially through  the  study  of  the  Bible; 

4.  To  influence  them  to  devote  themselves,  in  united  effort  with  all 
Christians,  to  making  the  will  of  Christ  effective  in  human 
society  and  to  extending  the  Kingdom  of  God  throughout  the 
world. 

Any  woman  of  the  institution  may  be  a  member  of  the  Association, 
provided : 

1.  That  she  is  in  sympathy  with  the  Purpose  of  the  Association; 

2.  That  she  makes  the  following  declaration:  'It  is  my  purpose  to 
live  as  a  true  follower  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.' 

Qualifications  for  Leadership 

1.  All  members  of  the  cabinet  (officers  and  chairmen  of  standing 
committees)  shall  commit  themselves  to  furthering  the  Purpose 
of  the  Association. 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES    295 

2.  Two-thirds  of  the  cabinet  members  shall  be  members  of  churches 
which  are  entitled  to  representation  in  the  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  and  only  those  delegates  who 
are  members  of  such  churches  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  in  Con- 
ventions. 

3.  Members  of  the  advisory  board  shall  meet  the  qualifications  of 
cabinet  members." 

The  other  important  action  was  the  adoption  by  the  Con- 
vention of  the  Social  Ideals  of  the  Churches  as  affirmed  by 
the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  as  the  social  platform  of  the 
national  organization.  The  adoption  of  this  resolution  by  the 
Convention  w^as  followed  by  the  presentation  of  the  following 
recommendation  from  the  girls  in  industry  who  were  in  at- 
tendance, which  indicates  their  spirit  and  attitude: 

"Resolved,  that  we,  the  girls  of  the  industrial  department  of  the 
National  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  express  our  appre- 
ciation of  the  cooperation  of  the  national  organization  in  the  passing 
of  the  National  Board's  recommendation  on  'Social  Ideals*  which, 
we  believe,  will  be  of  as  great  benefit  to  all  women  as  to  the  girl 
in  industry  herself.  As  an  expression  of  our  sense  of  obligation  to 
each  other  and  to  all  society,  we  pledge  ourselves  to  do  our  best  in 
our  daily  work  that  industry  may  do  its  full  share  for  the  service 
of  the  world." 

The  cooperative  work  of  the  year  has  followed  along  the 
lines  of  previous  years.  Representatives  of  the  National 
Board  staff  have  served  on  the  Commissions  on  Qiristian 
Education ;  on  Evangelism ;  on  Church  and  Social  Service ;  on 
Editorial  Council  of  Religious  Press ;  and  on  the  Social  Rela- 
tions section  of  the  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federations. 
One  member  of  the  staff  is  a  member  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education.  The  executive 
secretary  of  the  Board  is  a  member  of  the  Administrative 
Committee  of  the  Federal  Council.  We  have  cooperated  with 
the  Social  Service  Commission  in  the  preparation  of  the 
"Pocket  Phrase  Book  of  Economic  and  Industrial  Terms  in 
Common  Use."  The  data  on  the  situation  of  women  in  in- 
dustry which  were  incorporated  in  the  book,  "The  Church  and 
Industrial  Reconstruction,"  were  contributed  by  our  industrial 
committee.  There  has  been  considerable  cooperation  between 
the  religious  education  bureau  of  the  National  Board's  depart- 
ment of  research  and  method  and  some  other  Commissions  of 
the  Federal  Council.  One  member  of  our  bureau  on  religious 
education  has  been  a  member  of  the  Commission  on  Evangel- 
ism of  the  Church  and  Community  Convention  and  contributed 
one  section  on  evangelism  through  religious  education  to  the 
report  of  this  Commission.  The  director  of  our  bureau  on 
religious  education  and  a  member  of  the  staff  of  our  indus- 
trial committee  have  been  members  of  the  sub-committee  ap- 
pointed from  the  Commission  on  Social  Service  and  the  Com- 
mission on  Christian  Education  to  prepare  a  discussion  outline 
for  a  course  on  industrial  problems  in  the  United  States. 


296         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

No  statement  of  formal  relationships  such  as  the  above 
suffices  to  indicate  the  amount  of  informal  cooperation  which 
goes  on  continuously.  As  on  each  occasion  when  such  an  oppor- 
tunity is  offered,  we  desire  to  record  our  appreciation  of  the 
fellowship  we  have  in  the  Council  and  the  helpful  advice  and 
coooperation  we  receive  because  of  that  fellowship. 

Mabel  Cratty,  General  Secretary. 


STATEMENTS    OF   AFFILIATED   AND    COOPERATING    BODIES     297 

10.     THE    STUDENT    VOLUNTEER    MOVEMENT 
FOR  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

On  October  30,  1920,  the  Standing  Committee  of  the  Student 
Volunteer  Movement  acted  upon  the  kind  invitation  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  to  be  represented  on  the  Ad- 
ministrative Committee  of  this  Council.  We  have  gladly 
agreed  to  come  into  the  Council  as  a  consultative  member  on 
the  same  basis  as  exists  between  the  Foreign  Missions  Con- 
ference and  the  Federal  Council. 

In  order  to  become  a  Student  Volunteer  two  conditions  must 
be  fulfilled :  First,  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  the  Move- 
ment, which  reads  as  follows :  "It  is  my  purpose,  if  God 
permit,  to  become  a  foreign  missionary."  Secondly,  member- 
ship in  some  Evangelical  Church.  Our  Movement  has  always 
been  thoroughly  loyal  to  the  Church.  The  Student  Volunteer 
Movement  is  interdenominational  and  international  to  this 
extent,  that  it  includes  the  Student  Volunteers  of  Canada  as 
well  as  the  United  States.  It  includes  women  as  well  as  men 
students  in  its  membership.  It  is  not  a  sending  society,  but 
recruits  for  the  various  Foreign  Mission  Boards  which,  in 
turn,  send  out  these  recruits  to  the  foreign  field. 

Its  four-fold  purpose  is  as  follows : 

1.  To  awaken  and  maintain  among  all  Christian  stu- 
dents of  the  United  States  and  Canada  intelligent  and 
active  interest  in  foreign  missions. 

2.  To  enroll  a  sufficient  number  of  properly  qualified 
Student  Volunteers  to  meet  the  successive  demands  of  the 
various  Missionary  Boards  of  North  America. 

3.  To  help  all  such  intending  missionaries  to  prepare 
for  their  life-work  and  to  enlist  their  cooperation  in  de- 
veloping the  missionary  life  of  home  churches. 

4.  To  lay  an  equal  burden  of  responsibility  on  all  stu- 
dents who  are  to  remain  as  ministers  and  lay  workers  at 
home,  that  they  may  actively  promote  the  missionary  en- 
terprise by  their  intelligent  advocacy,  by  their  gifts  and 
by  their  prayers. 

Its  field  consists  of  1,000  institutions  of  higher  learning  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  In  cultivating  this  field  it 
cooperates  on  the  one  hand  with  the  Candidate  Departments 
of  the  Foreign  Mission  Boards  and  on  the  other  hand  with 
the  Student  Associations. 

Its  organization  is  very  simple.  The  Volunteers  in  a  given 
institution  unite  in  a  Band  for  fellowship  in  prayer,  fellowship 
in  study  and  fellowship  in  service.  Usually  the  Volunteers 
of  a  given  area  constitute  the  Student  Volunteer  Union  for  that 
area.     For  example,  there  is  a  Greater  Boston  Union,  the 


298         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

Chairman  of  which,  a  medical  student,  is  one  of  the  delegates 
from  our  Movement  to  this  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council. 
There  is  also  a  Connecticut  Valley  Union,  a  Greater  New- 
York  Union,  a  Toronto  Union,  etc.  The  forty  Unions  are 
entitled  to  appoint  two  representatives  from  each — a  woman 
and  a  man  student — on  the  Student  Volunteer  Council  to  meet 
annually.  The  first  meeting  of  the  Council  was  held  last  April. 
The  Council  reviews  the  work  of  the  Executive  Committee 
and  nominates  fifteen  Student  Volunteers  who  are  still  students 
to  serve  on  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Movement.  In 
addition  five  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  are  Secre- 
taries of  Foreign  Mission  Boards;  four  represent  each  of  the 
four  Student  Association  Movements  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  In  addition  there  are  a  few  delegates  at  large  who 
represent  graduate  Volunteers  and  other  friends  of  the  Move- 
ment. According  to  its  charter  the  Executive  Committee  can 
not  have  more  than  thirty  members.  Since  fifteen  of  these 
must  be  Student  Volunteers  who  are  still  students,  the  con- 
trolling voice  of  the  Council  of  the  Movement  is  in  the  hands 
of  students.  Three  of  the  five  representatives  of  the  Move- 
ment at  this  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  are  students. 

The  Movement  holds  an  international  convention  once  in 
four  years.  The  last  convention  was  held  at  Des  Moines,  in 
January  of  this  year,  attended  by  about  7,000  delegates,  of 
whom  nearly  6,000  were  students.  During  the  past  academic 
year  there  were  present  over  4,000  students  at  the  conferences 
of  the  Student  Volunteer  Unions,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  so  many  were  present  at  Des  Moines. 

The  Student  Volunteer  Movement  cooperates  in  the  main 
along  four  lines  of  activity : 

1.  It  is  a  member  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference, — 
in  fact  one  of  its  Secretaries  has  been  serving  as  the  Secretary 
of  the  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  North  America. 

2.  It  cooperates  with  the  Home  Missions  Council.  For 
many  years  it  has  listed  the  calls  from  the  Home  Boards  in 
the  same  Bulletin  with  those  from  the  Foreign  Boards.  It 
also  advertises  the  courses  of  study  on  North  American  prob- 
lems along  with  the  foreign  missionary  courses  of  study.  In 
fact,  the  first  missionary  study  courses  projected  in  the  col- 
leges dealing  with  home  missions  were  issued  by  the  Student 
Volunteer  Movement.  But  within  the  last  few  months  we 
have  entered  into  a  still  closer  cooperation.  Though  we  have 
not  changed  our  policy  of  recruiting  only  for  foreign  missions, 
we  have  asked  a  representative  of  the  Home  Missions  Council 
to  occupy  a  room  in  our  offices. 

3.  The  Student  Volunteer  Movement  cooperates  in  the  work 
of  recruiting  with  representatives  of  the  Council  of  Church 


STATEMENTS   OF   AFFILIATED   AND   COOPERATING   BODIES     299 

Boards  of  Education,  the  Home  Missions  Council,  the  Council 
of  Women  for  Home  Missions,  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  and  the  Y. 
M.  C.  A. 

4.  It  cooperates  with  the  World's  Student  Christian  Fed- 
eration, which  has  branches  in  forty  different  nations  and  has 
a  membership  of  nearly  200,000  students  and  professors. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  Movement  up  to  January  1  of 
this  year,  8,140  of  its  members  have  sailed  for  the  foreign 
mission  field  under  the  various  North  American  Boards. 
Over  2,500  have  gone  to  China;  1,500  to  India;  nearly  1,000 
to  Japan ;  800  to  Africa  and  about  600  to  South  America. 
We  have  also  representatives  in  other  parts  of  the  non-Chris- 
tian world. 

It  will  be  of  interest  to  all  the  members  of  this  Council  to 
know  that  since  last  January  we  have  enrolled  sixty  per  cent 
more  new  Volunteers  for  foreign  missions  than  during  the 
same  period  a  year  before. 

Robert  P.  Wilder, 

General  Secretary. 


PART  III. 


RECORD    OF   THE    PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 
QUADRENNIAL    MEETING 


PROGRAM    OF    THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL 

MEETING    OF    THE    FEDERAL    COUNCIL 

OF    THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

IN    AMERICA 

Ford  Hall,  Boston, 

Wednesday,  December  1,  to  Monday,  December  6,  1920 


Wednesday  Afternoon,  December  i,  at  2:^0 

PRAYER   AND   PREPARATION 

"Not  by  might  or  by  power  but  by  my  Spirit." 
President  Frank  Mason  North  presiding 

Devotional  Service,  led  by  the  President 

Calling  of  the  Roll 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Program 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Arrangements 

Appointment  of  Committees 

Message  of  the  Honorary  Secretary,  Rev.  Elias  B.  Sanford 

Messages  from  Churches  of  other  Lands 

"The  Opportunity  and  Obligation  confronting  the  Church 
Today,"  by  Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee 

Election  of  Officers 

Prayer  and  Benediction 

Wednesday  Evening,  December  i,  at  8:oo 

at  the  Old  South  Meeting  House 

RETROSPECT   AND    PROSPECT 
"Whosoever  will  be  chief  among  you,  let  him  be  your  servant" 

Prayer  ' 

Welcome  from  the  Massachusetts  and  Boston  Federations 

of  Churches,  Rev.  Charles  F.  Rice  and  Rev.  Ernest  G. 

Guthrie,  Presidents  of  the  Federations. 
Address  of  Welcome  to  the  City  and  State,  Governor-elect 

Hon.  Channing  W.  Cox. 
Address  of  the  President,  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North 
Induction  of  the  Newly  Elected  President  by  the  Retiring 

President 
Response  by  the  President-elect 
Prayer  and  Benediction 

303 


304         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Thursday  Morning,  December  2,  at  q:jo 

THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL  DURING  THE  QUADRENNIUM 

"Let  a  man  so  account  of  us  as  of  the  ministers  of  Christ  and 

stewards  of  the  mysteries  of  God" 

The  President  of  the  Council  presiding 

9:30     Prayer;  business 

9:45  "The  Service  of  the  Federal  Council  during  the 
Quadrennium,"  report  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, presented  by  the  Chairman  and  the  Gen- 
eral Secretary 

10:05  "A  Financial  Review  of  the  Federal  Council/*  Al- 
fred R.  Kimball,  Treasurer 

10 :25     Discussion 

10:45  "The  Church  in  its  Relation  to  the  National  Gov- 
ernment," Bishop  William  F.  McDowell,  Chair- 
man of  the  Washington  Committee 

1 1 :05     Discussion 

11:50  Presentation  of  Colonel  John  T.  Axton,  Chief  of 
Chaplains,  United  States  Army  and  Captain  John 
B.  Frazier,  Senior  Chaplain,  United  States  Navy 

12 :00    Devotional  Service,  led  by  Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaeffer, 
to  General   Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Home  Mis- 

12:20        sions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Thursday  Afternoon,  December  2,  at  2:15 

THE  GOSPEL  AND  THE  PRESENT  DAY 

"I  am  not  ashamed  of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  for  it  is  the  power  of 
God  unto  salvation** 

2:15     Prayer;  business 

2:30  "A  more  Effective  Proclamation  of  the  Gospel  the 
Fundamental  Need,"  by  Mr.  James  M.  Speers, 
Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Evangelism 

2 :50     Discussion 

3 :45  "The  Enlarging  Social  Program  of  Christianity," 
by  President  William  O.  Thompson,  of  Ohio 
State  University,  President  of  the  Ohio  State 
Federation  of  Churches 

4 :05  Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 

5:15     Prayer  and  Benediction 


PROGRAM    OF   THE   QUADRENNIAL   MEETING  305 

Thursday  Evening,  December  2,  at  8:00 

at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 

Public  Meeting 

(Arranged  jointly  by  the  Massachusetts  and  Boston  Federations 
of  Churches  and  the  American  Mayflower  Council) 

"AMERICAN   IDEALS: 
A  HERITAGE  FROM  THE  PILGRIMS" 
"A  city  which  hath  foundations,  whose  builder  and  maker  is  God" 

Address:  President  W.  H.  P.  Faunce,  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity, Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  International 
Justice  and  Goodwill 

Address :  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U. 
S.  A. 


Friday  Morning,  December  ^,  at  p:^o 

THE  CHURCHES  UNITED  FOR  THEIR  COMMON  TASKS 
"That  they  all  may  be  one,  that  the  world  may  believe" 

9:30     Prayer;  business 

9:45     "The    Church    Facing  the   Future,"    Rev.   William 

Adams  Brown,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the 

War  and  the  Religious  Outlook 
10:05     "The   Present   Interdenominational   Situation,"   Dr. 

Robert  E.  Speer,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 

Methods  of  Cooperation 
10:30     "How  can  the  Federal  Council  fill  the  largest  place 

of  usefulness  in  the  Church?"  discussion,  to  be 

participated  in  by  denominational  representatives 
12 :00     Devotional  Service,  led  by  Rev.  Edwin  H.  Delk,  St. 
to  Matthew's   Evangelical   Lutheran   Church,   Phila- 

12 :20        delphia. 

Friday  Afternoon,  December  3,  at  2:15 

THE  CHURCHES  AND  THE  COMMUNITY 
"/  am  among  you  as  one  that  serveth" 

2:15     Prayer;  business 

2 :30     "The  Church  and  Its  Service  to  the  Community,"  by 

Rev.  Joseph  A.  Vance,  President  of  the  Detroit 

Council  of  Churches 
2:50    Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  Councils 

of  Churches 


306         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

4:00  "The  Church  in  the  Rural  Community,"  by  Presi- 
dent Kenyon  L.  Butterfield,  Amherst  Agricultural 
College 

4:20  Discussion,  conducted  by  the  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Country  Life 

5:15     Prayer  and  Benediction 

Friday  Evening,  December  3,  at  8:00 

in  Trinity  Church 

Public  Meeting 

(Arranged  jointly  by  the  Massachusetts  and  Boston  Federations  of 
Churches,  the  Federal  Council's  Commission  on  International  Jus- 
tice and  Goodwill,  and  the  American  Mayflower  Council) 

CHRISTIAN   INTERNATIONALISM 

"One  is  your  Master,  even  Christ,  and  all  ye  are  brethren** 

Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  F.  Gailor,  President  of  the  Presiding  Bishop  and 

Council  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  presiding 

Address:     Dr.  John  R.  Mott 

Address :     Rev.  R.  C.  Gillie,  President-elect  of  the  National 

Council  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches  of  England 
Presentation  of  Delegates  from  Foreign  Countries 
Response  by  General  Robert  Georges  Nivelle,  of  France, 

delegate  from  French  Protestant  Federation 

Saturday  Morning,  December  4,  at  q.-^o 

THE    CHURCH    AND    A    WORLD-WIDE    BROTHERHOOD 

"He  hath  made  of  one  blood  all  nations  of  men" 
9:30    Prayer;  business 

9:45  "The  American  Churches  and  the  Orient,"  by  Rev. 
Doremus  Scudder,  formerly  pastor  of  the  Union 
Church  in  Tokyo 

10:00  Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  Relations 
with  the  Orient 

10:15  "The  Churches  and  our  Relations  with  Latin  Amer- 
ica," by  Rev.  S.  G.  Inman,  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America 

10:30  "The  American  Churches  and  the  Churches  of 
Europe,"  by  Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton,  Chairman 
of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  Religious 
Bodies  in  Europe 

10:45  Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  Interna- 
tional Justice  and  Goodwill  and  the  Commission 
on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium 


PROGRAM    OF   THE   QUADRENNIAL    MEETING  307 

11:15     "The  American  Churches  and  International  Relief," 

1.  The  Near  East,  by  Rev.  James  L.  Barton 

2.  The  China  Famine,  by  Rev.  F.  W.  Bible 

3.  Central  Europe,  by  Herbert  Hoover 

12:15     Discussion,  opened  by  Rev.  Finis  S.  Idleman,  Cen- 
tral Church  of  Disciples  of  Christ,  New  York 

12:40     Devotional  Service,  led  by  Rev.  R.  A.  Hutchinson, 
to  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the 

1 :00        United  Presbyterian  Church 


Saturday  Evening,  December  4,  at  8:00 

Public  Meeting 

"THE  CHURCH  AND  ITS  MISSIONARY  RESPONSIBILITY" 

"The  field  is  the  world" 

Introduction — "Cooperation  in  Home  Missions,"  by  Rev. 
Alfred  Williams  Anthony,  Executive  Secretary  of  the 
Home  Missions  Council 

"A  Nation-wide  Program  for  Christianizing  American  Life," 
by  Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson,  President  of  the  Home 
Missions  Council 

Introduction — "Cooperation  in  Foreign  Missions,"  by  Fen- 
nell  P.  Turner,  Secretary  of  the  Committee  of  Reference 
and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
America 

"The  Present  Summons  to  a  Foreign  Missionary  Advance," 
by  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  General  Secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South 


Sunday,  December  5 

In  the  morning  and  evening  many  of  the  local  pulpits 
supplied  by  members  of  the  Council. 

In  the  afternoon,  at  Faneuil  Hall,  at  3  :30,  a  public  meet- 
ing arranged  jointly  by  the  Massachusetts  and  Boston  Fed- 
erations of  Churches  and  the  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service,  on  "The  Christian  Challenge  to  Coopera- 
tion between  Employers  and  Employees."  Addresses  by 
Bishop  Francis  J.  McConnell  and  Professor  Felix  Frank- 
furter. 


308        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Monday  Morning,  December  6,  at  p:^o 

COOPERATIVE    MOVEMENTS 
"There  are  diversities  of  gifts  hut  the  same  spirit^* 
9:30    Prayer;  business 

9:40  Statements  from  Affiliated,  Cooperating  and  Con- 
sultative Bodies ;  Home  Missions  Council,  Coun- 
cil of  W^omen  for  Home  Missions,  Committee  of 
Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions 
Conference  of  North  America,  the  Committee  on 
Cooperation  in  Latin  America,  Federation  of 
W^oman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  of  North 
America,  American  Bible  Society,  International 
Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciations, the  National  Board  of  the  Young  W^o- 
men's  Christian  Associations,  and  the  Student 
Volunteer  Movement. 

10:30  "Next  Steps  in  the  Temperance  Crusade,"  by  Miss 
Anna  A.  Gordon,  President  of  the  National  Wo- 
men's Christian  Temperance  Union 

10:45  Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  Temper- 
ance 

11:15  "The  Church  and  Inter-racial  Problems,"  by  Dr. 
George  E.  Haynes,  Director  of  the  Bureau  of 
Negro  Economics,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Labor 

11 :30  Discussion,  opened  by  the  Committee  on  Negro 
Churches 

12:00    Devotional  Service,  led  by  Rev.  J.  H.  Henderson, 
to         of  the  National  Baptist  Convention. 

12:20 

Monday  Afternoon,  December  6,  at  2:15 

THE  CHURCH  AND  CHRISTIAN  EDUCATION 

"Till  we  all  attain  unto  the  unity  of  the  faith,  and  of  the  knowledge 
of  the  Son  of  God,  .  .  .  unto  the  measure  of  the  stature  of  the  full- 
ness of  Christ." 

2:15     Prayer;  business 

2:30    Statements    from    Affiliated    Bodies:      Council    of 
Church    Boards    of    Education;    Sunday    School 
Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 
2:50    "The  present  Challenge  to  a  Constructive  Program 
of  Religious  Education,"  President  Henry  Church- 
ill King,  of  Oberlin  College. 
3:10    Discussion,  opened  by  the  Commission  on  Christian 
Education 


PROGRAM    OF   THE   QUADRENNIAL    MEETING  309 

4:00  "The  Relation  between  the  Theological  Seminary 
and  the  Movement  for  Christian  Cooperation,"  by 
Very  Reverend  Henry  B.  Washburn,  Dean  of  the 
Episcopal  Theological  School  at  Cambridge 

4:15  "The  Association  of  Theological  Seminaries  and  the 
Cooperative  Movement  among  the  Churches,"  by 
President  George  E.  Horr,  of  the  Newton  Theo- 
logical Institution 

4 :30    Discussion 

5:15     Prayer  and  benediction 


Monday  Evening,  December  6,  at  6:00 

Banquet  at  the  City  Club  tendered  to  the  members  by  the 
denominational  Social  Clubs  of  Boston.  Address  by  Dr. 
Henry  van  Dyke,  formerly  Ambassador  to  the  Netherlands 
and  Rev.  Alexander  Ramsay  of  England. 

At  the  same  hour,  a  dinner  at  the  Twentieth  Century  Club, 
tendered  to  the  women  attending  the  quadrennial  meeting 
by  the  women's  boards  and  church  societies. 

8:00  P.M. 

PRAYER  AND  PREPARATION   FOR  THE  FUTURE 

"Except  the  Lord  build  the  house,  they  labor  in  vain  that  build  it.** 

Business  and  Organization  for  the  Quadrennium 
Reports  of  the  Committee  on  Message  to  the  Churches 
Period  of  intercession 
Final  adjournment 


A   MESSAGE   TO   THE   CHURCHES   OF   AMERICA 


To  all  who  love  and  would  follow  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ: 

In  the  midst  of  world-wide  unrest  and  uncertainty,  we,  the 
members  of  the  Fourth  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  face  the  future 
with  confidence  and  hope.  Wherever  we  look,  in  our  own 
country  or  in  foreign  lands,  we  find  tasks  which  challenge 
and  opportunities  which  inspire.  The  time  calls  the  churches 
to  resolute  and  united  advance. 

There  is  a  message  of  faith  and  hope  and  brotherhood 
which  must  be  brought  to  a  despondent  and  disheartened 
world. 

There  are  starving  peoples  to  be  fed.  In  China,  in  the 
Near  East,  in  the  countries  lately  devastated  by  war,  men, 
women  and  little  children  are  crying  to  us  for  help. 

In  our  own  country  there  are  wrongs  to  be  righted  and 
injustices  to  be  removed  in  order  that  there  may  be  a  more 
abundant  life  for  all. 

Millions  are  struggling  for  better  economic  and  industrial 
conditions  which  will  enable  them  to  realize  their  full  per- 
sonality as  sons  of  the  Most  High  God.  These  desires  we 
must  help  them  to  fulfil. 

There  are  problems  involved  in  the  relation  of  the  races 
in  our  country  and  in  other  lands  which  can  only  be  met 
by  the  methods  of  cooperation  and  conference  which  befit 
the  children  of  a  common  Father. 

There  is  a  reconciling  word  to  be  spoken  to  the  peoples 
with  whom  we  have  lately  been  at  war  and  with  whom  we 
hope  soon  to  be  associated  in  the  constructive  tasks  of  peace. 

Perplexing  questions  are  at  issue  between  our  own  coun- 
try and  our  neighbors  in  Mexico  and  in  Japan  that  need 
for  their  solution  the  spirit  of  mutual  understanding  and 
sympathy  which  Christianity  inspires. 

There  are  aspirations  after  international  justice  and  good- 
will which  must  be  realized  in  an  association  of  the  nations 
for  mutual  helpfulness  and  world  service. 

There  is  a  world-wide  ministry  to  be  rendered  to  men  of 
every  nation  and  every  race — a  unity  of  the  spirit  to  be 
achieved  which  shall  make  possible  all  the  lesser  unities 
that  we  seek. 

To  these  tasks  we  would  consecrate  ourselves  anew,  to  this 
ministry  we  would  invite  men  of  goodwill  everywhere. 

310 


A    MESSAGE   TO    THE    CHURCHES   OF    AMERICA  311 

We  are  not  blind  to  the  difficulties  which  confront  us.  The 
mood  of  high  resolve  in  which  less  than  four  short  years  ago 
we  entered  the  war,  the  thrill  of  relief  with  which  at  the  news 
of  the  armistice  we  welcomed  the  coming  of  peace  have  alike 
given  place  to  a  more  sober  and  chastened  spirit.  Everywhere 
we  find  men  conscious  of  aspirations  still  unfulfilled,  longing 
for  freedom,  for  comradeship,  for  the  chance  to  be  their  own 
best  selves  without  injuring  or  slighting  their  fellowmen, 
seeking  for  some  solvent  of  the  social  evils  of  our  time  which 
science  and  statesmanship  alike  seem  impotent  to  give.  In 
church  as  in  state  we  have  seen  great  hopes,  confidently  en- 
tertained, fail  of  fruition  because  of  the  inadequacy  of  men. 
We  realize  as  we  have  not  realized  before  how  stupendous 
are  our  tasks,  how  mighty  the  forces  with  which  we  must 
contend.  But  great  as  the  difficulties  which  confront  us,  our 
grounds  for  confidence  are  greater  still. 

For  it  is  as  messengers  of  good  news  that  we  are  met — 
witnesses  to  the  eternal  God  who  has  revealed  Himself  to  us 
in  righteousness  and  love  in  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  who 
summons  men  and  women  everywhere  to  allegiance  to  His 
cause  and  membership  in  His  Kingdom.  With  all  the  convic- 
tion at  our  command  we  would  proclaim  our  faith  that  in  the 
Gospel  of  Christ  God  has  given  us  a  message  and  a  program 
adequate  to  the  world's  colossal  need.  The  very  darkness  and 
despair  of  our  time,  the  hopelessness  of  the  substitutes  by 
which  it  is  proposed  to  replace  the  Gospel,  confirm  our  assur- 
ance of  men's  need  of  Christ,  and  reinforce  our  appeal  for 
whole-hearted  enlistment  in  His  service. 

What,  then,  has  God  been  teaching  us  in  these  years  of 
testing  concerning  His  will  for  men?  This  first,  that  there 
can  be  no  substitute  for  personal  religion.  We  must  begin 
where  our  Master  began  with  His  message  to  the  individual 
— "Repent,  believe,  follow." 

First  of  all,  then,  we  would  set  our  own  hearts  right  with 
God.  Unless  our  motives  be  single,  and  our  surrender  un- 
reserved, God  Himself  cannot  do  through  us  what  He  desires. 
In  all  humility,  therefore,  we  would  confess  before  Him  our 
sins,  praying  Him  to  purge  us  of  our  pride  and  self-compla- 
cency and  by  His  Spirit  to  create  in  us  that  mind  of  Christ 
which  shall  fit  us  to  minister  in  His  name  to  a  world  in  need. 

Next  we  would  thank  God  for  the  new  demonstration  which 
the  war  has  brought  of  the  unshakable  foundation  upon  which 
our  faith  is  laid;  for  the  clear  revelation  of  the  central  place 
which  religion  holds  in  the  life  of  men;  for  the  confirmation 
of  Christ's  teaching  concerning  the  unity  of  mankind  and  our 
membership  in  one  another ;  for  the  sharpening  of  the  contrast 
between  the  way  of  self  and  the  way  of  the  cross;  for  the 
extent  to  which  already  in  our  standards,  both  personal  and 


312         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF    THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

social,  we  judge  success  or  failure  by  the  ideals  of  Christ. 
With  special  gratitude  would  we  recognize  the  increasing  ex- 
perience of  cooperation  among  the  churches  which  the  war  has 
brought,  our  growing  confidence  in  one  another,  our  resolute 
purpose,  God  helping  us,  to  carry  to  completion  the  work 
which  in  His  name  we  have  begun. 

What  is  this  work  to  which  our  Master  summons  us  ?  It  is 
to  help  men  everywhere  to  realize  the  kind  of  life  that  befits 
free  personalities  who  accept  the  standards  of  Jesus  Christ. 
We  must  show  men  not  by  word  only,  but  by  deed,  what 
Christian  discipleship  means  for  men  living  in  such  a  world 
and  facing  such  conditions  as  confront  us  today — what  it 
means  for  the  family,  what  it  means  for  industry,  what  it 
means  for  the  relation  of  race  to  race  and  of  nation  to  nation. 

We  must  show  them  what  it  means  for  the  family.  In  the 
home  God  has  given  us  in  miniature  a  picture  of  what  He 
means  His  world  to  be — a  society  in  which  the  welfare  of 
each  is  the  concern  of  all  and  he  is  greatest  who  serves  most. 
The  home  is  the  nursery  of  religion  and  where  family  life  is 
neglected,  the  family  altar  forgotten,  the  sanctity  of  marriage 
questioned,  the  opportunity  lost  which  the  Lord's  day  affords 
for  rest,  fellowship  and  spiritual  nurture,  and  pleasure  sub- 
stituted for  duty  as  the  law  of  life,  there  can  be  small  hope 
of  producing  men  and  women  who  will  be  Christian  in  their 
business  and  their  civic  life. 

We  must  show  men  what  Christian  discipleship  means  for 
industry.  Whether  it  be  manufacturing  or  commerce,  farming 
or  finance,  all  forms  of  business  are  primarily  concerned  with 
human  personalities,  in  whom  Christ's  church  has  a  rightful 
interest,  and  need  for  their  true  success  the  mutual  confidence 
and  helpfulness  His  Spirit  inspires.  We  have  recognized  this 
in  principle  in  the  "Social  Creed  of  the  Churches."  The  time 
has  come  to  prove  our  faith  by  our  works.  We  must  make 
human  welfare  our  test  of  business  success  and  judge  the 
machinery  of  industry  by  what  it  does  for  those  who  use  it. 
We  must  grant  to  thoese  who  labor  the  same  freedom  of  asso- 
ciation and  representation  which  those  who  own  capital  claim 
for  themselves  and  require  of  both  alike  that  they  use  this 
right  of  association,  freely  granted,  for  the  interest  of  all  those 
whose  welfare  is  dependent  upon  the  product  of  their  work. 

We  must  show  what  discipleship  means  for  the  relation 
between  men  of  different  races.  Deeper  than  all  differences 
of  color  is  our  kinship  of  spirit  in  the  family  of  God.  This 
kinship  requires  mutual  respect  and  the  free  expression  of 
the  aspirations  of  personality,  and  should  lead  to  the  persis- 
tent endeavor  on  the  part  of  all  to  secure  justice  and  fair 
dealing  in  all  human  relationships  and  to  safeguard  the  rights 
of  all  peoples  to  their  share  of  our  common  heritage  of  Chris- 
tian democracy. 


A   MESSAGE   TO   THE   CHURCHES   OF   AMERICA  313 

We  must  show  what  discipleship  means  for  our  interna- 
tional relations.  With  all  the  power  we  can  command  we  must 
protest  against  the  claim  that  the  nation  is  exempt  from  the 
obligation  of  the  moral  law  which  controls  the  life  of  the  indi- 
vidual. We  bear  our  witness  that  God  requires  of  the  nation 
as  of  the  individual  to  do  justly  and  to  love  mercy,  and  that 
the  nation  which  violates  that  law  in  its  dealings  with  other 
nations  He  will  hold  to  account.  Of  the  nation  as  of  the  in- 
dividual it  is  true  that  the  way  of  love  and  trust  is  the  way 
of  salvation,  and  that  he  that  would  be  greatest  must  be  servant 
of  all.  We  welcome,  therefore,  the  development  of  a  League 
of  Nations  which  shall  be  in  truth  an  association  of  free 
peoples  for  the  achieving  of  world  peace,  for  mutual  disarma- 
ment, and  for  constructive  service,  and  we  call  upon  our  own 
nation  to  join  with  other  nations  in  moving  along  this  new 
pathway  of  hope. 

Above  all,  we  must  show  what  Christian  discipleship  means 
for  the  individual  human  life.  Home  and  business  and  nation 
and  race  will  be  what  the  men  and  women  who  compose  them 
make  them.  Most  important,  therefore,  of  all  the  responsi- 
bilities that  rest  upon  the  church  today  is  it  to  educate  men 
and  women  and  children  in  the  meaning  of  the  Gospel  and  its 
consequences  for  the  life  of  the  individual  and  of  society. 
Through  our  churches  and  Sunday  schools,  in  our  schools  and 
colleges,  by  the  printed  and  spoken  word,  by  all  the  avenues 
through  which  mind  touches  mind,  we  must  bring  our  Chris- 
tian message  home  with  convincing  power. 

But  that  our  witness  may  be  eflfective,  our  conduct  must 
match  our  profession.  A  self -centered  church  cannot  rebuke 
the  selfishness  of  business.  A  self-complacent  church  is  help- 
less before  the  arrogance  of  race.  A  church  which  is  itself 
the  scene  of  competition  and  strife  is  impotent  in  face  of  the 
rivalries  of  the  nations.  When  men  see  Christians  forgetting 
their  differences  in  common  service,  then  and  not  till  then 
will  they  believe  in  Christ's  power  to  break  down  the  barriers 
between  classes  and  between  races. 

We  welcome,  therefore,  the  voice  that  comes  to  us  across 
the  sea  from  our  fellow  Christians  in  Lambeth,  joining  with 
us  in  calling  the  churches  to  more  complete  unity.  We  recip- 
rocate the  spirit  of  their  most  Christian  utterance.  We  believe 
with  them  that  we  are  already  one  in  Christ  and  are  persuaded 
that  the  way  to  manifest  the  spiritual  unity  which  we  now 
possess,  and  to  make  possible  its  increase  in  ever  enlarging 
measure,  is  for  all  those  who  love  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus 
Christ  to  join  in  discharging  the  common  duties  whose  obliga- 
tion all  alike  recognize. 

In  this  hour  fraught  with  the  possibilities  of  healing  or  of 
disaster,  one  thing  only  can  save  the  nations  and  that  is  a  will 


314         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

to  united  service,  born  of  faith  in  the  triumph  of  the  good. 
To  this  faith  we  summon  all  men  in  the  name  of  Him  who  died 
that  we  might  live  and  who  is  able  by  His  spirit  to  bring  out 
of  the  failure  and  disappointment  of  the  present  a  far  more 
abundant  and  satisfying  life.  In  this  faith  we  would  rededi- 
cate  ourselves  to  the  service  of  the  living  God,  whose  Kingdom 
is  righteousness  and  peace  and  joy. 

The  Federal  Council 
OF   the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America, 
105  East  22d  Street,  New  York. 

Fourth  Quadrennial  Meeting 
Boston,  December  6,  1920. 


A  MESSAGE    TO    OUR    SISTER    CHURCHES 
IN    EUROPE 

To  Our  Sister  Churches  in  Europe: 

The  representatives  of  thirty  Protestant  denominations, 
assembled  at  Boston,  December  1  to  6,  in  the  Fourth  Quad- 
rennial Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Qiurches  of 
Christ  in  America,  extend  to  you  their  warmest  greetings. 
Deeply  conscious  of  the  heavy  burdens  that  you  have  had  to 
bear  during  the  last  few  years, — so  much  more  overwhelming 
than  any  we  ourselves  have  had  to  face, — we  desire  first  of  all 
to  express  our  heartfelt  sympathy,  and  to  pledge  to  you  our 
friendly  cooperation  in  our  common  tasks.  Bound  to  you  by 
loyalty  to  one  Lord,  we  rejoice  in  the  ties  that  unite  us  in  one 
Church  of  Christ,  and  look  forward  to  an  increasing  fellow- 
ship. 

The  world  is  very  weary,  discouraged,  and  confused.  Yet 
everywhere  the  great  body  of  men  are  striving  after  a  greater 
unity  than  has  yet  been  attained,  and  longing  for  the  day  when 
mutual  service  and  good-will  shall  be  the  rule  of  life.  In  such 
a  time,  how  great  is  the  summons  to  the  Christian  Church, 
to  which  has  been  committed  the  Gospel  that  is  the  one  hope 
of  the  world.  We  shall  pray  for  you,  and  will  you  not  pray 
for  us  that  we  and  our  nation  may  not  fail  in  our  duty? 

Let  us  together  re-dedicate  ourselves  to  our  common  Lord, 
and  join  in  calling  other  men  to  His  discipleship.  Behind  our 
many  urgent  tasks  may  we  clearly  discern  the  one  supreme 
task  of  winning  all  men  to  personal  allegiance  to  Jesus  Christ 
and  to  whole-hearted  membership  in  His  Kingdom. 

Let  us  together  give  ourselves  to  making  the  Gospel  of 
Christ  prevail,  not  only  in  our  personal  lives,  but  in  every 
aspect  of  society.  We  realize  how  sadly  we  have  failed  here 
and  how  earnestly  we  must  insist  that  His  principles  of 
righteousness,  of  service,  and  of  love  shall  be  brought  into 
control  of  all  our  industrial,  economic,  political  and  social  life. 

Let  us  together  seek  with  greater  devotion  to  bring  to  man- 
kind a  message  of  faith  in  the  possibility  of  a  better  world. 
Knowing  ourselves  to  be  co-workers  with  the  eternal  pur- 
poses of  God,  we  have  unshakable  grounds  for  hope  which  we 
must  share  with  our  fellow-men. 

Let  us  together  bend  all  our  energies  to  the  achieving  of 
such  a  fellowship  among  the  nations  that  they  shall  be  bound 
to  one  another  by  that  mutual  appreciation  and  mutual  service 
which  alone  can  make  possible  permanent  peace.  Who  else 
should  be  so  dedicated  to  international  justice  and  good- will 
as  those  who  are  followers  of  Him  who  has  revealed  to  us  the 
way  of  love  as  the  will  of  God  for  the  world? 

315 


316         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Let  US  together  proclaim  with  new  power  the  ideal  of  human 
brotherhood,  having  one  God  who  is  the  Father  of  us  all,  one 
Christ  who  is  the  Master  of  us  all,  one  Spirit  who  inspires  us 
all.  Let  us  manifest  among  ourselves  a  unity  in  truth  and 
justice  and  love  transcending  any  barriers  of  nation,  race  or 
class,  so  that  in  our  own  corporate  life  as  a  Church  we  shall 
bear  witness  to  the  reality  of  the  ideal  that  we  proclaim. 

These  great  opportunities  we  can  adequately  meet,  and  these 
high  responsibilities  we  can  worthily  discharge  only  as  we  do 
so  together.  May  God  guide  us  into  such  a  unity  of  spirit, 
purpose  and  consecration  to  His  cause  that  His  Kingdom  may 
come  and  His  will  be  done  upon  the  earth. 
Faithfully  your  brothers  in  Christ, 
Robert  E.  Speer, 

President. 
Charles  S.  Macfarland, 

General  Secretary. 


JOINT    MEETING    OF    THE    EXECUTIVE    AND 
ADMINISTRATIVE    COMMITTEES 


(December  1,  1920) 


A  joint  meeting  of  the  Executive  and  Administrative  Com- 
mittees of  the  Federal  Council  was  held  at  Ford  Hall,  Boston, 
Wednesday  morning,  December  1,  at  10  o'clock. 

Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, presided. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson. 

The  following  recorded  themselves  present :  Prof.  William 
H.  Allison,  Rev.  A.  W.  Anthony,  Rev.  J.  Baltzer,  Mrs.  F.  S. 
Bennett,  Rev.  A.  J.  C.  Bond,  Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton,  Bishop 
S.  C.  Breyfogel,  Rev.  William  Adams  Brown,  Rev.  Henry  J. 
Callis,  Rev.  F.  G.  Coffin,  E.  T.  Colton,  Rev.  A.  E.  Cory,  Rev. 
W.  Stuart  Cramer,  Rev.  J.  M.  G.  Darms,  Rev.  Boothe  C. 
Davis,  Rev.  Lyman  E.  Davis,  Rev.  E.  D.  Eaton,  Rev.  Percy 
T.  Edrop,  Robert  H.  Gardiner,  John  M.  Glenn,  Rev.  Howard 

B.  Grose,  Rev.  William  I.  Haven,  Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix,  Rev. 
H,  W.  Holloway,  Rev.  E.  Humphries,  Rev.  R.  A.  Hutchison, 
Rev.  John  Q.  Johnson,  Bishop  J.  H.  Jones,  Robert  L.  Kelly, 
Alfred  R.  Kimball,  Norton  M.  Little,  Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord, 
Rev.  Arthur  E.  Main,  Rev.  James  Edy  Mason,  Rev.  Rufus 
W.  Miller,  Rev.  F.  M.  North,  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  Rev.  George 
Reynolds,  Rev.  C.  F.  Rice,  Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaeffer,  Bishop 

C.  L.  Smith,  Rev.  Martyn  Summerbell,  C.  E.  Tebbetts,  Fennell 
P.  Turner,  Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Rev.  John  W.  Whisler,  and 
the  following  secretaries:  Rev.  S.  M.  Cavert,  Rev.  Charles 
L.  Goodell,  Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild,  Rev.  S.  L.  Gulick,  Rev.  F. 
Ernest  Johnson,  Rev.  C.  S.  Macfarland,  Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy. 

The  General  Secretary  presented  the  report  of  the  Executive 
Committee  to  the  Quadrennial  Meeting. 
VOTED:    That  the  report  be  approved. 
The  General  Secretary  presented  the  report  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  as  follows: 

Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  held  Wednesday  morning,  De- 
cember 1,  at  9:30  o'clock. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  Vice- 
President. 

The  Treasurer  reported  that  the  legacy  of  Henry  M.  Hervey, 
amounting  to  $7,663.35,  had  been  paid  and  added  to  the  permanent 
fund  as  ordered. 

The  following  were  elected  to  succeed  themselves  for  a  period  of 
three  years :  W.  F.  McDowell,  Rufus  W.  Miller,  John  R.  Mott,  E.  E. 
Olcott,  J.  R.  Hawkins,  Gifford  Pinchot. 

Norton  M.  Little  was  elected  to  serve  for  three  years  in  place  of 
Hubert  C.  Herring,  deceased. 

J.  Ross  Stevenson  was  elected  to  serve  one  year  in  place  of  William 
H.  Roberts,  deceased. 

317 


318         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Charles  E.  Hughes  was  elected  to  serve  two  years  in  place  of 
Henry  Kirk  Porter,  resigned. 

The  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year:  Dr. 
Robert  E.  Speer,  President;  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  Vice-Presi- 
dent; Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  General  Secretary  and  Record- 
ing Secretary;  Alfred  R.  Kimball,  Treasurer. 

VOTED :  That  these  items  be  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

VOTED:  That  the  report  of  the   Board   of   Trustees  be 

approved  and  referred  to  the  Council. 

The  following  action  taken  by  the  Committee  of  Reference 

and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 

America  was  presented  by  Mr.  Turner : 

VOTED:  That  the  executive  officers  of  the  Committee  of  Refer- 
ence and  Counsel  be  instructed  to  request  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches,  through  its  executive  officers,  to  join  with  the  Committee 
of  Reference  and  Counsel  in  organizing  a  committee  for  the  purpose 
of  making  a  nation-wide  appeal  on  behalf  of  the  China  famine  suf- 
ferers and  in  transmitting  to  China  funds  received  for  this  purpose. 

VOTED:  That  the  resolution  be  referred,  with  approval, 
to  the  Administrative  Committee  for  further  action. 

The  records  of  the  Administrative  Committee  were  pre- 
sented. 

VOTED:    That  the  records  be  approved. 

The  action  of  the  Administrative  Committee,  recommending 
the  merging  of  the  former  committees  on  cooperative  work  into 
a  single  committee  to  be  known  as  the  Committee  on  Methods 
of  Cooperation,  was  presented. 

VOTED :  To  approve  the  action  constituting  the  Committee 
on  Methods  of  Cooperation. 

Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose  reported  for  the  Nominating  Com- 
mittee, appointed  by  the  Administrative  Committee,  the  fol- 
lowing nominations  for  officers  of  the  Council: 

President  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer 

Recording  Secretary Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord 

Treasurer  Alfred  R.  Kimball 

VOTED :  That  the  nominations  be  approved  and  submitted 
to  the  Council. 

A  session  of  prayer  followed  in  behalf  of  the  officers 
nominated,  participated  in  by  the  following:  Rev.  Frank 
Mason  North,  Rev.  William  Adams  Brown,  Bishop  E.  R.  Hen- 
drix,  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Rev.  John  W.  Whisler, 
Alfred  R.  Kimball,  John  R.  Hawkins,  Rev.  James  I.  Vance. 

Dr.  Grose  presented  the  report  of  the  Program  Committee, 
with  a  revised  form  of  printed  handbook  containing  the  pro- 
posed program  for  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Council. 

VOTED :  That  the  Report  of  the  Program  Committee  be 
adopted,  with  the  recommendation  to  the  Council  that  this 
Committee  be  continued  throughout  the  session  of  the  Council, 
with  power  to  add  to  its  number  if  required. 


RECORDS   OF   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE  319 

VOTED :  That  the  Council  be  requested  to  appoint  a  spe- 
cial Committee  on  Message. 

VOTED:  To  recommend  that  the  Committee  on  Message 
be  authorized  to  report  from  time  to  time  such  matters  as  may- 
need  the  attention  of  the  Council. 

VOTED :  To  recommend  to  the  Council  that  the  Rules  of 
Order  used  at  the  previous  sessions  of  the  Council  be  adopted. 

The  General  Secretary  presented  a  statement  relative  to 
anti-Jewish  propaganda. 

VOTED :  That  the  statement  relative  to  anti-Jewish  propa- 
ganda be  referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee,  with 
power. 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  pre- 
sented a  section  of  its  report  through  its  Executive  Secretary, 
Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy. 

After  discussion,  it  was 

VOTED :  That  this  section  of  the  report  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  be  referred  to  the  Ad- 
ministrative Committee,  with  power. 

VOTED:  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Social  Service  be  authorized  to  add  the  statement 
to  the  report  of  the  Commission  and  present  it  to  the  Council. 

VOTED :  That  Secretaries  Guild  and  Cavert  be  associated 
with  the  Recording  Secretary  in  making  up  the  roll  of  dele- 
gates. 

VOTED:  That  the  Recording  Secretary  be  authorized  to 
appoint  assistant  recording  secretaries  for  the  Council. 

The  Commission  on  Christian  Education  presented  a  request 
that  the  Executive  Committee  approve  an  invitation  to  the 
Board  of  Managers  of  the  Missionary  Education  Movement 
to  a  conference. 

VOTED:  That  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Missionary 
Education  Movement  be  invited  to  the  conference  proposed 
by  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education. 

VOTED :    To  adjourn,  subject  to  the  call  of  the  Chairman. 

(Signed)  Rivington  D.  Lord, 

Recording  Secretary. 


MINUTES    OF    THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL 
MEETING 

of  the 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 

Boston,  Massachusetts 

December  1-6,  1920* 


Wednesday  Afternoon,  December  1,  at  2:30  o'clock 


The  Fourth  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council 
of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  was  called  to  order  in 
Ford  Hall,  Boston,  Mass.,  on  Wednesday,  December  1,  at 
2 :30  P.M.,  by  the  President,  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North. 

The  devotional  service  was  conducted  by  the  President. 
Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix  read  the  Scripture  Lesson  and  prayer 
was  offered  by  Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton. 

The  Recording  Secretary  called  the  roll. 

The  following  constituent  bodies  were  represented: 

Baptist  Churches,  North 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Free  Baptist  Churches 

Christian  Church 

Churches  of  God  in  North  America  (General  Eldership) 

Congregational  Churches 

Disciples  of  Christ 

Society  of  Friends 

Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America 

Evangelical  Association 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Moravian  Church 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Primitive  Methodist  Church 

Commission  on  Christian  Unity  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Church 

United  Brethren 

United  Evangelical  Church 

United  Presbyterian  Church 


*  In  the  record  of  the  meeting,  as  here  presented,  limits  of  space  have  neces- 
sitated the  omission  of  some  formal  communications  presented  to  the  Council,  but 
the   fact  that   the   communication   was   received   is   indicated   in   each   case. 

320 


MINUTES   OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       321 

The  following  affiliated,  cooperating  and  consultative  bodies 
were  represented: 

Home  Missions  Council 

Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 

Federation  of  Woman's   Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  of   North 

America 
Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 
Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations. 


American  Bible  Society- 
International  Committee  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
National  Board  of  the  Y.  W.  C  A. 


Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions 

Conference  of  North  America 
Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America 
The  following  bodies  were  represented  by  friendly  visitors : 
United  Lutheran  Church 
Student  Volunteer  Movement 
Missionary  Education  Movement 
The  Executive  Committee  presented  the  following  reports : 
First:  The  Annual  Reports  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  as  re- 
corded in  the  annual  records  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  the 
latest  report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 
Second  :  The  report  of  the  Nominating  Committee. 
Third  :  The  Program  as  prepared  by  the  Executive  Committee 
with  the  recommendation  that  the  Committee  on  Program  be  con- 
tinued through  the  sessions  of  this  Council,  with  power  to  add  to 
its  number. 

VOTED:  That  these  reports  of  the  Executive  Committee 
be  adopted. 

VOTED:  That  the  following  recommendations  of  the 
Executive  Committee  be  adopted : 

1.  That  a  Committee  on  Message  be  appointed  and  authorized 
to  report  from  time  to  time  such  matters  as  may  need  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Council. 

2.  That  the  Rules  of  Order  used  at  the  previous  sessions  of  the 
Council  be  adopted  as  the  rules  of  order  for  this  Quadrennial 
Meeting. 

3.  That  the  Recording  Secretary  be  authorized  to  appoint  assist- 
ant recording  secretaries. 

4.  That  Secretaries  Guild  and  Cavert  be  associated  with  the 
Recording  Secretary  in  making  up  the  Roll  of  Delegates. 

The  General  Secretary  presented  to  the  Council  Martin  L. 
Gate,  Chairman  of  the  Local  Committee  on  Entertainment, 
who  extended  a  welcome  to  the  Council. 

The  General  Secretary  introduced  Rev.  E.  Tallmadge  Root, 
Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Federation  of  Churches,  who 
welcomed  the  Council  and  gave  detailed  information  regard- 
ing the  arrangements  for  the  Meeting. 

VOTED:  That  the  President  appoint  the  Committees  on 
Business  and  Message. 


322         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

A  message  from  Rev.  Elias  B.  Sanford,  Honorary  Secretary 
of  the  Council,  was  read  by  President  North. 

VOTED:  That  the  message  be  received  and  that  the 
President  and  General  Secretary  be  requested  to  make  a 
suitable  reply. 

The  following  telegram  was  sent  to  Dr.  Sanford: 

Federal  Council  in  Quadrennial  Session  assembled,  Boston,  De- 
cember first,  received  message  of  its  Honorary  Secretary  with 
deep  gratitude.  Recalling  many  years  of  your  faithful,  creative 
and  effective  service,  we  rejoice  with  you  that  others  may  now 
reap  from  your  sowing.  The  Council  instructed  us  to  reply  to 
your  message  conveying  its  affection,  its  sympathy  and  its  deep 
appreciation. 

President  North  read  the  following  message  from  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States: 

The  White  House 

Washington  18  November,   1920 

My  dear  Doctor  Macfarland : 

I  wish  most  unaffectedly  that  there  was  some  likelihood  of  my 
being  able  to  attend  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  which  is  being  planned 
to  be  held  in  Ford  Hall,  Boston,  in  December,  and  I  am  sure  you 
will  understand  that  it  will  not  be.  I  hope  that  you  will  convey 
to  the  Meeting  in  my  name  the  most  cordial  greeting  and  an  ex- 
pression of  the  most  confident  hope  that  the  work  of  the  Council 
will  result  in  the  best  things  for  the  churches,  for  the  nation  and 
for  the  world. 

Cordially  and  sincerely  yours, 

(Signed)     Woodrow  Wilson. 

VOTED:  That  the  Council  rise  in  receiving  the  message 
and  that  the  President  and  the  General  Secretary  make  a 
suitable  reply  to  this  communication. 

The  General  Secretary  introduced  the  representatives  of 
the  churches  of  other  lands. 

Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gullick  explained  the  absence,  owing  to  ill- 
ness, of  the  appointed  representative  from  China.  It  was  also 
announced  that  the  representatives  from  the  French  Protes- 
tant Federation  had  not  yet  arrived,  but  a  message  from  the 
Federation,  signed  by  J.  Gruner,  President,  expressing  grati- 
tude to  the  Federal  Council,  was  read  by  Rev.  Nehemiah 
Boynton,  Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with 
Religious  Bodies  in  Europe. 

The  churches  of  Great  Britain  were  represented  by  Rev. 
R.  C.  Gillie,  who  read  a  message  of  greeting  from  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches  of  England,  be- 
speaking the  constant  cooperation  of  the  churches  of  the  two 
lands. 

At  the  close  of  Dr.  Gillie's  message.  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  on 
behalf  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains, presented  to  Rev.  R.  C.  Gillie  the  Chaplain's  Medal  for 


MINUTES   OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL    MEETING       323 

Rt.  Rev.  J.  Taylor  Smith,  Chief  Chaplain  of  the  forces  of 
Great  Britain.     Dr.  Gillie  made  a  suitable  response. 

A  message  from  the  Netherland  Pilgrim  Fathers  Commis- 
sion at  Leyden  was  presented  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Barnouw. 

A  message  was  also  received  from  Rev.  E.  A.  Burroughs, 
Canon  of  Peterboro  Cathedral  and  Chaplain  to  His  Majesty 
the  King. 

A  message  from  the  Algemeene  Synode  der  Nederlandsche 
Hervormde  Kerk,  signed  by  G.  J.  Weyland,  President,  and 
L.  W.  Bakhuizen  van  den  Briink,  Secretary,  was  received  and 
was  read  by  Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton. 

John  Pelenyi,  representative  from  the  Churches  of  Hungary, 
had  not  yet  arrived,  but  sent  a  message  which  was  read  to  the 
Council,  expressing  gratitude  for  the  service  of  the  "Friendly 
Visitors"  to  Hungary  last  summer. 

Rev.  Henry  C.  Sartorio,  representing  the  Waldensian 
Churches  of  Italy,  presented  and-  read  a  message  of  greeting. 

At  the  close  of  Mr.  Sartorio's  message.  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson, 
on  behalf  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chap- 
lains, presented  to  Mr.  Sartorio  the  Chaplain's  Medal  for 
Chaplain  Eli  Bertalot,  Chief  of  Chaplains  of  the  Italian  forces. 
Mr.  Sartorio  made  a  suitable  response. 

President  Tasuku  Harada,  the  official  representative  of  the 
churches  of  Japan,  being  unable  to  be  present,  was  repre- 
sented by  Rev.  Motoi  Kurihara,  who  read  a  message  from  the 
Federation  of  the  Christian  Churches  in  Japan. 

Professor  Moises  Saenz  of  Mexico  brought  a  message  from 
the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Mexico,  summarizing  its 
achievements. 

Bishop  John  L.  Nuelsen  of  Zurich  presented  a  message  from 
the  Evangelical  Church  Council  of  Switzerland,  signed  by  D. 
Hadorn,  President,  and  Adolph  Keller,  Secretary,  urging 
cooperation  between  the  churches  of  Switzerland  and  America. 

A  message  from  the  Lutheran  churches  of  Denmark,  over 
the  signature  of  N.  Ostenfeld,  was  read  by  Dr.  Nehemiah 
Boynton. 

The  following  message  from  the  International  Committee 
of  the  World  Alliance  was  read  by  the  General  Secretary: 

41    Parliament   Street,  London,   S.  W.   1. 
November  8,   1920. 
Dear  Dr.  Macfarland: 

As  I  hear  that  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America  is  holding  its  Quadrennial  Meeting  in  December,  I 
venture  to  offer  to  that  assembly  my  congratulations  upon  the 
great  work  that  it  has  performed  among  the  churches  and  an  ex- 
pression of  my  confident  hope  that  it  will  continue  with  ever- 
growing success  to  draw  together  those  forces  of  religious  en- 
deavor by  means  of  which  alone  we  can  solve  the  social  problems 
of  humanity. 

The  World  Alliance,  for  which  I  write,  is  seeking  to  bring  all 


324         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

nations  to  a  sense  of  their  common  brotherhood;  and  in  this  task 
of  reunion — which  is  indeed  only  the  fulfilling  of  Christ's  gospel 
— we  look  to  the  teaching  and  example  of  the  churches  to  help 
us  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

We  recognize  gratefully  that,  from  your  federation,  such  help 
has  already  come  and  we  earnestly  hope  that  the  process  of  re- 
ligious cooperation  that  you  have  inaugurated  so  successfully  in 
your  land  may  spread  into  other  countries  and  aid  our  work 
throughout  the  whole  world. 

Believe  me 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

(Signed)     W.  H.  Dickinson. 

The  following  cablegram  from  the  British  World  Alliance 
was  also  received: 

Warmest  congratulations  on  your  Meeting.  May  we  all  labor 
together  for  peace  and  cooperation. 

The  following  cablegram  from  the  Mayflower  Meeting  in 
Paris  was  also  received: 

Mayflower  Celebration  yesterday  in  Temple  Oratoire.  Speakers 
were  the  American  ambassador,  and  Puaux,  Fuzier  and  Siegfried. 

(Signed)     Goodrich. 

Rev.  Y.  Y.  Tsu,  officially  appointed  to  represent  the  Con- 
tinuation Committee  of  the  Christian  movement  in  China,  was 
prevented  from  being  present  on  account  of  the  sudden  death 
of  his  brother,  but  his  written  message  was  presented. 

Messages  were  also  received  from  the  National  Council  of 
Evangelical  Free  Churches  of  England,  signed  by  F.  B.  Meyer, 
President,  J.  S.  Lidgett,  Honorary  Secretary  and  Thomas 
Nighingale,  General  Secretary;  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
United  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  signed  by  A.  H.  Martin, 
moderator,  and  R.  R.  Simpson,  clerk ;  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
signed  by  Thomas  Markie,  moderator;  the  Comite  Beige 
d'Union  Protestant,  signed  by  Henri  Anet,  A.  Gautier,  A. 
Rey,  and  P.  Rochedieu;  Archbishop  Soderblom  of  Upsala, 
Sweden ;  the  Union  Church  of  the  Canal  Zone,  signed  by  H. 
A.  A.  Smith,  president,  and  F.  L.  Piper,  secretary;  and  the 
Interchurch  Advisory  Council  of  Canada,  commending  Rev. 
Robert  Laird  as  a  friendly  visitor. 

VOTED :  That  these  messages  be  received  and  placed  on 
record  and  that  the  General  Secretary  make  grateful  acknowl- 
edgement of  them. 

Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix  presented  messages  and  invitations, 
for  the  next  meeting  of  the  Council,  from  Frank  M.  Robinson, 
Secretary  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Clinton  L.  Oliver, 
President  of  the  Kansas  City  Advertising  Qub ;  Alonzo  B. 
Clark,  Secretary  of  the  Hotel  Keepers'  Association;  H.  R. 
Ennis,  President  of  the  Real  Estate  Board  of  Kansas  City; 


MINUTES   OF  THE   FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       325 

Raymond  B.  Gibbs,  Manager,  Kansas  City,  Kansas  Chamber 
of  Commerce ;  Hon.  James  Cowgill,  the  Mayor  of  Kansas  City, 
Missouri;  Hon.  H.  J.  Allen,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
and  Hon.  Frederick  D.  Gardiner,  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  which  were  received  and  referred  to  the  Business 
Committee. 

The  President  presented  Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Chairman  of 
the  Executive  Committe,  who  delivered  a  message  on  "The 
Opportunity  and  Obligation  Confronting  the  Church  Today." 

Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose  presented  the  following  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Nominations : 

Nomination  for  President,  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer. 

VOTED :  That  the  Recording  Secretary  cast  one  ballot  for 
Dr.  Speer  as  President. 

Dr.  North  announced  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer  as  President  of 
the  Federal  Council  for  the  ensuing  quadrennium. 

The  Council  rising. 

VOTED :  That  a  vote  of  thanks  be  tendered  to  Rev.  Frank 
Mason  North  for  his  faithful  and  untiring  services  as  President 
of  the  Council  during  the  past  quadrennium. 

Expressions  of  appreciation  of  the  services  of  Dr.  North 
were  voiced  by  Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony  and  Rev.  J. 
M.  G.  Darms. 

The  following  further  report  for  the  Committee  on  Nomina- 
tions was  received: 

For  Recording  Secretary,  Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord. 
For  Treasurer,  Alfred  R.  Kimball. 

VOTED:  That  the  General  Secretary  cast  one  ballot  for 
Rivington  D.  Lord.  Dr.  Lord  was  declared  elected  and  made 
suitable  response. 

VOTED :  That  the  Recording  Secretary  cast  one  ballot  for 
Alfred  R.  Kimball.  Mr.  Kimball  was  declared  elected  and 
made  suitable  response. 

The  Council  sang  the  hymn,  "Where  Crossed  the  Crowded 
Ways  of  Life." 

Prayer  was  offered  and  the  Benediction  pronounced  by  Rev. 
A.  G.  Lawson. 

VOTED:    That  the  meeting  adjourn. 

Wednesday  Evening,  December  1,  8:15  o'clock 

Old  South  Meeting  House 

President  Frank  Mason  North,  presiding. 
Hymn,  "How  Firm  a  Foundation." 
Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Edwin  Heyl  Delk. 
Hymn,  "Break  Thou  the  Bread  of  Life." 


326        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Welcome  to  the  city  was  extended  to  the  Council  by  Hon. 
Andrew  J.  Peters,  Mayor  of  Boston. 

The  following  letter  from  Lieutenant-Governor  Channing 
H.  Cox  was  read  by  the  Recording  Secretary : 

I  wish  it  were  possible  for  me  to  with  you  iat  one  of  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 
But  owing  to  engagements  made  long  ago,  I  cannot  do  so.  I  wish 
I  might  have  the  opportunity  of  welcoming  the  Council  to  Boston. 
I  hope  the  meetings  here  may  be  of  great  benefit  not  only  to  the 
delegates  but  to  the  general  public  which  attends. 

We  are  especially  interested  that  the  Pilgrim  traditions  are  rep- 
resented in  the  Federal  Council  and  we  desire  the  help  of  all  in 
this  year  of  anniversary  to  help  us  translate  the  noblest  traditions 
of  the  Pilgrims  into  present-day  action. 

With  deep  regret  that  I  cannot  accept  your  invitation,  and  with 
every  wish  for  a  successful  meeting  of  the  Council, 

Sincerely  yours, 

(Signed)     Channing  H.  Cox. 

Addresses  of  welcome  were  made  by  Rev.  C.  F.  Rice,  on 
behalf  of  the  Massachusetts  Federation,  and  in  behalf  of  the 
Boston  Federation  by  Rev.  E.  G.  Guthrie. 

Rev.  William  I.  Haven  made  a  fitting  response  to  the  ad- 
dresses of  welcome. 

The  President's  address  was  made  by  Rev.  Frank  Mason 
North. 

President  North  introduced  the  newly  elected  President,  Dr. 
Robert  E.  Speer,  who  made  an  address. 

Closing  prayer  was  offered  by  Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix. 

Thursday  Morning,  December  2,  9:30  o'clock 

President  Robert  E.  Speer  conducted  the  devotional  service. 
At  the  call  of  the  President,  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North  read 
the  names  of  the  following  members  of  the  Business  Com- 
mittee : 

Rev.  W.  H.  Allison  (Baptist) 

Rev.  W.  C.  Bitting  (Baptist) 

Rev.  W.  H.  Jernagin   (National  Baptist) 

Rev.  W.  W.  Staley  (Christian) 

Rev.  J.  W.  Whisler  (Churches  of  God) 

Rev.  C.  F.  Carter  (Congregational) 

Rev.  F.  W.  Burnham  (Disciples) 

Rev.  H.  O.  Pritchard  (Disciples) 

Bishop  S.  C.  Breyfogel  (Evangelical  Association) 

Rev.  R.  Niebuhr  (Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A.) 

M.  S.  Kenworthy  (Friends) 

Bishop  C  S.  Smith   (African  Methodist  Episcopal) 

Rev.  W.  Walls    (African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion) 

H.  D.  Denson  (Colored  Methodist  Episcopal) 

Rev.  J.  C.  Nate   (Methodist  Episcopal) 

Rev.  Charles  F.  Rice   (Methodist  Episcopal) 

Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.  (Methodist  Episcopal,  South) 

Dean  W.  F.  Tillett  (Methodist  Episcopal,  South) 


MINUTES   OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL    MEETING       327 

Rev.  C,  L.  Daugherty  (Methodist  Protestant) 

Rev.  E.  Humphries   (Primitive  Methodist) 

Rev.  G.  T.  Story   (Presbyterian  U.  S.)    (alternate) 

Rev.  George  Summey   (Presbyterian  U.  S.) 

Rev.  Daniel  Russell  (Presbyterian  U.  S.  A.)    (alternate) 

Rev.  Joseph  A.  Vance   (Presbyterian  U.  S.  A.) 

John  M.  Glenn   (Protestant  Episcopal) 

Rev.  Percy  T.  Edrop   (Reformed  Episcopal) 

Rev.  Oscar  Voorhees   (Reformed  in  America) 

Rev.  Rufus  W.   Miller    (Reformed  in  U.  S.) 

Rev.  A.  J.  C.  Bond  (Seventh  Day  Baptist) 

Rev.  J.  P.  Landis   (United  Brethren) 

Bishop  W.  M.  Stanford  (United  Evangelical) 

Rev.  R.  A.  Hutchinson   (United  Presbyterian) 

Mr.  John  M.  Glenn  was  indicated  as  the  convener  of  the 
Committee. 

The  President  announced  the  appointment  of  a  Committee 
on  Message  as  follows : 

Rev.  William  Adams  Brown 

Bishop  G.  W.  Clinton 

Rev.  Henry  Churchill  King 

Bishop  Francis  J.  McConnell 

Rev.  Peter  Ainslie 

Rev.  James  I.  Vance 

Very  Rev.  Henry  B.  Washburn 

Mrs.  Fred  S.  Bennett 

John  R.  Mott 

Rev.  Frank  Mason  North 

Miss  Mabel  Cratty 

Rev.  Plato  T.  Durham 

At  the  request  of  the  President,  Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Chair- 
man of  the  Executive  Committee,  introduced  the  following 
secretarial  staff  of  the  Federal  Council,  speaking  in  high  appre- 
ciation of  their  services : 

Rev.  Jasper  T.  Moses,  Secretary  of  the  Religious  Publicity 
Service ;  Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Secretary  of  the  Commission 
on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill  and  of  the  W^orld  Alli- 
ance for  International  Friendship  through  the  Churches ;  Rev. 
Edmund  de  S.  Brunner,  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Country  Life  and  Associate  Secretary  of  the 
Home  Missions  Council;  Rev.  Benjamin  S.  Winchester,  Acting 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  Christian  Education ;  Rev. 
F.  E.  Johnson,  Research  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Social  Service;  Rev.  Samuel  McCrea  Cavert, 
Secretary ;  Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  Secretary  of  the  Washington 
Committee;  Rev.  Charles  L.  Goodell,  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Evangelism;  Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  Secretary  of 
the  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient ;  Rev.  Worth  M. 
Tippy,  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service ;  Rev.  Herbert  L.  Willett,  Representative  at  Chicago ; 
Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild,  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  Inter- 
church  Federations. 


328        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Tribute  was  paid  to  the  young  women  who  assist  in  the 
work  of  the  Council. 

Rev.  James  I.  Vance,  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
presented  the  report  of  that  Committee,  and  introduced  the 
General  Secretary  with  appreciative  words.  Dr.  Macfarland 
interpreted  the  important  sections  of  the  report. 

Alfred  R.  Kimball,  Treasurer,  was  introduced  with  expres- 
sions of  gratitude,  and  presented  the  financial  report. 

VOTED :  That  both  reports  be  received  and  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

A  resolution  providing  for  the  sending  of  fraternal  greetings 
to  the  Churches  of  Germany  was  received  and  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

Bishop  William  F.  McDowell,  Chairman  of  the  Washington 
Committee,  spoke  on  the  report  of  that  Committee,  which  was 
presented  by  Secretary  E.  O.  Watson. 

The  report  of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy 
Chaplains  was  also  presented  by  Dr.  Watson. 

Colonel  John  T.  Axton,  Chief  of  Chaplains  of  the  United 
States  Army,  and  Captain  John  B.  Frazier,  Senior  Chaplain  of 
the  United  States  Navy,  were  introduced  and  addressed  the 
Council. 

VOTED:  That  the  reports  of  the  Washington  Committee 
and  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  be 
received  and  referred  to  the  Business  Committee. 

A  resolution  requesting  Bishop  McDowell  to  allow  his  ad- 
dress to  be  printed  and  distributed  was  presented. 

VOTED:  That  this  matter  be  referred  to  the  Business 
Committee. 

VOTED :  To  refer  to  the  Business  Committee  the  formu- 
lation of  some  program  of  action  in  regard  to  the  matter  of  the 
inadequacy  of  the  supply  of  chaplains  for  the  Navy. 

A  resolution  containing  a  message  regarding  the  League  of 
Nations  Council  was  presented. 

VOTED:  That  this  matter  be  referred  to  the  Business 
Committee. 

The  President  presented  to  the  Council  Pastor  Andre 
Monod,  representing  the  French  Protestant  Federation. 

The  following  cablegram  was  received  and  ordered  to  be 
placed  on  the  records: 

December  1,  1920 
Kristiania 
Federal  Council,  New  York 

Greetings,  congratulations,   friends  of  Church  Federation  over 
the  World. 

Tanberg,  Bishop 
Gleditsch,  Dean 

Churches  of  Norway 


MINUTES   OF  THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       329 

Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaeffer,  General  Secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Home  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States,  conducted  the  devotional  service. 

VOTED :    To  adjourn. 

Thursday  Afternoon,  December  2,  1920,  2:15  o'clock 

The  President  presided. 

The  Council  sang  a  hymn  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev. 
W.  Beatty  Jennings  and  Bishop  Thomas  Nicholson. 

At  2:30  the  order  of  the  day  was  called. 

James  M.  Speers,  Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Evan- 
gelism, spoke  on  the  topic,  "A  More  Effective  Proclamation  of 
The  Gospel,  the  Fundamental  Need." 

Rev.  Charles  L.  Goodell,  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on 
Evangelism,  presented  the  report  of  the  Commission. 

Dr.  Goodell  called  upon  Rev.  F.  L.  Fagley,  of  the  Congre- 
gational Commission  on  Evangelism;  Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaef- 
fer, of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States,  and  M.  L. 
Pearson,  Secretary  of  the  Detroit  Council  of  Churches,  who 
addressed  the  Council. 

Discussion  followed  by  Professor  Theodore  F.  Herman, 
Bishop  W.  M.  Stanford,  Bishop  C.  B.  Mitchell  and  Rev. 
William  I.  Haven. 

The  second  order  of  the  afternoon  was  in  charge  of  the 
Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service.  The  opening 
address  was  given  by  President  William  O.  Thompson,  of  the 
Ohio  State  University,  who  spoke  on  "The  Enlarging  Social 
Program  of  Christianity."  The  report  of  the  Commission  on 
the  Church  and  Social  Service  was  presented  by  Dr.  Tippy, 
Secretary  of  the  Commission. 

Discussion  of  the  report  was  participated  in  by  Rev.  F. 
Ernest  Johnson,  of  the  Research  Department  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  the  Church  and  Social  Service ;  Rev.  A.  E.  Holt,  of 
the  Congregational  Commission,  and  James  H.  Causey,  of 
Denver.  The  Secretary  of  the  Commission  closed  the  discus- 
sion and  called  attention  to  the  plan  of  reorganization  of  the 
Commission. 

VOTED :  To  refer  the  reports  presented  during  the  after- 
noon to  the  Business  Committee. 

After  prayer  it  was 

VOTED :    To  adjourn. 

Thursday  Evening,  December  2,  8:15  o'clock 

St.  Paul's  Cathedral 

A  public  meeting  was  held,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts and  Boston  Federations  of  Churches  and  the  American 
Mayflower  Council. 


330         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

Rt.  Rev.  Samuel  G.  Babcock  and  Rt.  Rev.  Ethelbert  Talbot 
conducted  devotional  services. 

Addresses  were  delivered  by  President  W.  H.  P.  Faunce,  of 
Brown  University,  Chairman  of  the  Commission  on  Interna- 
tional Justice  and  Goodwill,  and  by  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer, 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

Friday  Morning,  December  3,  1920,  9:30  o'clock 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

The  Council  sang  a  hymn  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev. 
Francis  E.  Clark,  President  of  the  United  Society  of  Christian 
Endeavor. 

A  communication  was  presented  in  regard  to  the  reported 
oppression  by  the  Polish  Government  of  the  Evangelical 
Churches  in  former  German  territory. 

VOTED:  That  the  matter  be  referred  to  the  Business 
Committee. 

Professor  William  Adams  Brown  presented  the  final  report 
of  the  Committee  on  The  War  and  The  Religious  Outlook. 

VOTED:  That  the  report  be  received  and  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

The  President  called  Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix  to  the  Chair 
while  he  presented  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Methods 
of  Cooperation.     (See  pages  19-28  of  this  volume.) 

VOTED:  That  the  report  be  received,  that  a  seriatim  vote 
be  taken  and  recorded  as  an  informal  expression  of  the  mind 
of  the  Council  and  that  the  whole  matter  then  be  referred 
to  the  Business  Committee. 

After  a  full  discussion  it  was 

Voted:  That  recommendations  1,  2,  3,  4  and  5  of  the  Re- 
port of  the  Committee  on  Methods  of  Cooperation  be  adopted. 

VOTED :  That  recommendation  6  be  referred  to  the  Busi- 
ness Committee  with  direction  to  frame  and  submit  to  the 
Federal  Council  such  a  Bylaw  as  shall  cover  the  matter  of 
the  appointment,  duties  and  powers  of  the  Council's  Commis- 
sions and  of  an  Administrative  Committee. 

VOTED:  That,  after  amendment,  changing  the  word 
"hope"  in  the  first  line  to  "conviction,"  and  the  word  "may" 
in  the  second  line  to  "shall,"  recommendation  7  be  adopted. 

VOTED :  To  refer  the  entire  report  with  its  recommenda- 
tions and  the  expressions  of  opinion  of  the  Council  to  the 
Business  Committee,  with  the  request  that  they  report  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment. 

Bishop  Talbot  made  a  statement  as  to  the  attitude  of  the 


MINUTES    OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL    MEETING       331 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  as  evidenced  by  its  recent  ex- 
pressions on  cooperation  and  unity. 

VOTED :  That  in  view  of  the  fact  that  this  date  is  the 
birthday  of  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North,  former  President  of 
the  Council,  the  Council  express  its  appreciation  of  his  long 
and  faithful  service  by  a  rising  vote  of  thanks. 

The  closing  devotional  services  were  conducted  by  Rev. 
Edwin  Heyl  Delk. 

The  Benediction  was  pronounced  by  Rt.  Rev.  Ethelbert 
Talbot. 

VOTED:     To  adjourn. 

Friday  Afternoon,  December  3,  1920,  2:15  o'clock 

The  Council  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten. 

Resolutions  on  Immigration,  the  League  of  Nations  and 
United  Service  for  Community  Interests  were  presented  and 
referred  to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  President  introduced  Rev.  Robert  Laird,  of  the  Inter- 
church  Council  of  Canada,  and  Mr.  John  Pelenyi,  represent- 
ing the  Protestant  Churches  of  Hungary. 

At  2:30  o'clock  the  order  of  the  day  was  called  and  the 
President  introduced  Rev.  Joseph  A.  Vance,  President  of  the 
Detroit  Council  of  Churches,  who  addressed  the  Council  on 
The  Church  and  Its  Service  to  the  Community. 

Fred  B.  Smith,  Chairman,  presented  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Interchurch  Federations. 

Mr.  Smith  introduced  Secretary  Roy  B.  Guild,  Edwin  L. 
Shuey  of  Dayton,  Rev.  L.  W.  McCreary,  Secretary  of  the 
Baltimore  Federation  of  Churches,  and  Rev.  B.  S.  Hudson 
of  Portland,  Maine,  who  spoke  on  the  subject  under  considera- 
tion. 

VOTED :  That  the  report  be  received  and  that  it  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  Council  sang  a  hymn  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Prof. 
S.  K.  Mitchell. 

The  President  introduced  President  Kenyon  L.  Butterfield, 
of  Amhurst  Agricultural  College,  who  spoke  on  "The  Church 
in  the  Rural  Community." 

The  report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Country 
Life  was  presented  by  Rev.  Edmund  deS.  Brunner,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Commission. 

Discussion  was  opened  by  Bishop  Thomas  Nicholson  and 
participated  in  by  Rev.  John  H.  Brandow,  Pres.  W.  O. 
Thompson  and  Rev.  Alva  W.  Taylor. 

VOTED:  To  refer  the  report  to  the  Business  Committee, 
with  instructions  to  consider  a  resolution  offered  by  Rev.  A.  B. 


332        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Storms  on  conserving  the  findings  of  the  surveys  of  the  Inter- 
church  World  Movement. 

Resolutions  on  Sabbath  observance,  temperance  laws  and 
the  propaganda  of  anti-Semitism  were  presented. 

VOTED:  That  these  resolutions  be  referred  to  the  Busi- 
ness Committee. 

Rev.  Harry  Owen,  representative  of  the  Union  Church  in 
the  Canal  Zone,  pronounced  the  benediction. 

The  meeting  adjourned. 

Friday  Evening,  December  3,  8  o'clock 
Trinity  Church 

A  public  meeting  was  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts and  Boston  Federations  of  Churches,  the  Federal 
Council's  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill 
and  the  American  Mayflower  Council,  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  Gailor 
and  Rev.  Alexander  Mann  conducting  the  service. 

Processional  hymn ;  sentences  and  the  Lord's  Prayer ;  Psalm 
99;  the  Lesson,  Romans  13 ;  the  Magnificat,  in  B  Flat ;  prayers 
and  hymn. 

Addresses  were  delivered  by  Rev.  R.  C.  Gillie,  President- 
elect of  the  National  Free  Church  Council  of  England,  and 
by  John  R.  Mott,  General  Secretary  of  the  International  Com- 
mittee of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

The  President  introduced  the  foreign  delegates  to  the  Ameri- 
can Mayflower  Council  and  to  the  Federal  Council,  as  follows : 

Hon.  Reddington  Fiske,  representing  the  Belgian  Government,  dele- 
gate to  the  American  Mayflower  Council. 

Rev.  Robert  Laird,  of  the  Interchurch  Advisory  Council  of  Canada, 
delegated  as  a  Friendly  Visitor  to  the  Federal  Council. 

Y.  Y.  Tsu,  representing  the  Continuation  Committee  of  China,  dele- 
gate to  the  Federal  Council. 

Pastor  Andre  Monod  and  General  Robert  Georges  Nivelle,  repre- 
senting the  French  Government  and  the  French  Protestant  Federa- 
tion, delegates  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council ;  and  representing 
the  French  Protestant  Federation,  delegates  to  the  Federal  Council. 

Colonel  Paul  Azan,  representative  of  the  French  Government,  to 
the  American  Mayflower  Council. 

Rev.  R.  C.  Gillie  and  Rev.  Alexander  Ramsay,  representing  the 
Free  Church  Council  of  Great  Britain  and  the  English  Mayflower 
Council  of  Great  Britain,  delegates  to  the  American  Mayflower  Coun- 
cil and  to  the  Federal  Council. 

Rev.  E.  A.  Burroughs,  Canon  of  Peterboro  Cathedral,  and  E. 
Harold  Spender,  representing  the  English  Mayflower  Council,  dele- 
gates to  the  American  Mayflower  Council. 

Dr.  Adrian  J.  Barnouw,  representing  the  Netherland  Pilgrim 
Fathers'  Commission,  delegate  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council 
and  to  the  Federal  Council. 

John  Pelenyi,  representing  the  Protestant  Churches  of  Hungary, 
delegate  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council  and  to  the  Federal 
Council. 

Rev.  Henry  C.  Sartorio,  representing  the  Waldensian  Churches  of 


MINUTES   OF   THE   FOURTH   QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       333 

Italy,  delegate  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council  and  to  the  Fed- 
eral Council.  . 

Professor  Moises  Saenz,  representing  the  Committee  on  Coopera- 
tion in  Mexico,  delegate  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council  and  to 
the  Federal  Council. 

Bishop  John  L.  Nuelson,  representing  the  Evangelical  Church  Coun- 
cil of  Switzerland,  delegate  to  the  American  Mayflower  Council  and 
to  the  Federal  Council. 

The  following  telegram  was  received  from  the  Chinese 
Consul  in  New  York  City : 

Sincerely  regret  that  owing  to  serious  indisposition  I  am  unable 
to  attend  public  meeting  this  evening,  but  am  with  you  in  spirit. 
May  I  not,  as  representative  of  the  Chinese  government,  convey 
to  the  meeting  its  good  will  toward  Christian  Missions  and  activi- 
ties in  China  and  its  appreciation  of  what  the  churches  in  America 
have  been  doing  for  relieving  famine  sufferers  in  North  China. 
(Signed)     I.  C.  Suez,  Chinese  Consul. 

An  address  was  made  by  General  Robert  Georges  Nivelle 
in  behalf  of  the  representatives  from  other  lands. 

General  Nivelle,  in  behalf  of  the  French  Government,  con- 
ferred the  following  expressions  of  gratitude  with  the  cus- 
tomary ceremonies,  on  behalf  of  the  French  Government,  for 
service  to  France  rendered  by  the  recipients  and  by  the  organ- 
izations represented  by  them :  Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on  International 
Justice  and  Goodwill  and  Secretary  of  the  World  Atliance 
for  International  Friendship, — Officer  of  Public  Instruction; 
Rev.  Frank  Mason  North,  President  of  the  Federal  Council, — 
Officer  of  Public  Instruction;  Rev.  Henry  Churchill  King, 
Chairman  of  the  American  Mayflower  Council, — Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor;  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Gen- 
eral Secretary  and  Commissioner  to  France  of  the  Federal 
Council, — Promoted  from  Chevalier  to  Officer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor. 

Saturday  Morning,  December  4,  9:30  o'clock 

The  Council  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 
The  Council  sang  a  hymn  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev. 
Martyn  Summerbell. 

VOTED :  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  draft 
closing  resolutions. 

The  President  appointed  Bishop  C.  B.  Mitchell,  Dean  W.  F. 
Tillett  and  Bishop  Samuel  Fallows  on  this  committee. 

Resolutions  on  compulsory  military  training  and  prayers 
for  the  President-elect  of  the  United  States  were  presented 
and  referred  to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  following  telegram  from  the  Federation  of  Churches 
of  Portland,  Oregon,  was  received: 


334         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Portland  Federation  of  Churches,  through  its  Executive 
Council,  in  session  December  two,  sends  Christian  greetings  to 
the  Federal  Council  of  Churches.  We  join  you  in  striving  for 
the  coming  of  Christ's  Kingdom  (John  17,  21-23).  Dr.  William 
Wallace  Youngson  carries  our  delegated  greetings. 

(Signed)     Ralph  McAfee, 
Executive  Secretary. 

Bishop  Cannon,  Chairman  of  the  Business  Committee,  pre- 
sented the  following  report,  which  was  considered  seriatim : 

We  approve  the  adjustment  of  relations  to  other  bodies,  both 
denominational  and  interdenominational,  which  have  been  accom- 
plished by  the  Executive  and  Administrative  Committees  in  making 
the  latter  Committee  fully  representative  of  all  of  our  constituent 
and  cooperating  bodies  as  an  effective  agent  of  administration  for 
the  Council. 

We  recommend  that  the  invitations  from  the  Governors  of  the 
States  of  Kansas  and  Missouri,  the  mayor  of  Kansas  City,  and 
various  organizations  of  Kansas  City,  to  hold  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Council  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  be  received  with  thanks  and 
referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee  with  power  to  act. 

With  reference  to  the  address  of  Bishop  William  F.  McDowell, 
Chairman  of  the  Washington  Committee,  we  recommend  that  the 
matter  of  printing  and  distributing  this  address  be  referred  to  the 
Administrative  Committee. 

We  approve  the  convening  of  a  World  Conference  on  Life  and 
Work,  as  reported  by  the  Administrative  Committee,  plans  for 
which  were  in  part  perfected  by  a  preliminary  conference  held  in 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  last  summer,  and  authorize  the  Administra- 
tive Committee,  in  consultation  with  the  constituent  bodies  and 
with  federations  and  similar  bodies  in  other  lands,  to  further  the 
proposed  conference  at  such  time  and  place  as  may  seem  suitable 
and  convenient,  and  to  render  assistance  in  arranging  for  details 
connected  therewith. 

VOTED :  That  the  recommendations  of  the  Business  Com- 
mittee be  adopted. 

At  9 :45  the  President  called  the  order  of  the  day  and  intro- 
duced Rev.  Doremus  Scudder,  who  spoke  on  "The  American 
Churches  and  the  Orient." 

The  President  presented  General  Georges  Robert  Nivelle, 
representing  the  French  Protestant  Federation  and  the  French 
Government. 

The  Council  rose  in  greeting. 

General  Nivelle  addressed  the  Council  and  the  President 
made  a  fitting  response. 

General  Nivelle  deputed  Dr.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  as 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  to  constitute  Rev.  James  H. 
Franklin  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  for  service  ren- 
dered in  France. 

The  report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 
was  presented  by  its  Chairman,  Rev.  William  L  Haven,  who 
introduced  Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  Secretary,  to  address  the 
Council  relative  to  the  report. 


MINUTES   OF  THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING      335 

VOTED:  That  the  report  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

Rev.  S.  G.  Inman  addressed  the  Council  on  our  relations 
with  Latin  America. 

Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton,  Chairman  of  the  Commission  on 
Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  addressed  the 
Council  on  "The  American  Churches  and  the  Churches  of 
Europe." 

The  President  introduced  Mr.  Herbert  Hoover  who  ad- 
dressed the  Council  on  the  "American  Churches  and  European 
Relief." 

Bishop  Cannon  presented  the  following  report  for  the  Busi- 
ness Committee : 

We  recommend  the  hearty  approval  of  the  appeal  sent  to  the 
churches  and  the  Christian  people  of  America  in  behalf  of  the 
distressed  peoples  of  Europe,  as  prepared  and  issued  by  the  Com- 
mission on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe. 

The  Business  Committee  has  had  a  conference  with  the  Com- 
mittee on  Message  and  understands  that  certain  resolutions  re- 
ferred to  the  Business  Committee  will  be  treated  by  the  Committee 
on  Message.  We  recommend  therefore  that  the  resolutions  re- 
ferred to  the  Business  Committee  and  the  League  of  Nations, 
Sabbath  observance,  sympathy  with  the  German  churches  and  the 
protest  against  anti-Semitism  be  transmitted  to  the  Committee  on 
Message. 

VOTED:  That  the  recommendations  from  the  Business 
Committee  be  approved. 

Dr.  Boynton  presented  to  the  Council  Pastor  Andre  Monod, 
who  spoke  on  conditions  in  France. 

Rev.  E.  O.  Watson  presented  to  Pastor  Monod  the  Chap- 
lain's Medal  to  be  conferred  on  General  Robert  Georges 
Nivelle,  and  also  on  Chaplain  Victor  Monod,  the  latter  rep- 
resenting the  Chaplains  of  the  French  Army  and  Navy. 

Dr.  Watson  also  announced  the  presentation  of  the  Chap- 
lain's Medal  to  Colonel  Pierre  Blommaert,  Chaplain  in  Chief 
to  the  Belgian  Army,  and  to  Colonel  William  Beattie,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Chaplains  Service  of  the  Canadian  Army. 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Secretary,  presented  the  report 
of  the  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill,  and 
introduced  Rev.  Frederick  Lynch  and  President  Henry 
Churchill  King  who  discussed  questions  raised  in  the  report. 

VOTED :  That  the  report  be  accepted  and  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

A  resolution  on  the  Armenian  situation  was  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

Rev.  F.  W.  Bible,  Secretary  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Con- 
ference, addressed  the  Council  on  the  situation  in  China. 

A  resolution  on  Famine  Relief  in  China  was  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 


336        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Rev.  James  L.  Barton  addressed  the  Council  on  the  Near 
East  Relief. 

The  President  read  the  closing  portion  of  the  twenty-fifth 
chapter  of  the  Gospel  according  to  St.  Matthew. 

Bishop  Cannon  continued  the  report  of  the  Business  Com- 
mittee relative  to  the  Report  on  Methods  of  Cooperation, 
recommending  approval  of  the  following: 

The  Council  believes  that  the  time  has  come  for  fuller  action 
on  its  part  in  the  fulfillment  of  the  purpose  of  its  establishment 
"for  the  prosecution  of  work  that  can  be  better  done  in  union  than 
in  separation."  The  Council  instructs  the  Executive  and  Admin- 
istrative Committees  to  plan  the  work  of  the  Council  in  accord- 
ance with  this  view,  ever  having  in  mind  its  duly  defined  field  of 
constitutional  action  and  taking  such  steps  as  will  maintain  the 
closest  possible  relationships  between  it  and  the  constituent  denom- 
inations. 

The  Council  authorizes  the  Executive  Committee,  as  assured 
resources  may  warrant,  to  strengthen  the  Secretarial  Staff  of  the 
Council  by  the  appointment  of  such  additional  secretaries  as  it 
may  deem  necessary  to  enable  the  Council  to  carry  forward  a 
larger  work  with  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  churches. 

Ihe  Council  requests  the  constituent  bodies  to  provide  for  the 
support  of  the  Coimcil  and  its  work  on  the  scale  of  $300,000  per 
annum  for  the  next  two  years,  and  it  asks  these  bodies  to  accept 
their  equitable  apportionment  of  this  amount,  as  may  be  suggested 
by  the  Administrative  Committee. 

The  Council  authorizes  such  a  conference  with  the  inter-board 
agencies  as  has  been  suggested,  for  the  purposes  specified,  with 
the  understanding  that  any  general  plan  of  cooperation  involving 
the  denominations  in  any  way  not  already  approved  by  them  in 
connection  with  the  Federal  Council  or  the  inter-board  bodies  must 
be  referred  to  the  denominational  courts  or  other  authorities. 

The  Council  approves  the  statement  of  the  Committee  on  Meth- 
ods of  Cooperation  with  regard  to  the  readiness  of  the  Council  to 
adjust  its  organization,  within  its  constitutional  character  and  re- 
sponsibility to  the  churches,  in  any  way  that  may  be  necessary  to 
enable  it  to  be  of  service  to  the  churches  or  to  any  of  their 
agencies. 

The  Council  refers  to  the  Executive  Committee  with  power  the 
article  numbered  eight,  of  the  By-laws,  with  regard  to  the  Com- 
missions of  the  Council,  and  authorizes  it  to  make  any  ad  interim 
changes  which  it  may  deem  wise  in  the  commission  and  committee 
organization  (including  the  Administrative  Committee)  and  to 
report  to  the  next  meeting  of  the  Council  the  appropriate  wording 
of  by-law  eight 

The  Council  expresses  the  conviction  that  out  of  the  experiences 
and  discussions  of  the  present  time  there  shall  come  the  achieve- 
ment of  a  richer  form  of  expression  of  that  "spirit  of  fellowship, 
service,  and  cooperation"  in  which  the  Federal  Council  began  and 
which  it  is  its  duty  and  its  joy  to  promote. 

The  resolutions  were  considered  seriatim. 

VOTED :  That  the  recommendations  of  the  Business  Com- 
mittee be  adopted. 

Resolutions  on  Christian  Education,  Jewish  Relief,  Unity 
of  Relief  Agencies,  and  the  Washington  Office  were  referred 
to  the  Business  Committee. 


MINUTES   OF  THE   FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING      337 

The  closing  devotional  service  was  conducted  by  Rev.  R.  A. 
Hutchison. 

The  meeting  adjourned. 

Saturday  Evening,  December  4,  8  o'clock 

The  Council  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  H.  J.  Callis. 

Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony,  General  Secretary  of  the 
Home  Missions  Council,  addressed  the  Council  on  "Coopera- 
tion in  Home  Missions." 

Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson  spoke  on  "A  Nation-wide  Pro- 
gram for  Christianizing  American  Life." 

The  Council  sang  a  hymn  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev. 
Robert  Laird  of  Canada. 

F.  P.  Turner,  Secretary  of  the  Committee  of  Reference 
and  Counsel,  addressed  the  Council  on  "Cooperation  in  Foreign 
Missions." 

Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  General  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  addressed 
the  Council  on  "The  Present  Summons  to  a  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Advance." 

Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
acting  for  General  Robert  Georges  Nivelle  and  the  French 
Government,  constituted  Rev.  James  H.  Franklin,  Secretary 
of  the  American  Baptist  Foreign  Missions  Society,  a  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  by  the  usual  ceremony. 

The  closing  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson. 

The  meeting  adjourned.  f 

Sunday  Afternoon,  December  5,  3  o'clock 

A  public  meeting  was  held  under  the  Auspices  of  the 
Massachusetts  and  Boston  Federations  of  Churches,  Presi- 
dent L.  G.  Murlin  of  Boston  University  presiding. 

Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy  spoke  on  "The  Industrial  Program 
of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service" ;  Bishop 
Francis  J.  McConnell  spoke  on  "The  Religious  Significance 
of  Collective  Bargaining" ;  and  Professor  Felix  Frankfurter 
of  Harvard  University  spoke  on  "Some  Practical  Experimen- 
tation in  Industrial  Affairs." 

Monday  Morning,   December  6,  9 :30  o'clock 

The  Council  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Bishop  G.  W.  Clinton. 

Johannes  van  Leeuwen,  of  Holland,  representing  the  Com- 
mission of  the  Netherland  Pilgrim  Fathers,  was  introduced 
and  invited  to  a  seat  in  the  Council. 


338         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

VOTED:  That  a  resolution  on  Disarmament  and  a  reso- 
lution delegating  certain  powers  to  Commissions  and  Com- 
mittees be  referred  to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  statement  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  was  presented 
by  Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony,  General  vSecretary. 

VOTED :  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

A  statement  on  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 
was  presented  by  Miss  Florence  Quinlan. 

VOTED:  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

Mrs.  H.  R.  Steele  of  the  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards 
of  Foreign  Missions  addressed  the  Council  in  behalf  of  that 
Federation. 

VOTED :  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

Miss  Mabel  Cratty,  General  Secretary  of  the  National  Board 
of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  addressed  the  Council  in  behalf  of  the 
National  Board. 

VOTED:  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

E.  T.  Colton  of  the  International  Committee  of  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  addressed  the  Council  in  behalf  of  the  Committee. 

VOTED:  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

A  statement  in  behalf  of  the  Student  Volunteer  Movement 
was  presented  by  Robert  P.  Wilder. 

VOTED :  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

The  statement  of  the  American  Bible  Society  was  presented 
by  Rev.  George  H.  Spencer. 

VOTED:  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

The  statement  of  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin 
America  was  presented  by  Rev.  S.  G.  Inman. 

VOTED:  That  the  statement  be  accepted  and  referred  to 
the  Business  Committee. 

The  General  Secretary  announced  the  serious  illness  of 
Bishop  U.  F.  Swengel  of  the  United  Evangelical  Church. 

VOTED:  That  the  General  Secretary  prepare  and  send 
a  suitable  message  of  sympathy. 

Announcement  was  made  of  the  death  on  Saturday,  De- 
cember 4,  of  Rev.  John  C.  Dancy,  Secretary  of  the  Church 
Extension  and  Home  Missions  Board  and  a  leading  layman  of 
the  African  M.  E.  Z.  Church. 


MINUTES   OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       339 

The  Council  paused  for  prayer  by  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson 
in  behalf  of  these  brethren  and  their  families. 

In  the  absence  of  the  Chairman,  Governor  Carl  E.  Milliken, 
Bishop  Cannon  reported  for  the  Commission  on  Temperance, 
presenting  several  resolutions  which  were  referred  to  the  Busi- 
ness Committee. 

Addresses  in  consideration  of  the  Report  were  made  by 
Dr.  H.  H.  Russell  and  Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller. 

VOTED :  That  the  report  be  accepted  and  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

Bishop  Canon  reported  for  the  Business  Committee  as  fol- 
lows: 

Your  Committee  has  given  as  careful  consideration  to  the  re- 
ports of  the  Executive  Committee  and  of  the  several  Commissions 
and  Committees  as  time  would  permit.  Owing  to  the  length  and 
the  character  of  these  reports,  it  is  clearly  impossible  to  examine 
in  detail  or  to  make  any  analysis  of  the  body  of  the  reports.  Your 
Committee  desires,  however,  to  express  its  very  high  appreciation 
of  the  labors  of  these  several  Committees  and  Commissions  and 
of  the  great  value  of  these  reports.  We  have  considered  and  re- 
ported on  all  specific  recommendations  contained  in  the  reports 
which  required  action  and  have  recommended  concerning  the  body 
of  the  reports  that  they  be  accepted  and  made  a  part  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Council. 

We  recommend  that  the  ad  interim  actions  of  the  Executive 
Committee  which  are  presented  for  the  approval  of  the  Council  be 
and  are  hereby  approved  and  that  the  rest  of  the  report  be  ap- 
proved and  made  a  part  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Council. 

We  recommend  that  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Evangelism 
be  accepted  and  made  part  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Council  and 
we  approve  and  commend  the  activity  and  constructive  work  of 
this  Commission  in  the  two  years  of  its  present  form  and  the 
stress  which  is  placed  upon  Evangelism  as  the  supreme  function 
of  the  church. 

We  recommend  that  the  Report  of  the  Commissions  on  the 
Church  and  Social  Service  and  the  Church  and  Country  Life  be 
received  and  made  a  part  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Council. 

We  recommend  the  following  regarding  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook,  entitled  "The 
Church  Facing  the  Future": 

This  report  is  heard  with  profound  interest  both  as  to  form 
and  content.  We  commend  to  the  careful  attention  of  our 
constituent  bodies  this  report  and  the  pamphlets  and  volumes 
prepared  in  connection  with  it,  especially  the  volume,  "Chris- 
tian Unity:  Its  Principles  and  Possibilities." 

We  recommend  that  the  resolution  relating  to  compulsory  mili- 
tary training  and  statements  relating  to  persecution  of  Jews  in 
Europe  be  transmitted  to  the  Committee  on  Message. 

With  reference  to  a  message  of  goodwill  to  the  President-elect 
of  the  United  States,  we  recommend  that  this  be  referred  to  the 
Administrative  Committee. 

In  regard  to  the  coordinating  and  correlating  of  very  important 
appeals  of  the  European  Relief  Council,  the  Near  E^st  Relief  and 
the  China  Famine  Committee,  as  suggested  by  members  of  the 
Council,  we  recommend  the  following: 

That  these  three  relief  agencies  be  requested  to  confer  respect- 


340        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

ing  the  desirability  and  possibility  of  combining  their  appeals  or 
in  some  way  consolidating  their  most  worthy  efforts,  and  we  re- 
quest the  Administrative  Committee  to  facilitate  this  conference. 
We  recommend  the  following: 

RESOLVED:  That  the  great  need  in  China  constitutes  an 
obligation  on  all  Christian  churches.  The  Council  most  strongly 
urges  all  people  to  respond  generously  to  what  must  be  a  nation- 
wide appeal  in  order  to  secure  the  relief  so  greatly  needed,  and 
to  this  end  the  Council  gladly  approves  the  action  of  the  Admini- 
strative Committee  in  joining  with  the  Committee  of  Reference 
and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  to  take  steps  to 
secure  the  organization  of  a  Committee  on  Famine  Relief  in  China. 

With  reference  to  the  resolution  on  the  subject  of  additional  aid 
to  Armenia,  including  the  grant  of  a  loan  from  the  United  States, 
we  recommend  that  this  resolution  be  referred  to  the  Executive 
Committee  for  appropriate  action. 

We  recommend  the  following: 

We  reaffirm  the  several  actions  of  the  Federal  Council  and 
its  committees  with  reference  to  the  Near  East  Relief  and  the 
urgency  of  the  appeal  in  behalf  of  the  thousands  of  orphans. 

With  reference  to  the  resolutions  of  the  Commission  on  Chris- 
tian Education,  we  recommend  their  reference  to  the  Executive 
Committee  for  determining  any  questions  of  procedure  that  may 
arise. 

With  regard  to  the  resolutions  on  the  holding  of  forums  for 
discussion  of  important  public  questions,  we  recommend  the  sub- 
ject with  our  favorable  consideration  to  the  Commission  on  Coun- 
cils of  Churches. 

With  reference  to  the  resolutions  of  the  Commission  on  Tem- 
perance and  the  subject  of  the  enforcement  of  the  prohibition  laws, 
we  recommend  the  following: 

Prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  should  be  judged,  not  by  re- 
sults where  the  law  is  flagrantly  violated,  but  by  results  where 
the  law  has  been  efficiently  enforced.  In  order  that  the  will  of 
the  people  in  the  adoption  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  may  be 
carried  into  effect,  we  urge  that  an  appropriation  of  whatever 
amount  may  be  necessary  for  the  effective  enforcement  of  national 
prohibition  be  made  by  Congress. 

Inasmuch  as  the  outlawed  liquor  traffic  of  this  nation  is  en- 
deavoring to  establish  itself  in  China  and  in  other  foreign  coun- 
tries to  the  detriment  of  the  citizens  of  those  countries  and  of 
our  missionary  effort,  we  urge  Congress  to  enact  a  law  prohibiting 
American  citizens  from  engaging  in  the  beverage  liquor  traffic  in 
American  consular  districts  in  foreign  countries. 

We  endorse  also  the  measure  to  prohibit  peyote,  a  drug  used 
principally  among  the  Indians  as  a  substitute  for  liquor. 

We  recommend  that  the  Federal  Prohibition  Code  be  made  ap- 
plicable to  the  Philippine  Islands  and  to  all  the  territory  to  which 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  applies  and  which  is  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  United  States. 

We  appeal  to  the  Federal  Law  Enforcement  Department  to  use 
greater  care  in  issuing  the  permits  for  the  manufacture  of  alco- 
holic preparations  of  proprietary  medicines  which  are  required  by 
law  to  be  unfit  for  beverage  use  but  which  are  actually  used  for 
beverage  purposes.  We  believe  that  such  permits  should  be  granted 
only  to  those  who  make  such  preparations  unfit  in  fact,  as  well 
as  in  theory,  for  beverage  use. 

The  increase  from  800,000  to  4,000,000  gallons  per  month  of 
withdrawals  of  liquor  and  alcohol  for  non-beverage  use  since  the 


MINUTES   OF  THE   FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       341 

advent  of  prohibition  demonstrates  the  necessity  of  a  better  ad- 
ministration of  the  permit  system.  More  stringent  regulations  or 
laws  should  be  enacted  to  prevent  such  liquor  being  withdrawn 
for  non-beverage  use  and  diverted  to  beverage  purposes. 

The  present  supply  of  distilled  liquors  in  the  United  States  is 
deposited  in  over  300  bonded  warehouses,  many  of  which  have  no 
adequate  protection  to  prevent  theft  and  the  distribution  of  liquor 
for  unlawful  use.  We  hereby  urge  the  passage  of  a  measure  to 
concentrate  such  liquors  in  a  limited  number  of  government  or 
bonded  warehouses  and  we  suggest  suitable  action  be  taken  to 
prevent  such  liquors  from  being  withdrawn  for  illegal  uses.  _ 

The  enforcement  of  national  prohibition  is  not  a  political  issue 
but  a  plain  patriotic  dutv.  We  appeal  to  the  incoming  administra- 
tion to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  Federal  Law  Enforcement 
Department  by  retaining  only  those  officers  and  agents  whose  rec- 
ords have  shown  a  high  degree  of  efficiency  in  the  service  and  by 
renlpcinsr  with  a  higher  type  of  public  servant  those  who  are 
inefficient. 

We  enter  a  solemn  protest  against  those  officers,  federal  and 
state,  who  refuse  to  do  their  duty  and  enforce  the  law.  We  re- 
.spectfullv  suffsrest  that  Congress  enact  a  law  to  define  misconduct 
in  office  by  Federal  officials  and  to  make  a  violation  of  such  law 
a  forfeiture  of  office. 

We  reioice  in  the  spread  of  temperance  principles  throughout 
the  world  and  we  hereby  express  our  hearty  sympathy  with  tem- 
perance workers  in  all  lands  and  our  desire  to  cooperate  with  them 
in  every  suitable  way  to  banish  from  the  entire  world  the  traffic 
in  intoxicating  liquors  and  debasing  narcotics. 

We  would  emphasize  the  necessity  for  a  continuance  of  the 
educational  program  which  has  been  so  effective  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  legalized  liquor  traffic. 

The  effects  of  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquor  upon  the  individual 
and  upon  societv,  the  beneficent  results  which  follow  efficient  en- 
forcement of  the  prohibition  law  and  the  evils  which  follow  its 
violation  should  be  clearly  taught  from  the  platform  and  by  the 
printed  page,  by  text-book,  poster  and  circular;  and  we  hereby 
record  our  appreciation  of  the  effort  of  those  church  and  inter- 
church  agencies  which  have  carried  on  this  work  and  our  convic- 
tion of  the  necessity  for  the  continuance  of  their  great  work  until 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  effectively  enforced  throughout  the 
United  States. 

With  reference  to  the  anpeal  from  the  Central  Council  of  the 
Evangelical  Society  regarding  reported  persecution  in  Poland,  we 
recommend  its  reference  to  the  Executive  Committee, 

With  reference  to  the  laws  for  the  regulation  of  Immigration, 
we  recommend  the  following: 

The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
placed  on  record  its  conviction  that  a  constructive  immigration 
law  should  be  passed  on  the  following  principles : 

a.  The  regulation  of  immigration  from  every  country 
should  be  handled  on  the  same  general  principles.  This 
alone  will  avoid  humiliating  race  discrimination. 

b.  The  amount  of  immigration  which  America  can  wisely 
admit  from  any  given  people  should  not  exceed  the  number 
that  we  can  assimilate,  Americanize  and  steadily  employ. 
This  amount  should  be  continuously  adjusted  to  the  chang- 
ing economic  conditions  of  the  country  as  based  on  care- 
fully ascertained  facts. 

c.  The  standards  for  naturalization  should  be  raised  and 


342        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

the  privilege  of  citizenship  should  then  be  open  to  every- 
one lawfully  in  America  who  duly  qualifies. 

d.  Immigration    laws    and    treaties    with    other    nations 
should  be  made  to  conform. 

We  request  that  these  views  of  the  Federal  Council  be  conveyed 
to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  at  such  time  and  in  such 
manner  as  may  seem  wise  to  the  officers  of  the  Federal  Council. 

VOTED:  That  the  report  of  the  Business  Committee  be 
adopted  as  a  v^hole. 

The  following  telegram  was  received  and  read : 

The  joint  child  welfare  conference  of  representatives  of  larger 
Christian  church  bodies  in  session  in  New  York  sends  greetings 
to  Federal  Council  of  Churches  in  session  in  Boston  and  desires 
cooperation  to  make  effective  the  program  to  benefit  American 
child  population,  of  whom  more  than  seven  millions  are  consid- 
ered in  a  state  of  neglect. 

BuRDETTE  B.  Brown,  Secretary. 

The  President  introduced  Rev.  A.  Z.  Conrad,  Pastor  of  the 
Park  Street  Church,  who  welcomed  the  Council  to  this  his- 
toric church.     The  President  made  a  suitable  response. 

Rev.  George  E.  Haynes  spoke  on  the  "Qiurch  and  Inter- 
racial Problems." 

Bishop  Wilbur  P.  Thirkield,  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Negro  Churches,  presented  the  report  of  the  Committee 
and  introduced  Bishop  John  C.  Jones  of  the  A.  M.  E.  Church, 
Rev.  E.  C.  Morris,  President  of  the  National  Baptist  Conven- 
tion and  Dr.  Will  W.  Alexander,  who  spoke  on  conditions 
among  colored  people  in  the  South. 

VOTED:    That  the  report  be  accepted. 

A  resolution  on  the  Church  in  the  Canal  Zone  was  referred 
to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  devotional  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  J.  H. 
Henderson. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Charles  L.  White  and  Rev. 
Charles  L.  Goodell,  in  which  the  families  of  Rev.  Hubert  C. 
Herring  and  other  members  of  the  Council  who  had  died  since 
our  last  meeting,  were  remembered. 

Monday  Afternoon,  December  6,  2:15  o'clock 

The  President  presiding. 

The  session  was  opened  with  prayer  by  Rev.  Edmund  F. 
Merriam. 

Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller  continued  the  report  of  the  Business 
Committee  as  follows: 

We  recommend  that  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations 
with  France  and  Belgium  be  accepted  and  embodied  in  the  pub- 


MINUTES   OF    THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL    MEETING       343 

lished  minutes.  We  approve  the  formation  of  this  Commission 
and  commend  its  efficient  services  in  correlating  the  agencies  of 
assistance  and  in  bringing  relief  to  the  churches  of  those  devas- 
tated areas  of  Europe.  We  further  recommend  that  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  have  authority  during  the  Quadrennium  to  termi- 
nate, to  modify,  or  to  consolidate  with  those  of  some  other  com- 
mission the  functions  of  this  Commission,  if  conditions  warrant. 

We  recommend  the  acceptance  of  the  report  of  the  Commission 
on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill  and  that  it  be  made  part  of 
the  records.  We  also  note  that  the  activities  of  this  Commission 
became  increasingly  important  as  well  as  difficult  with  our  entry 
into  the  war,  and  we  believe  that  its  activities  were  conceived  in 
wisdom  and  were  carried  forward  with  tact  and  discretion. 

Recommendations  one  and  two  are  hereby  approved  as  follows : 

1.  That  the  present  relationship  existing  between  this 
Commission  and  the  World  Alliance  be  maintained  and 
strengthened. 

2.  That  this  Commission  recognize  in  the  World  Alliance 
and  its  constituent  Councils,  already  organized  in  22  nations, 
a  logical  and  proper  channel  through  which  it  may  function. 

Recommendation  three  has  been  covered  by  previous  action  of 
the  Council.  The  concluding  pages  of  the  report  are  especially 
commended  to  the  careful  consideration  of  our  constituent  bodies. 

We  recommend  that  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations 
with  the  Orient  be  accepted  and  embodied  in  the  published  minutes. 
We  commend  the  activities  of  the  Commission  and  its  efforts  to 
remove  international  misunderstanding  and  promote  international 
goodwill. 

VOTED:     That  the  report  be  adopted  item  by  item. 

The  report  v^as  adopted. 

The   Committee   on   Closing   Resolutions   reported  through 
its  Chairman,  Bishop  C.  B.  Mitchell,  as  f ollov^s : 

Your  Committee  desires  to  express  at  once  its  deep  appreciation 
of  the  work  done  by  the  officials  of  the  local  Federation  of 
Churches  in  making  such  ideal  arrangements  for  the  comfort  of 
the  delegates  and  for  the  convenience  of  all  the  meetings  of  the 
Council. 

We  wish  also  to  record  our  gratitude  to  the  authorities  of  Ford 
Hall  and  Park  Street  Church  for  the  use  of  their  admirable  audi- 
toriums and  other  quarters  connected  therewith. 

We  thank  our  genial  and  efficient  President,  Dr.  Robert  E. 
Speer,  for  the  way  in  which  he  has  dispatched  business  and  pre- 
sided over  our  deliberations.  We  cannot  speak  in  too  high  praise 
of  our  General  Secretary,  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  who  has 
carried  on  the  difficult  duties  of  his  office  during  the  past  years 
with  such  credit  to  himself  and  honor  to  the  Council;  of  Rev. 
Rivington  D.  Lord  and  his  able  assistants,  who  have  with  such 
accuracy  and  courtesy  performed  their  duties;  and  of  Mr.  Alfred 
R.  Kimball,  our  Treasurer,  who  with  such  self-denial  and  effi- 
ciency has  rendered  most  faithful  service. 

Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  appreciation  of  the  services  ren- 
dered by  the  Executive  Committee  and  all  other  committees  and 
commissions  which  have  carried  on  their  various  tasks  during  the 
Quadrennium  with  such  untiring  energy  and  devotion. 

The  Council  hereby  records  its  great  joy  in  the  presence  of  our 


344         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

foreign  delegates  and  desires  to  express  its  deep  appreciation  of 
their  eloquent  and  fraternal  addresses. 

To  all  speakers  who  have  brought  to  us  their  carefully  prepared 
and  comprehensive  addresses  we  render  our  sincerest  thanks. 

We  wish  also  to  acknowledge  the  benediction  of  the  presence 
and  the  benefit  to  the  Council  of  our  first  President,  Bishop  E.  R. 
Hendrix. 

To  the  hospitable  hosts  who  have  opened  their  homes  for  our 
entertainment  we  wish  to  express  our  gratitude  and  appreciation. 

We  acknowledge  our  appreciation  of  the  generous  space  given 
to  reports  of  this  meeting  by  the  daily  press  of  Boston  and  by  the 
Associated  Press,  and  the  interest  of  the  New  York  Times  and 
the  Detroit  News  in  sending  their  Church  Editors,  Miss  Rachel 
McDowell  and  Mr.  Louis  L.  Gk)odnow.  respectively,  to  attend  the 
full  sessions  of  the  Quadrennial  Meeting. 

Above  all,  we  are  deeply  grateful  to  our  Heavenly  Father  for 
the  prevailing  spirit  of  Christian  brotherhood  which  has  been  so 
apparent  in  every  word  and  act  of  this  gathering  and  for  the 
presence  of  the  Divine  Spirit  in  all  our  meetings.  We  praise  God 
for  the  rapidly  growing  spirit  of  Christian  unity  evident  through- 
out our  Protestant  churches,  and  that  in  all  directions  the  fol- 
lowers of  our  Lord  are  magnifying  the  great  fundamentals  upon 
which  they  agree  and  are  less  concerned  about  the  non-essentials 
over  which  they  differ.  We  lift  grateful  hearts  to  Almighty  God 
for  the  rapidly  spreading  spirit  of  Christian  unity  throughout  the 
world,  and  for  the  fact  that  this  Federal  Council  is  being  so  sig- 
nally used  by  God  for  the  furtherance  of  His  Kingdom  among 
men. 

Charles  Bayard  Mitchell, 

W.    F.    TiLLETT, 

Samuel  Fallows, 

Committee. 

VOTED:  That  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Closing 
Resolutions  be  adopted. 

The  following  cablegram  from  the  Waldensian  Churches 
of  Italy  was  received  and  read: 

Rome,  December  6,  1920. 
Federal  Council, 
Boston,  Mass. 
Heartiest  wishes  from  Waldensian  Church  of  Italy. 

GlAMPICCOLI. 

The  statement  of  the  Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Educa- 
tion was  presented  by  Dr.  Robert  L.  Kelly. 

The  statement  of  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical 
Denominations  was  presented  by  Rev.  W.  C.  Bulla. 

Rev.  Miles  B.  Fisher  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  Missionary 
Education  Movement. 

The  President  introduced  President  Henry  Churchill  King 
who  addressed  the  Council  on  "The  Present  Challenge  of  a 
Constructive  Program  of  Religious  Education." 

Discussion  followed,  participated  in  by  Rev.  Benjamin  S. 
Winchester  and  Rev.  Henry  H.  Meyer. 

The  resolution  presented  by  the  Commission  on  Christian 
Education  having  already  been  presented  to  the  Business  Com- 


MINUTES   OF   THE    FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       345 

mittee  and  approved  by  that  Committee,  was  adopted  as  fol- 
lows : 

1.  In  view  of  the  readjustment  now  taking  place  in  the  agencies 
for  Missionary  Education  and  the  importance  of  reinforcing  the 
program  of  Missionary  Education  at  every  point,  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  would  suggest  to 
the  Missionary  Education  Movement  the  possible  advantage  of 
perfecting  closer  working  relations  between  the  Missionary  Edu- 
cation Movement  and  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  and  offers 
to  place  at  the  disposal  of  the  Missionary  Education  Movement 
the  facilities  and  channels  for  wider  cooperation  which  the  Federal 
Council  affords. 

2.  In  view  of  the  proposed  union  of  the  International  Sunday 
School  Association  and  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical 
Denominations,  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America  desires  to  call  the  attention  of  the  new  organizations  and 
the  Joint  Committees  on  Reorganization  to  the  facilities  for  wider 
cooperation  which  the  Federal  Council  affords  and  to  suggest  the 
possible  advantage  to  the  Sunday  School  forces  of  establishing 
definite  and  effective  relationship  with  the  Federal  Council. 

3.  In  view  of  the  pressing  need  for  a  larger  program  of  Chris- 
tian Education  which  shall  be  comprehensive  and  inclusive,  and 
which  is  now  being  contemplated  by  the  several  educational  agen- 
cies, and  therefore  the  necessity  for  the  cooperation  of  these 
agencies  throughout  the  preparation  of  such  a  program,  this 
Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  author- 
izes its  executive  officers  to  call  a  thoroughly  representative  con- 
ference of  educational  agencies  at  the  earliest  practicable  date  to 
work  out  the  best  plan  for  securing  the  most  helpful  working 
relationships.  The  agencies  to  be  invited  shall  include,  besides  the 
Federal  Council  of  Churches, 

The  Board  of  Missionary  Preparation 

The  Coimcil  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 

The  American  Sunday-School  Union 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of  the 

Federal  Council 
The  International  Sunday  School  Association 
The  International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee 
The  Religious  Education  Association 
The  Missionary  Education  Movement 
The  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 
The  World's  Sunday  School  Association 
The  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
The  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
Other    similar    agencies    and     representative     educational 

leaders 

the  personnel,  program  and  all  other  arrangements  of  the  confer- 
ence to  be  determined  by  the  chairman  and  the  general  secretary 
(or  other  two  officials)  of  each  of  the  foregoing  agencies  in 
consultation. 

Dr.  Meyer  presented  an  additional  resolution  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Christian  Education,  which  was  referred  to  the 
Business  Committee. 

The  President  introduced  Dean  Henry  B.  Washburn  of  the 
Episcopal  Theological  School  at  Cambridge,  who  addressed 
the  Council  on  the  Relation  between  the  Theological  Sem- 
inaries and  the  Movement  for  Christian  Cooperation. 


346        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

VOTED:  That  Dean  Washburn  be  requested  to  furnish 
the  manuscript  of  his  address  for  distribution. 

The  President  introduced  President  George  E.  Horr,  who 
addressed  the  Council  on  "The  Association  of  Theological 
Seminaries  and  the  cooperative  Movement  among  the 
Churches." 

Discussion  followed  by  Dean  W.  F.  Tillett  of  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Pres.  W.  A.  Blackwell 
and  others. 

Dr.  Miller  continued  the  report  of  the  Business  Committee 
as  follows : 

With  regard  to  the  resolution  presented  by  the  Commission  on 
Christian  Education,  we  recommend  that  in  view  of  the  very  great 
importance  of  the  program  of  Sunday  School  instruction  in  the 
Protestant  Evangelical  Churches  of  North  America,  which  since 
1872  has  been  outlined  by  the  International  Sunday  School  Les- 
son Committee,  and  in  view  of  the  recent  reorganization  of  this 
important  Committee,  by  means  of  which  it  becomes  in  reality 
and  officially  an  interdenominational  educational  agency,  the  Fed- 
eral Council  of  Churches  desires  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Inter- 
national Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee  to  the  educational  ac- 
tivities already  centering  in  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  and 
all  the  facilities  for  effective  cooperation  which  the  Council  af- 
fords, and  invites  the  International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Com- 
mittee to  consider  the  possible  advantages  of  bringing  its  work 
and  organization  into  definite  and  effective  relation  to  the  Federal 
Council  of  Churches. 

We  have  considered  the  report  of  the  Washington  Office  and 
the  paper  presented  in  connection  therewith  and  we  recommend 
for  adoption  the  following : 

A.  The  reports  for  the  quadrennium  clearly  demonstrate 
the  need  and  efficiency  both  of  the  Washington  Office  and 
of  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains. 
The  Washington  Committee  and  the  General  Committee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  should  be  maintained  through 
the  ensuing  quadrennium  with  adequate  provision  for  the 
necessary  budget. 

B.  We  heartily  endorse  the  legislation  proposed  for  the 
Navy  Chaplains. 

C.  We  lay  it  upon  the  heart  of  the  churches  to  supply 
their  full  quota  of  chaplains  from  among  their  strongest 
young  ministers.  We  would  emphasize  the  immediate  need 
for  sixty-seven  chaplains  in  the  Navy. 

D.  We  recommend  that  each  of  the  constituent  bodies  of 
the  Council  either  continue  or  establish  a  Committee,  or 
definitely  charge  some  one  of  its  boards  or  committees,  to 
consider  the  interests  of  the  chaplains  and  of  religious  work 
in  the  army  and  navy,  correlating  their  activity  with  the 
General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  Churches;  and  that  pending  definite 
provision  for  the  total  budget  of  the  Federal  Council  by 
its  constituent  bodies,  such  boards  or  committees  be  further 
requested  to  finance  the  General  Committee  on  Army  and 
Navy  Chaplains. 

E.  We  recommend,  both  for  economy  and  efficiency,  the 
use  of  the  Washington  Office  of  the  Federal  Council  by  our 
constituent  bodies,  presenting  actions  and  clearing  matters 
generally  pertaining  to  Congress  and  Governmental  De- 
partments. 


MINUTES   OF   THE   FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL   MEETING       347 

Qosing  prayer  was  offered  by  Dr.  Charles  E.  Tebbets. 
VOTED :  To  adjourn. 

Monday  Evening,  December  6,  6  o'clock 

A  banquet  was  tendered  to  the  Council  by  the  denomina- 
tional Social  Clubs  of  Boston  at  the  City  Club,  Rt.  Rev. 
William  Lawrence  presiding. 

Addresses  were  made  by  Rev.  Henry  Van  Dyke,  former 
Ambassador  to  the  Netherlands,  and  Rev.  Alexander  Ramsay 
of  England. 

A  Dinner  to  Women  was  tendered  by  the  women's  boards 
and  church  societies,  Mrs.  George  W.  Coleman  presiding. 

Addresses  were  delivered  by  Rev.  Henry  Van  Dyke  and 
Rev.  Alexander  Ramsay. 

Monday  Evening,  December  6,  9  o'clock 

The  Council  was  called  to  order  by  the  President. 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose. 

Rev.  William  Adams  Brown  reported  for  the  Committee 
on  Message,  presenting  first  a  resolution  of  sympathy  for  Euro- 
pean Churches,  which  was  adopted  as  follows; 

RESOLVED :  That  the  executive  officers  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil be  instructed  to  send  a  letter  to  our  sister  churches  in  Europe, 
including  both  allied  and  enemy  lands,  conveying  our  heartfelt 
greetings  and  praying  God's  richest  blessing  on  their  work. 

The  message  drafted  by  the  Committee  was  then  presented. 
(See  pages  315-316  of  this  volume.) 

VOTED :    That  the  Message  be  adopted,  the  Council  rising. 
Dr.  Miller  continued  the  report  of  the  Business  Committee 
as  follows : 

With  regard  to  the  Church  Peace  Union,  the  following  is  rec- 
ommended : 

That  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America  wishes  to  put  on  record  its  deep  appreciation  of 
the  generous  cooperation  of  the  Church  Peace  Union  in  the 
international  activities  of  the  Council,  especially  for  the 
support  given  throughout  the  quadrennium  to  the  Commis- 
sions on  Relations  with  the  Orient  and  on  International  Jus- 
tice and  Goodwill ;  for  the  bringing  of  distinguished  church- 
men from  other  lands  for  service  here  and  for  making 
possible  the  sending  of  a  large  number  of  Friendly  Visitors 
from  America  to  the  churches  of  Great  Britain  and  the 
Continent  of  Europe. 

With  regard  to  the  next  Methodist  Ecumenical  Conference,  the 
following  is  recommended : 

That  the  Administrative  Committee  be  authorized  to  ar- 
range for  a  personal  greeting  from  the  Federal  Council  to 
be  conveyed  to  the  Methodist  Ecumenical  Conference  to 
meet  in  London,  September  20,  1921. 


348        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES  OF   CHRIST 

With  regard  to  a  Memorial  Church  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  tl^t 
following  is  recommended: 

That  the  resolutions  bearing  on  this  subject  be  referred 
to  the  Executive  Committee. 
On  the  subject  of  the  anti- Jewish  propaganda,  we  recommend 
that 

WHEREAS :  For  some  time  past  there  have  been  in  cir- 
culation in  this  country  publications  tending  to  create  race 
prejudice  and  arouse  animosity  against  our  Jewish  fellow- 
citizens  and  containing  charges  so  preposterous  as  to  be 
unworthy  of  credence, 

BE  IT  RESOLVED:  That  the  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  impressed  by  the  need  at 
this  period  of  our  national  existence  for  unity  and  brother- 
hood, deplores  all  such  cruel  and  unwarranted  attacks  upon 
our  Jewish  brethren,  and  in  a  spirit  of  goodwill  extends  to 
them  an  expression  of  confidence  in  their  patriotism  and 
their  good  citizenship,  and  earnestly  admonishes  the  people 
to  express  disapproval  of  all  actions  which  are  conducive 
to  intolerance  or  tend  to  the  destruction  of  our  national 
unity  through  arousing  racial  divisions  in  our  body  politic. 

On  the  subject  of  the  several  resolutions  on  the  League  of  Na- 
tions, we  recommend  that 

WHEREAS:  We  recognize  with  satisfaction  the  useful 
work  already  accomplished  by  the  League  of  Nations  and 
rejoice  in  the  plans  proposed  for  an  international  court  of 
justice, 

BE  IT  RESOLVED :  That  this  Quadrennial  Meeting  of 
the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 
authorizes  the  Administrative  Committee  to  present  to  the 
President-elect  and  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  a  state- 
ment setting  forth  the  profound  interest  of  the  churches  in 
the  moral  and  religious  principles  underlying  the  League  of 
Nations  and  expressing  earnest  hope  that  some  acceptable 
way  may  be  found  for  our  participation  in  such  a  League. 

With  reference  to  the  statements  of  affiliated,  cooperating  and 
consultative  bodies,  we  recommend  that  the  Federal  Council  de- 
sires to  place  on  record  its  appreciation  of  the  great  and  growing 
work  of  the  following  organizations  and  rejoices  exceedingly  in 
their  cooperation  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of 
Christ  in  America; 

Home  Missions  Council,  Council  of  Women  for  Home 
Missions,  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education,  Sunday 
School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations,  American 
Bible  Society,  International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Associations,  National  Board  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association,  Committee  of  Reference 
and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
America,  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America, 
Student  Volunteer  Movement. 

We  recommend  that  the  form  of  reorganization  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  be  referred  to  the  Executive 
Committee,  in  harmony  with  action  taken  on  Methods  of  Coopera- 
tion in  recommendation  six  of  the  Committee  on  Methods  of  Co- 
operation as  adopted  by  the  Council. 

With    reference   to   the   report   of   the   Committee   on   Negro 


MINUTES   OF  THE   FOURTH    QUADRENNIAL    MEETING       349 

Churches,  we  recommend  the  acceptance  of  the  report  and  we 
approve  its  constructive  program  for  just  inter-racial  relations. 

With  reference  to  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, we  recommend  that  it  be  accepted  and  be  made  a  part  of 
the  records  of  the  Council. 

With  reerard  to  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with 
Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  we  recommend  that  the  Council  here- 
by expresses  its  hearty  approval  of  this  Commission  in  view  of 
conditions  that  followed  the  war.  The  activities  of  the  Commis- 
sion have  gone  far  toward  reestablishing  helpful  relations  with 
these  churches  and  the  Council  rejoices  that  the  encouraging  serv- 
ice already  rendered  by  the  group  of  Friendly  Visitors  sent  by  the 
Commission  is  bearing  fruit,  and  approves  the  continuance  of  this 
work. 

With  reference  to  the  recommendation  regarding  the  Union 
Church  of  the  Canal  Zone,  we  recommend  that  the  Council,  at)- 
preciating  the  responsibility  of  the  American  Christians  for  the 
moral  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  people  of  the  Canal  Zone  who 
h«ve  come  under  the  protection  of  the  American  flag,  and  recog- 
nizinn:  the  joint  responsibility  willingly  acknowledged  and  assumed 
bv  Home  and  Foreign  Mission  agencies  for  service  in  the  Canal 
area,  authorize  the  Executive  Committee  to  accept  a  trusteeship 
or  other  protective  oversight  of  these  churches  in  the  Canal  Zone 
as  may  seem  desirable  and  may  be  mutually  agreed  upon  by  the 
parties  interested,  and  refer  determination  of  these  questions  to 
the  Administrative  Committee. 

With  reference  to  the  resolution  on  the  delegation  of  power, 
we  recommend  that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Council  that  the  dele- 
gation of  its  authoritv  with  power  should  be  only  to  those  who 
are  the  accredited  delegates  from  the  constituent  bodies  of  the 
Council  or  to  the  responsible  officials  of  the  Council  itself. 

With  reference  to  the  resolution  on  disarmament,  we  recom- 
mend that  the  Federal  Council  is  devoutly  desirous  that  we  as  a 
nation  should  do  all  in  our  power  to  allay  international  suspicion 
and  promote  world  peace  and,  believing  gradual  disarmament  to 
be  a  requisite  toward  this  end,  respectfully  requests  our  govern- 
ment to  set  an  example  in  this  respect  and  to  cooperate  fully  with 
the  governments  of  the  world  for  the  achievement  of  general 
disarmament. 

With  reference  to  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Interchurch 
Federations,  we  recommend: 

a.  That  plans  should  be  made  to  utilize  laymen  through- 
out the  country  who  will  accept  responsibility  for  promot- 
ing cooperation  and  developing  local  organizations. 

b.  Securing  cooperation  of  the  employed  executive  secre- 
taries in  aiding  nearby  communities. 

c.  The  enlargement  of  the  employed  staff  of  the  Com- 
mission by  securing  at  the  earliest  date  possible  one  or  more 
additional  secretaries. 

d.  That  greater  emphasis  be  given  to  the  importance  of 
organizing  the  churches  of  the  smaller  communities  for 
cooperative  work. 

We  recommend  that  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  Christian 
Education  be  accepted  and  made  part  of  the  records  of  the  Council. 

We  recommend  that  the  resolution  concerning  possible  coopera- 
tion with  the  International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee  be 
approved  and  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee  for  further 
consideration,  if  such  is  necessary. 


350        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Recording  Secretary  presented  the  nominations  for  Vice- 
Presidents  and  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Council,  as  made  by  the  various  denominational  representa- 
tives present  (see  appendix  of  this  volume  for  list  of  names). 

VOTED :  That  the  Recording  Secretary  cast  the  ballot  of 
the  Council  for  the  election  of  the  Vice-Presidents  and  the 
Members  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  ballot  being  cast,  the  President  duly  declared  their  elec- 
tion. 

The  Recording  Secretary  reported  on  Credentials  as  follows : 

Members    303 

Corresponding   Members    178 

Friendly  Visitors    9 

Visitors  from  Other  Lands  18 

Federal   Council   Executives    16 

Total    (omitting  duplications)    473 

VOTED:  That  any  items  of  business  left  unfinished  by 
the  Council  be  referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee  v^ith 
power. 

VOTED :  That  the  minutes  of  these  sessions  of  the  Quad- 
rennial Meeting  of  the  Council  be  referred  to  the  Adminis- 
trative Committee  for  approval. 

VOTED:  That  Rev.  James  H.  Franklin  be  requested  to 
express  our  gratitude  to  the  local  Committee  on  Arrangements. 

Prayers  were  offered  by  Rev.  F.  W^.  Burnham  and  Edwin 
L.  Shuey,  the  closing  prayer  and  benediction  being  pronounced 
by  the  General  Secretary,  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland. 

VOTED:     To  adjourn. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

(Signed)  RIVINGTON  D.  LORD 
Recording  Secretary 

RUFUS  W.  MILLER 

CHARLES  E.  SCHAEFFER 

A.  W.  BEVAN 

Assistant  Recording  Secretaries 


MINUTES    OF    THE    MEETING    OF    THE 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE 

Park  Street  Church,  Boston,  Mass. 


December  6,  1920,  8:30  P.  M. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council  was  called 
to  order  by  the  President  immediately  upon  the  adjournment 
of  the  Federal  Council. 

The  following  members  recorded  themselves  present: 

Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony     Rev.  S.  S.  Hough 

Rev.  J.  O.   Atkinson  Rev.  R.  A.  Hutchison 

Rev.  John   T.   Bergen  Bishop  J.  H.  Jones 

Rev.  A.  J.  C.  Bond  Rev.  Albert   G.   Lawson 

Rev.  Charles   D,    Bulla  Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord 

Rev.  F.  W.  Burnham  Rev.  Charles    S.   Macfarland 

Rev.  H.  J.  Callis  Rev.  A.  E.  Main 

Rev.  S.  M.  Cavert  Rev.  Harry   R.   Miles 

Rev.  Henry  J.  Christman  Rev.  Rufus   W.   Miller 

Rev.  A.  E.  Cory  Rev.  W.   W.   Pinson 

Rev.  W.   F.  Conner  Rev.  Charles  F.  Rice 

Pres.  Boothe  C.  Davis  E.  L.  Shuey 

Rev.  I.  W.  Gowen  Rev.  Martyn   Summerbell 

Rev.  Howard    B.   Grose  Rev.  John  W.  Whisler 

A.  E.  Hangen  Dr.  Walter  C.  Woodward 
H.  W.  Holloway 

Prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  John  T.  Bergen. 

VOTED :  That  the  members  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
Administrative  Committee  and  the  Commissions  and  other 
Committees  continue  in  office  until  their  successors  are  elected 
or  appointed. 

VOTED:  That  a  special  committee  of  five  be  appointed 
by  the  Chair  to  nominate  officers  for  the  new  Executive  Com- 
mittee. 

The  Chairman  appointed  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  Rev. 
William  I.  Haven,  Rev.  J.  Ross  Stevenson,  Rev.  Harry  R. 
Miles,  Rev.  R.  A.  Hutchison. 

VOTED :  That  the  names  of  the  members  at  large  of  the 
Administrative  Committee  be  presented  by  that  Committee 
to  the  next  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

VOTED :  That  the  Chairman  of  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee, Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson,  be  authorized  to  call  a  meeting 
of  the  Administrative  Committee  before  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Executive  Committee. 

VOTED :  That  the  Administrative  Committee  be  requested 
to  prepare  a  program  of  the  Council's  plan  of  organization 
to  report  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

351 


352        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

VOTED:  That  the  time  and  place  of  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Executive  Committee  be  January  21,  1921,  in  New  York 
City  and  that  the  Administrative  Committee  have  power  to 
change  the  date  if  necessary. 

VOTED :     To  adjourn. 

Qosing  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord. 

(Signed)  RIVINGTON  D.  LORD, 
Recording  Secretary 


MINUTES    OF    THE    MEETING    OF    THE 
EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE,    JANUARY    21,    1921 


The  meeting  was  called  to  order  at  10  A.  M.  by  President 
Robert  E.  Speer,  at  600  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York. 

The  following  were  present :  Rev.  Alfred  Williams  Anthony, 
Rev.  S.  G.  Atkins,  Rev.  J.  O.  Atkinson,  Rev.  William  Y.  Bell, 
Rev.  Nehemiah  Boynton,  Franklin  P.  Brown,  Rev.  Arthur  J. 
Brown,  Rev.  W.  A.  Brown,  Rev.  F.  W.  Burnham,  Rev.  H. 
J.  Callis,  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  Rev.  Russell  Cecil,  Rev. 
Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Bishop  George  C.  Clement,  Rev.  W. 
F.  Conner,  President  R.  H.  Crossfield,  Rev.  A.  E.  Cory,  Rev. 
John  Dolfin,  Rev.  George  P.  Eastman,  Rev.  George  Elliott, 
John  M.  Glenn,  Rev.  I.  W.  Gowen,  Rev.  H.  B.  Grose,  Dr. 
A.  W.  Harris,  Prof.  T.  F.  Herman,  Rev.  W.  I.  Haven,  Rev. 
J.  H.  Henderson,  Rev.  S.  S.  Hough,  Rev.  F.  S.  Idleman,  Rev. 
W.  H.  Jernagin,  A.  R.  Kimball,  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson,  Bishop 
W.  R.  Lambuth,  Norton  M.  Little,  Bishop  W.  L.  Lee,  Rev. 
A.  E.  Main,  Rev.  James  E.  Mason,  Bishop  G.  M.  Mathews, 
Rev.  R.  W.  Miller,  Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  L.  O.  Miller,  Rev. 
R.  Niebuhr,  C.  E.  Milliken,  Rev.  Robert  W.  Peach,  Rev. 
Charles  Philipbar,  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  Rev.  George  Reynolds, 
Rev.  Charles  F.  Rice,  Bishop  Robert  L.  Rudolph,  Rev.  Charles 
E.  Schaeffer,  Rev.  Paul  deSchweinitz,  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer, 
James  M.  Speers,  Mrs.  H.  R.  Steele,  Rev.  C.  L.  Thompson, 
Rev.  A.  Vennema,  Rev.  O.  M.  Voorhees,  Rev.  J.  Ross 
Stevenson,  Rev.  S.  G.  Yahn,  Rev.  Thomas  H.  White,  General 
Secretary  Rev.  C.  S.  Macfarland,  Secretaries  Rev.  Samuel  Mc- 
Crea  Cavert,  Rev.  C.  L.  Goodell,  Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild,  Rev. 
Sidney  L.  Gulick,  Rev.  F.  E.  Johnson,  Rev.  Jasper  T.  Moses, 
Rev.  H.  L.  Willett. 

The  devotional  services  were  conducted  by  Dr.  Speer,  Dr. 
Lawson,  Dr.  Jernagin  and  Dr.  Boynton. 

Dr.  Speer  reported  the  following  recommendations  as  hav- 
ing been  made  by  the  conference  of  the  Federal  Council  and 
other  interdenominational  agencies  held  on  December  13th. 

"1.  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  conference  that  the  churches 
possess  in  the  existing  agencies  sufficient  organizations  for  the 
needs  of  their  cooperative  work  at  the  present  time,  if  these 
agencies  are  adequately  developed  and  correlated. 

"2.  That  it  is  desirable  that  these  agencies  be  encouraged  and 
enabled  to  develop  their  activities  so  as  to  provide  adequately  for 
their  expanding  tasks  and  responsibilities  and  that  they  should  be 
given  for  this  purpose  the  fullest  measure  of  freedom  and  confi- 
dence. 

"3.  That  they  should,  at  the  same  time,  maintain  and  utilize  the 

353 


354        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

relations  of  consultation  or  affiliation  through  the  Federal  Council 
which  have  been  established. 

"4.  That  they  should  appoint  also  a  Committee  of  Consultation 
made  up  for  the  present  of  three  representatives  from  each  of  the 
agencies  represented  in  this  conference  (the  Reorganization  Com- 
mittee of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  to  be  included  during 
its  existence)  which  should  meet  periodically  to  consider  matters 
of  common  interest,  and,  further,  that  this  Committee  should  meet 
as  early  as  possible  at  the  call  of  the  Chairman  of  this  Conference 
and  should  study  the  problems  of  cooperation  among  these  inter- 
denominational agencies,  and  report  to  a  conference  to  be  held 
before  May  1  and  to  be  composed  of  seven  representatives  to  be 
appointed  by  each  of  the  agencies  represented  in  the  present  con- 
ference. 

"5.  That  with  regard  to  the  Interchurch  World  Movement, 
whose  Committee  on  Reorganization  has  shared  in  this  confer- 
ence, it  is  the  sense  of  the  conference  that  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  might  wisely  adjust  and  conclude  its  activities  and 
that,  when  it  is  free  to  do  so,  it  might  well  transfer  the  foreign 
mission  survey  material  to  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of 
North  America;  the  home  mission  survey  material  to  the  Home 
Missions  Council;  anv  survey  material,  lists  of  names,  etc.,  prop- 
erly falling  to  the  Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions  and 
the  Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  for  Foreign  Missions  to  those 
organizations;  the  American  educational  survey  material  to  the 
Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education;  the  religious  education 
survey  material  to  the  Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  De- 
nominations and  the  International  Sunday  School  Association 
jointly;  and  any  other  survey  material  to  the  Federal  Council; 
that  the  maps,  charts,  photographs,  etc.,  which  are  not  an  essential 
part  of  the  survey  material  should  be  transferred  to  the  Mission- 
ary Education  Movement,  if  continued  in  appropriate  relation  to 
the  mission  boards  and  to  the  other  interdenominational  organiza- 
tions and  the  Federal  Council. 

"6.  That  the  correlation  of  the  forward  movements  and  general 
promotive  activities  of  the  denominations  might  be  provided  for 
through  some  new  and  representative  committee  of  the  Federal 
Council. 

"7.  That  for  the  present  the  Sunday  School  Council  and  the 
International  Sunday  School  Association  together  should  be  re- 
garded as  one  unit  in  the  conference  and  in  the  consultative  com- 
mittee, and  that  the  representation  from  that  phase  of  work  should 
be  appointed  proportionately  by  these  organizations." 

VOTED:    To  consider  the  resolutions  seriatim. 

Resolutions  1,  2,  3  and  4  v^ere  adopted;  5  v^^as  laid  on  the 
table;  6  and  7  were  adopted. 

Dr.  Grose  presented  the  report  of  the  Nominating  Com- 
mittee : 

Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee Bishop  Walter 

R.  Lambuth 

First  Vice  Chairman Rev.  Frederick  W.  Burnham 

Second  Vice-Chairman Bishop  George  M.  Mathews 

Third  Vice-Chairman Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller 

Recording  Secretary Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord 


MINUTES   OF  THE   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE  355 

For  General  Secretaries: 

Rev.  Clarence  A.  Barbour* 
Rev.  Samuel  McCrea  Cavert 
Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland 

leaving  their  respective   spheres  of  service  and  other  details  of 
adjustment  to  be  determined  by  the  Administrative  Committee. 
For  Secretaries: 

Rev.  Charles  L.  Goodell,  Secretary  Commission  on  Evan- 
gelism and  Life  Service 

Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild,  Secretary  Commission  on  Councils 
of  Churches 

Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  Secretary  Commission  on  Rela- 
tions with  the  Orient 

Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy,  Secretary  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Social  Service 

Rev.  E.  O.  Watson,  Secretary  Washington  Committee 

That  we  approve  the  appointment  by  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee of  Rev.  H.  L.  Willett  as  Representative  of  the  Federal 
Council  in  Chicago. 

Dr.  Macfarland  expressed  his  deep  gratitude  for  the  pro- 
vision made  to  share  certain  responsibilities  which  he  had 
borne  for  the  ten  years  of  his  service. 

The  Secretary  was  authorized  to  cast  one  ballot  for  these 
nominees.     They  were  declared  elected. 

VOTED:  To  accept  the  report  and  confirm  the  nomina- 
tions. 

Bishop  Lambuth  took  the  chair  and  made  a  few  introduc- 
tory remarks. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  Organization  and  Plan  was 
presented  by  Dr.  Speer,  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairman  of 
the  Committee,  Dr.  Frank  Mason  North  (as  printed  on  pages 
29-34  of  this  volume). 

VOTED :     To  take  the  sections  seriatim. 

Under  section  1,  (a)  was  referred  to  a  special  committee 
consisting  of  Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller,  Rev.  Paul  deSchweinitz 
and  Mr.  John  M.  Glenn,  who  reported  as  follows: 

"Your  special  committee  recommends  the  following  in  reference 
to  item  a,  section  1 : 

"Resolved  that  any  formal  deliverance  which  is  to  be  put 
forth  in  the  name  of  the  Council  shall  be  first  submitted  to  all  the 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Council  with  the 
understanding  that  all  replies  shall  be  returned  within  a  fortnight, 
and  what  constitutes  *a  formal  deliverance'  shall  be  determined 
by  the  Administrative  Committee,  provided,  however,  in  cases  of 
urgency  the  Secretarial  Council  shall  have  authority  to  refer 
directly  to  the  Executive  Committee  for  approval  any  statement 
which  they  wish  to  have  issued  as  a  formal  deliverance  of  the 
Council."  I    : 


*  It  was  stated  that  it  was  not  yet  known  whether  Dr.  Barbour  could   see   his 
way  clear  to  accept  the  position. 


356        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  recommendation  was  adopted. 

Item  (b)  was  adopted;   (c)  was  laid  on  the  table. 

That  part  of  section  1  referring  to  the  constituent  churches 
providing  the  expenses  of  the  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee was  adopted,  and  that  part  referring  to  larger  questions 
of  policy  and  program  was  also  adopted. 

VOTED :    To  adopt  section  1  as  a  whole,  as  amended. 

With  reference  to  section  2,  pertaining  to  the  Administra- 
tive Committee. 

Voted :    To  refer  this  section  to  a  special  committee  of  five. 

The  Chairman  appointed  Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  Rev. 
Charles  L.  Thompson,  Rev.  Charles  F.  Rice,  Rev.  William 
I.  Haven,  and  Rev.  William  Adams  Brown,  who  recommended 
its  ratification  with  the  following  explanatory  statement,  which 
was  adopted: 

"1.  That  the  Administrative  Committee  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
Executive  Committee  after  consultation  with  the  bodies  represented, 
except  when  such  bodies  shall  choose  to  appoint  their  own  repre- 
sentatives. 

2.  The  Administrative  Committee  shall  be  constituted  as  follows : 

(a)  One  representative   from  each  of  the  various  ecclesias- 

tical bodies  represented  in  the  Federal  Council. 

(b)  Representatives    of    such    other    agencies    of    organized 

Christianity   as    may    become   officially    related    to    the 
Council. 

(c)  Chairmen   of   the   Commissions    and    Secretaries    of   the 

Council  and  of  the  Commissions  of  the  Council. 

(d)  Members  at  large,  not  to  exceed  fifteen  in  number." 
Section  3  was  taken  up.    The  part  referring  to  the  general 

policy  of  the  work  of  the  Commissions  was  referred  to  the 
Administrative  Committee,  to  report  at  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  with  the  understanding^  that  in  the 
interim  present  policies  should  be  maintained.  The  part  per- 
taining to  the  classification  of  the  different  Commissions  carry- 
ing on  work  for  the  Council  was,  on  motion,  adopted,  with  the 
understanding  that  for  the  present  the  Commission  on  Rela- 
tions with  the  Orient  might  continue  to  be  separate  from  the 
Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill. 

VOTED:  That  the  Administrative  Committee  be  empow- 
ered, if  deemed  advisible,  to  create  a  separate  commission  on 
works  of  benevolence  and  mercy,  instead  of  leaving  this  ser- 
vice to  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service 
and  the  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill, 
as  provided  for  in  the  proposed  plan  of  organization. 

VOTED :    To  adopt  section  3  of  the  report. 
The  President  appointed  the  following  Chairmen  of  Com- 
missions : 

General  Committee  on  Army  and  Navy  Chaplains 
Bishop  William  F.  McDowell 


MINUTES   OF  THE  EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE  357 

Commission  on  Evangelism  and  Life  Service 

President  J.  Ross  Stevenson 
Commission  on  Temperance 

Hon.  Caio,  E.  Milliken 
Commission  on  Councils  of  Churches 

Fred  B.  Smith 
Comtnission  on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe 

Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr. 
Cotnmission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwll 

President  Henry  Churchill  King* 
Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 

Rev.  William  I.  Haven 
Commission  on  Christian  Education 

Rev.  William  Adams  Brown 
Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium 

William   Sloane  Coffin 
Commission  on  Negro  Churches  and  Inter-racial  Relations 

James  J.  Eagan 

VOTED :    To  approve  these  appointments. 
Treasurer  Alfred  R.  Kimball  presented  his  report  as  fol- 
lows: 

Balance  Sheet  January  15,  1921 

Assets  Liabilities 

Dr.  Cr. 

Property  account   $8,698.90 

Permanent   Fund    $8,663.35 

Central    office    (including   all    commissions    except 
those  listed  below)  : 

Expense    $207,395.44 

Income 

General  Fund   $9,771.56 

Income,  1920  171,005.90    180,777.46 

Deficit    $26,617.98 

Central  office  Deficit  27,399.88 

Washington  Surplus  781.90 

Commission  on  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe 

Paid   %9,67Z.ZZ 

Received    8,471.59 

Deficit    1,201.74 

Commission  on  Inter-Church  Councils 

Received    $33,254.22 

Paid    26,403.81 

Surplus 6,850.41 

Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 

Paid   $10,328.70 

Received 9,611.88 

Deficit 716.82 

General  War  Time  Commission,  Ne- 
gro Troops,  War  and  Religious 
Outlook 

Received    $19,117.74 

Paid 14,487.89 

Surplus    4,629.85 

*  No  assurance  that  President  King  could  accept  the  appointment  was  given. 


358         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Commission  on  France  and  Belgium 

Received  for  expenses   $6,90275 

Paid  for  expenses 6,902.75 

Balanced 
Committee  on  Canal  Zone 

Received $11,330.09 

Paid 2,870.59 

Special   account   in   Lincoln   Trust 

Co.  on  hand   $8,459.50 

Accounts  due   2,050.22 

Note  due  Fifth  National  Bank 20,000.00 

Balance  in  Fifth  National  Bank  and  Office  Cash.       857.95 


$40,925.51  $40,925.51 
Suggested  Apportionment,  1921 

Membership  Suggested 

Baptist  Churches,   North    1,502,341  $35,000 

National  Baptist  Convention  2,938,579  500 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  8,475  200 

Christian  Church  105,310  1,000 

Christian  Reformed  Church   40,768  500 

Churches  of  God  in  North  America  25,847  250 

Congregational  Churches    808,122  25,000 

Disciples  of  Christ  1,193,423  20,000 

Evangelical  Association    159,310  2,000 

United  Evangelical 88,847  1,000 

Friends   86,800  1,500 

Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America  352,644  5,000 

Primitive  Methodist  9,190  150 

Methodist    Episcopal    4,175,502  50,000 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South 2,152,974  30,000 

African  Methodist  Episcopal 548,355  1,000 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  458,574  1,000 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  245,749  1,000 

Methodist  Protestant  176,245  2,000 

Moravian   26,373  400 

Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A 1,603,033  40,000 

Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  (South)    364,430  10,000 

United  Presbyterian  155,994  4,000 

Reformed  Presbyterian  (General  Synod)   2,400  100 

Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States   330,039  6,500 

Reformed  Church  in  America   133,783  2,500 

Protestant    Episcopal    1,065,825  10,000 

Reformed  Episcopal   11,806  200 

United  Brethren 347,981  4,000 

19,118,719 

Dr.  Macfarland  explained  that  in  the  suggested  apportion- 
ment for  1921  two  factors  had  been  considered:  first,  the 
numerical  strength  of  each  denomination,  and,  second,  its  gen- 
eral financial  ability. 

VOTED :    To  receive  the  report  and  place  it  on  file. 


MINUTES   OF  THE   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE  359 

Mr.  John  M.  Glenn,  Qiairman  of  the  Board  of  Finance, 
presented  the  following  report  in  behalf  of  the  Board: 

The  Board  of  Finance  presents  the  following  recommendations 
for  1921: 

(1)  That  the  denominational  representatives  on  the  Executive 
and  Administrative  Committees  make  every  effort  to  secure  the 
denominational  apportionments  as  approved  by  the  denominational 
representatives  in  the  Council  at  Boston  for  the  entire  budget  of 
$300,000.  The  Committee  submits  herewith  a  suggested  plan  of 
apportionment  (see  above). 

It  is  to  be  noted  that,  in  some  cases,  at  the  present  time,  in 
addition  to  the  regular  denominational  apportionments  there  are 
special  appropriations  by  various  denominational  boards  for  the 
work  of  the  Commissions.  In  cases  where  the  denominations 
through  their  central  agencies  are  unable  to  provide  their  entire 
apportionment,  it  is  recommended  that  the  matter  be  taken  up  by 
the  denominational  authorities  with  the  various  boards,  looking 
towards  support  for  the  related  Commissions. 

(2)  That  as  soon  as  possible  the  present  rather  widespread 
popular  appeal  be  gradually  discontinued  as  now  carried  on.  The 
Board  of  Finance  adopted  this  procedure  to  help  meet  the  special 
exigencies  of  the  past  year.  While  it  has  obvious  disadvantages^ 
it  has  helped  to  meet  a  situation  which  could  hardly  have  been 
met  without  it  and  has  secured  the  friendly  help  of  nearly  twenty 
thousand  men  and  women,  upon  whose  continued  help  we  may 
need  to  rely  until  the  denominational  apportionments  are  fully 
provided.  The  time  has  now  come,  however,  when  we  ought  to 
put  into  practice  at  the  earliest  possible  date  the  recommendation 
adopted  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  at  Boston  that  the  cooper- 
ative work  of  the  churches  should  be  adequately  financed  by  the 
churches  themselves. 

(3)  That  until  the  denominations  assume  adequate  financial  re- 
sponsibility for  the  Council,  a  special  effort  be  made  to  secure 
large  individual  gifts  from  men  and  wornen  of  those  denomina- 
tions whose  apportionments  may  not  be  immediately  met  and  that 
the  denominational  representatives  be  urgently  requested  to  coop- 
erate in  securing  such  subscriptions. 

(4)  That  the  following  budget  be  approved:^ 

Budget  for  1921 

Central  Administration,  including  Religious  Publicity 
Service,  Chicago  Office  and  Financial  Administra- 
tion     $150,000 

Washington  Office  and  General  Committee  on  Army  and 

Navy  Chaplains   20,000 

Commission  on  Evangelism  and  Life  Service 30,000 

Commission  on  Social  Service   30,000^ 

Commission  on   Councils   of   Churches 26,000^ 

Commission  on   Christian   Education    10,000 

Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill 10,000* 

Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 10,000 

Special  Committees  and  New  Work 14,000 

Total    $300,000 

iThe  details  of  the  budget  for  the  various  departments  and  commissions  were 
referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee. 

2  It  is  understood  that  this  budget  may  be  increased  by  special  funds  secured 
for  the  purpose,  provided  the  excess  funds  are  secured  outside  the  normal  re- 
sources. 

8  This  budget  assumes  an  increase  in  staff.  If  only  the  present  program  is 
continued,   it  can  be  reduced   one-third, 

*  Most  of  this  amount  will  be  needed  only  if  enlarged  work  is  assumed  by  the 
commission. 


360        FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  above  does  not  include  the  Commissions  on  Relations  with 
Religious  Bodies  in  Europe,  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium, 
Temperance  and  the  Committee  on  the  Canal  Zone  because  these 
are  especially  provided  for  through  cooperative  arrangements  al- 
ready established.  It  does  not  include  the  Continuation  Commit- 
tee of  the  General  War-Time  Commission  and  the  Committee  on 
the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook,  these  Committees  having  car- 
ried over  funds  to  complete  their  work. 

The  Commission  on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe 
is  in  a  class  by  itself  and  is  subject  to  its  constituent  boards. 
During  1920  its  budget  was  about  $9,000,  including  service  for 
the  European  Relief  Council.  We  recommend  that  its  budget  be 
referred  to  its  constituent  boards. 

The  same  is  true  of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France 
and  Belgium,  whose  budget  is  about  $4,000  for  normal  work. 

The  Commission  on  Temperance  is  now  in  conference  with 
two  other  temperance  bodies  relative  to  cooperative  arrangements. 
Its  budget  normally  is  about  $10,000. 

(5)  We  recommend  the  following,  relative  to  immediate  work: 

(a)  That  there  be  no  increase  beyond  the  present  running 
expenses,  even  though  approved  in  the  above  budgets,  except 
by  consent  of  the  Board  of  Finance,  with  the  understanding 
that  its  consent  shall  be  given  as  fast  as  the  funds  appear 
available,  and  that  for  the  immediate  future  the  various  de- 
partments keep  their  expenses  at  the  lowest  possible  minimum. 

(b)  That  no  increases  be  made  in  the  above  approved 
amounts  in  any  case  except  by  approval  of  the  Board  of 
Finance  and  the  Administrative  Committee. 

(6)  That  the  salaries  of  the  Secretaries,  the  employment  of 
added  forces  and  other  details  be  referred  to  the  Board  of  Finance 
and  the  Administrative  Committee  in  consultation  with  the  several 
Commissions. 

(7)  That  the  Board  of  Finance  as  at  present  constituted  be 
continued,  with  power  to  add  to  its  number  upon  approval  by 
the  Administrative  Committee. 

VOTED:     To  adopt  the  first  three  general  items. 

VOTED:    To  approve  the  budget  of  $300,000. 
The  recommendations  relative  to  disbursements  for  imme- 
diate work  (section  5)  v^^ere  adopted. 
Sections  6  and  7  were  adopted. 

VOTED :  To  approve  the  report  of  the  Board  of  Finance 
as  a  whole. 

VOTED:  That  the  responsibility  for  securing  these  ap- 
portionments from  the  constituent  bodies  be  referred  to  the 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee  representing  the  con- 
stituent bodies. 

The  special  matters  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee 
by  the  Federal  Council  at  Boston,  were  taken  up  and  were 
referred  to  the  Administrative  Committee,  as  follows : 

a.  "The  Council  refers  to  the  Executive  Committee  Article  8 
of  By-laws  with  regard  to  the  Commissions  of  the  Council  and 
authorizes  it  to  make  any  ad  interim  changes  which  it  may  deem 


MINUTES   OF   THE   EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE  361 

wise  in  the  commission  and  committee  organization  (including  the 
Administrative  Committee)  of  the  Council,  and  report  to  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Council  the  appropriate  wording  of  By-law  8. 

b.  "With  reference  to  the  resolution  on  the  subject  of  addi- 
tional aid  to  Armenia,  including  the  grant  of  a  loan  from  the 
United  States,  we  recommend  that  this  resolution  be  referred  to 
the  Executive  Committee  for  appropriate  action. 

c.  "With  reference  to  the  resolutions  of  the  Commission  on 
Christian  Education,  we  recommend  their  reference  to  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  for  determining  any  questions  of  procedure  that 
may  arise. 

d.  "With  reference  to  the  appeal  from  the  Central  Council  of 
the  Evangelical  Society  regarding  persecutions  in  Poland,  we 
recommend  its  reference  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

e.  "We  further  recommend  that  the  Executive  Committee  have 
authority  during  the  Quadrennium  to  terminate,  or  to  modify, 
or  to  consolidate  with  those  of  some  other  commission  functions 
of  the  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium,  if 
conditions  warrant. 

f.  "With  regard  to  a  Memorial  Church  at  Plymouth,  Mass. 
the  following  is  recommended :  that  the  resolutions  bearing  on 
this  subject  be  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

g.  "We  recommend  that  the  form  of  reorganization  of  the  Com- 
mission on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  be  referred  to  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  in  harmony  with  action  taken  on  methods  of 
cooperation  in  recommendation  6  of  the  report  of  the  Committee 
on  Methods  of  Cooperation  and  as  adopted  by  the  Council. 

h.  "We  recommend  that  the  resolution  concerning  possible  co- 
operation with  the  International  Sunday  School  Lesson  Committee 
be  approved  and  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee  for  further 
consideration,  if  such  be  necessary. 

A  recommendation  relative  to  the  standardization  of  de- 
nominational yearbooks  and  statistical  records  and  a  sugges- 
tion regarding  campaign  for  church  attendance  were  also  re- 
ferred to  the  Administrative  Committee. 

VOTED :  To  recommend  to  the  next  Federal  Council  that 
the  Vice-Presidents  be  made  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee and  that  in  the  meantime  they  be  invited  to  sit  with 
the  Committee, 

The  Recording  Secretary  submitted  the  following  report 
of  the  special  committee  on  nomination  of  the  members  at 
large  of  the  Administrative  Committee: 

Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose  James  M.  Speers 

Alfred  R.  Kimball  John  R.  Mott 

Bishop  Luther  B.  Wilson  Rev.  Frederick  H.  Knubel 

Rev.   Frederick  Lynch  Dean  Howard  C.  Robbins 

Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson  Rev.  William  L  Chamberlain 

Prof.  John  R.  Hawkins  James  R.  Joy 

Rev.  George  U.  Wenner  Rev.  Edward  D.  Eaton 
Rev.  Charles  L.  White 

VOTED :    To  adopt  the  report. 


362         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

The  Secretary  read  the  following  letter  from  the  Infant 
Church  of  Arabia : 

"Kodaikanal,  India 
24  August,  1920 
"The  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  D.D., 
"General  Secretary, 

"Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 
"Dear  Brother  in  Christ: — 

"It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  we  have  received,  on  behalf  of 
the  infant  church  of  Christ  in  Arabia,  the  greetings  and  message 
brought  to  us  by  the  chairman  of  your  Committee  on  Foreign 
Missions,  Dr.  W.  I.  Chamberlain. 

"We  are  conscious  of  our  relationship  in  origin  and  life  with 
the  Church  of  Christ  in  America  and  confidently  expect  this  one- 
ness together  to  continue  to  be  of  inestimable  value  in  the  years 
to  come. 

"You  will  rejoice  to  know  that  never  before  in  our  history  have 
we  felt  so  assured  of  the  working  of  the  Spirit  of  God  among  us 
and  been  so  expectant  of  increase  in  grace  and  growth  of  the 
body  of  Christ  to  which  we  all  belong. 
Yours  faithfully, 
(signed)     James  E.  Moerdyk,  Chairman, 
G.  D.  Van  Peursem,  Secretary, 
The  Arabian  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Church 
in  America." 

VOTED:  To  receive  the  message,  and  to  authorize  the 
General  Secretary  to  make  a  suitable  reply. 

VOTED:  That  the  appointment  of  three  members  on  the 
Committee  on  Consultation  representing  the  various  interde- 
nominational agencies  be  referred  to  the  Administrative  Com- 
mittee. 

In  connection  with  Section  IV  of  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Organization  and  Plans,  a  general  statement  v^as 
made  by  President  Speer,  asking  for  counsel  on  the  principles 
virhich  should  control  the  work  of  the  Council  and  for  general 
discussion  of  present  day  problems,  particularly  those  con- 
nected with  Evangelism,  Christian  Education  and  the  relation 
of  the  churches  to  economic  and  industrial  issues. 

The  ensuing  discussion  was  participated  in  by  Dr.  Speer, 
Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  Rev.  William  Adams  Brown,  Presi- 
dent J.  Ross  Stevenson,  Rev.  Oscar  M.  Voorhees,  Rev.  Rein- 
hold  Niebuhr,  Rev.  Charles  L.  Goodell,  Rev.  S.  S.  Hough, 
Rev.  Russell  Cecil,  Rev.  Albert  G.  Lawson,  Bishop  George  C. 
Clement,  Mrs.  H.  R.  Steele,  Rev.  Theodore  F.  Herman  and 
Rev.  J.  O.  Atkinson. 

VOTED :  That  the  President  of  the  Council  name  a  com- 
mittee of  seven,  of  which  he  shall  be  the  chairman,  with  power 
to  add  to  their  number,  to  take  into  consideration  the  problems 
under  discussion  and  report  to  the  next  meeting  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  or,  if  prepared  sooner,  to  report  to  the  Admin- 
istrative Committee. 


MINUTES   OF  THE   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE  363 

With  reference  to  the  China  famine: 

VOTED:  That  the  President  of  the  Council  appoint  a 
committee  to  cooperate  with  the  sub-committee  of  the  Ameri- 
can Committee  on  the  China  Famine  Fund,  which  is  to  present 
the  matter  of  the  China  famine  to  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States. 

VOTED :  That  the  President  of  the  Council  be  empowered 
to  convene  the  new  Administrative  Committee. 

VOTED :  That  the  General  Secretary  express  the  appre- 
ciation of  this  Committee  to  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  for  their  kind- 
ness and  courtesy. 

VOTED:  To  submit  the  minutes  of  this  meeting  to  the 
Administrative  Committee  for  approval. 

The  closing  prayer  was  offered  by  President  Robert  E. 
Speer. 

VOTED:    To  adjourn. 

(Signed)  RIVINGTON  D.  LORD 
Recording  Secretary 


REPORT    OF    THE    TREASURER 


A  Sketch  of  the  Financial  History  of  the  Council  from 
the  Beginning 

The  financial  accounts  of  the  Federal  Council  have  been 
printed  each  year  in  detail.  Those  of  this  year  appear  on 
subsequent  pages  of  this  volume.  The  present  statement  is  pre- 
sented as  an  interesting  and  illuminating  picture  of  the  growth 
of  the  Council  as  it  appears  from  its  financial  history. 

The  Council,  formed  in  December,  1908,  has  passed  through 
three  Quadrenniums :  1908-1912,  1912-1916,  1916-1920. 

The  first  Quadrennium  was  marked  by  years  of  earnest 
endeavor  to  find  a  practical  working  out  of  the  cooperative 
ideals  of  the  promoters.  Much  was  attempted,  some  experi- 
ments were  not  successful,  some  ideals  did  not  materialize, 
but  when  we  consider  the  character  of  the  work  as  largely 
the  evolution  of  a  state  of  mind,  steady  progress  can  be  seen. 

During  these  four  years  the  average  income  and  expenditure 
was  about  $22,000  in  each  year,  and  out  of  this  aggregate  of 
$88,000  in  four  years  $19,000  was  expended  outside  the  Cen- 
tral Office  in  New  York  in  efforts  to  promote  the  federation 
idea  from  centers  in  Chicago  and  Denver. 

The  work  of  the  second  Quadrennium  was  directed  from 
the  Central  Office  in  New  York.  The  average  expenditure 
each  year  was  about  $53,000,  for  the  Central  Department,  and 
there  was  expended  an  average  of  $15,000  a  year  by  newly 
formed  Commissions  on  the  Church  and  Country  Life,  Evan- 
gelism, Temperance,  and  Federated  Movements,  making  an 
average  of  about  $68,000  a  year. 

In  1916  the  Movement  for  War  Relief  resulted  in  an  addi- 
tional expenditure,  not  included  in  the  above,  of  $55,000 
directly  by  the  Council  in  stimulating  various  forms  of  war 
relief,  and  many  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  as  a  result 
were  conveyed  directly  by  the  givers  to  the  numerous  War 
Relief  organizations. 

There  was  also  directly  transmitted  by  the  Treasurer's  Of- 
fice $83,000  for  the  French  Protestant  Churches  and  about 
$10,000  to  various  special  objects  designated,  which  are  not 
included  in  the  above  average. 

In  the  Third  Quadrennium  the  dominating  influence  was  the 
Great  War.  The  budget  of  the  Central  Department,  includ- 
ing the  Washington  Office,  the  Departments  of  Social  Serv- 
ice, Publicity,  Evangelism,  and  Temperance,  average  about 
$150,000  each  year,  and  in  addition  the  other  Commissions 

364 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  365 

have  expended  about  $31,000  a  year,  making  a  total  of  $181,000 
each  year. 

The  special  commissions  which  have  had  charge  of  the 
War- Work  also  expended  about  $150,000,  not  included  in  the 
above  average. 

In  1919  there  was  received  and  forwarded  for  the  help  of 
the  French  and  Belgian  Churches  some  $240,000,  and  in  this 
year,  1920,  there  has  been  conveyed  $150,000  to  $200,000.  The 
larger  portion  of  this  has  come  from  the  committees  of  the 
denominational  bodies  which  secured  the  funds. 

These  figures  give  an  idea  of  the  gradual  enlargement  of 
the  demand  for  the  activities  which  the  Federal  Council  has 
been  called  upon  to  promote. 

Average  expenses  first  four  years,  $22,000  each  year,  for 
normal  work. 

Average  expenses  second  four  years,  $68,000  each  year,  for 
normal  work. 

Average  expenses  third  four  years,  $181,000  each  year,  for 
normal  work.^ 

In  addition  to  this,  about  $205,000  have  been  expended  for 
special  work. 

How  has  the  income  been  obtained? 

At  the  formation  of  the  Council  the  principle  of  denomina- 
tional support  for  the  work  was  approved  and  was  finally 
fixed  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  for  each  thousand  members. 
With  the  membership  in  the  constituent  denominations  at  16,- 
000,000,  this  was  supposed  to  yield  $16,000  each  year.  Of  the 
thirty  denominations  included  in  the  Federal  Council,  a  few 
had  a  regular  central  fund  from  which  such  a  payment  could 
be  made.  The  great  majority  had  no  such  reserve,  and  their 
funds  were  collected  in  a  great  variety  of  ways.  Some  of  the 
denominations  had  not  been  accustomed  to  contribute  from 
their  denominational  funds  to  anything  outside  their  denomi- 
national interests.  The  correspondence  and  conferences  in  re- 
gard to  this  matter  have  been  most  interesting  and  have  had 
the  effect  of  a  gradual  education  in  that  line  of  giving  on  the 
part  of  the  denominational  bodies.  Some  of  the  denomina- 
tions have  not  been  able  to  pay  even  this  very  moderate  ap- 
portionment. The  average  income  from  this  source  has  been 
only  about  $12,000  a  year  for  the  past  eleven  years,  and  only 
in  this,  the  twelfth  year,  has  an  effort  been  made  to  increase 
this  source  of  income,  which  has  been,  so  far,  without  large 
result. 

The  major  portion  of  the  expenses  in  all  these  years  has 
been  met  by  appeals  to  private  givers,  and  much  time  and  effort 

*  Since  this  report  was  presented  to  the  Boston  Quadrennial  the  accounts  for 
1920  have  been  closed,  showing  the  expenses  for  that  year  to  be  about  $260,000. 


366         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

have  been  expended  by  executive  officers  in  cultivating  an  in- 
terested constituency.  The  past  year  has  been  a  particularly 
difficult  one,  as  the  Federal  Council  has  lost  regular  subscribers 
on  account  of  the  appeals  of  the  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment and  the  denominational  drives.  It  has  therefore  been 
necessary  to  institute  a  nation-wide  campaign  for  small  con- 
tributions. This  has  been  a  rather  expensive  method  of  pro- 
moting the  work  of  the  Council,  but  it  was  the  best  that  could 
be  done. 

At  the  organization  of  the  Council,  in  1908,  a  deficit  of 
$3,000  was  assumed ;  the  year  1920  will  close  with  a  moderate 
deficit,  against  which  there  is  a  permanent  fund  of  $1,000  and 
a  legacy  of  $7,600,  which  the  Administrative  Committee  has 
voted  to  add  to  the  Endowment  Fund. 

The  work  employs  an  office  staff  of  some  sixty  young 
women,  largely  in  the  department  of  manifolding  and  print- 
ing, which  has  proved  an  indispensable  aid,  and  which,  by  do- 
ing occasional  work  for  outside  organizations,  has  realized  a 
moderate  profit. 

Without  working  capital,  recourse  has  been  had  to  the 
cultivation  of  credit  at  the  bank.  This  has  been  intelligently 
granted,  and  every  obligation  has  been  promptly  met. 

The  aspirations  and  hopes  of  many  years  culminated  in  the 
organization  of  the  Federal  Council  twelve  years  ago.  The 
Financial  Office  has  been  conducted  in  cordial  sympathy  with 
every  department,  and  every  work  which  the  Administrative 
Committee  has  authorized. 

From  the  above  statements  it  appears  that  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil has  for  all  these  years  carried  on  the  cooperative  work  of 
the  churches  without  drawing  upon  denominational  funds  ex- 
cept for  the  small  amount  shown.  The  time  has  come  when 
it  seems  to  be  important  that  the  constituent  denominations 
should  provide  a  larger  share  of  the  required  support. 

TREASURER'S   REPORT,    1920 

The  statement  of  the  operations  of  the  Central  Office  which 
follows,  including  the  Commissions  on  Evangelism,  Social  Ser- 
vice, International  Justice  and  Goodwill,  Christian  Education 
and  the  Washington  and  Chicago  offices,  shows  a  deficit  of 
$27,399.88.  This  amount,  however,  is  reduced  by  the  state- 
ments of  other  departments  not  accounted  for  in  the  statement 
of  the  Central  Office,  which  show  an  aggregate  credit  of  about 
$8,000.  In  addition  to  this  the  property  in  the  New  York  and 
Washington  office  is  carried  at  $8,689.90.  This  property,  how- 
ever, is  worth  in  our  inventory  about  double  this  amount. 

There  are  contributions  due  from  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  amounting  to  $6,377,  the  receipt  of  which  has 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  367 

been  delayed  by  the  want  of  official  action,  and  $1,300  from 
the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  which  was  voted  too  late  for 
inclusion  in  the  account  of  1920.  A  fair  consideration  of  these 
assets  will  reduce  the  net  liability  at  the  end  of  the  year  1920 
to  less  than  $12,000,  which  would  be  covered  by  the  value  of 
property  belonging  to  the  Council. 

PERMANENT    FUND 

Mrs.  D.  Willis  James  $1,000.00 

Legacy  Estate  of  Henry  Martyn  Hervey  7,663.35 

Total,  December  31,  1920  $8,663.35 

This  fund  is  being  used  as  working  capital  and  it  is  hoped  that  it 
may  be  increased.  It  is  now  invested  in  Furniture,  Typewriters,  Mani- 
folding Machinery  and  Library,  and  other  property  assets. 

GENERAL  FUND 

This  covers  the  account  of  the  Central  Office  and  the  Commis- 
sions on  Social  Service,  Evangelism,  International  Justice  and  Good- 
will, and  Christian  Education,  together  with  the  Washington  Office, 
the  Chicago  Office  and  Religious  Publicity. 

EXPENDITURES: 

Administration    $11,277.75 

Office     secretary,     assistants     and 

stenographers    7,616.00 

Office  expense  and  stationery 9,613.80 

Postage    9,057.77 

Rent    3,049.88 

Telegraph,  telephone  and  cable  . .  1,615.57 

Printing  and  publication   11,859.07 

Travel    2,995.31 

Library    176.26 

Incidentals  and  contingent  fund..  750.46 

Interest    664.12 

Expense  of  meetings,  special  com- 
mittees and   foreign  delegates . .  2,438.65 

Honorary   Secretary    1,500.00 

Treasurer's    Department    9,231.06 

Department     of     Promotion     and  , 

Publicity    48,647.89 

Washington  Office  19,554.51 

Chicago    Office    1,075.90 

Religious   Publicity 19,648.95 

Appropriations  to  Commission  on 

Temperance    425.79 

Commission  on  Church  and  Social 

Service    36,410.84 

Commission   on    Evangelism    8,725.28 

Commission  on  International  Jus- 
tice and  Goodwill  622.20 

Commission  on   Christian   Educa- 
tion      438.38                       207,395.44 


368         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

RECEIPTS: 

Balance    on    hand    December    31, 

1919    9,771.56 

Denominational  Apportionments   .     14,443.00 
Denominational        Appropriations 
for  Special  Depts. : 
Washington  Office  . .  5,200.00 
Commission  on  Social 

Service    100.00 

Commission  on  Evan- 
gelism     2,700.00      8,000.00 

War  Work  Council  of  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  for  the  Committee  on 
Army  and  Navy  Chaplains  ....     12,000.00 

Contributions  from  Churches 4,188.06 

Contributions  from  Individuals   ..   114,188.09 

Services    and    Publicity    8,180.52 

Literature    1,946.15 

Editorial  Council  of  Religious 
Press 335.00 

For  Commission  on  Social  Ser- 
vice, from  the  General  War 
Time  Commission  Fund  1,500.00 

Profit  from  Printing  and  Pub- 
lication         3,444.34 

Balance  from  Commission  on 
Evangelism,  Dec.  31,  '19 308.00 

Balance   from  Washing- 
ton Office,  Dec.  31,  '19  $2,472.74 
Less  Balance  on  hand 
Dec.  31,  1920  781.90      1,690.84    170,224.00    179,995.56 

Deficit,  December  31,  1920 $27,399.88 

The  following  statements  give  the  details  of  the  expendi- 
tures as  stated  in  the  foregoing  account  of  the  Central 
Office: 

Washington  Office 
EXPENDITURES: 

Administration   $4,700.00 

Stenographers    4,587.50 

Office   Expense    1,341.00 

Postage    670.78 

Telephone  and  Telegrams   563.02 

Rent    757.50 

Printing   2,365.61 

Publicity  1,583.41 

Travel    909.88 

Incidentals  198.06 

Camp  Upton  Maintenance  777. 7S 

Chaplain's  Medals 1,100.00 

$19,554.51 

Chicago  Office 
EXPENDITURES: 

Administration $600.00 

Travel  and  Expenses 397.34 

Expense  of  Meetings 78.56 

$1,075.90 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  369 

Religious  Publicity  Service 

EXPENDITURES: 

Deficit,  December  31,  1919 $3,699.88 

Administration   $3,820.00 

Stenographers    1,590.45 

Office   Expense    2,396.86 

Rent    423.60 

Printing  and  Publication   7,233.08 

Travel  256.44 

Incidentals   25.00 

Furniture    24.75 

Editorial  Council  of  Religious  Press         178.89 

15,949.07 

$19,648.95 

Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service 

EXPENDITURES: 

Deficit,  December  31,  1919  $11,878.94 

Administrative  Department : 

Administration    $6,000.00 

Stenographers  1,280.50 

Office   Expense    486.39 

Rent 702.00 

Printing  and  Publication  2,057.36 

Travel  1,359.22 

Incidentals  602.74 

Furniture  25.30 

Industrial  Conference   50.00 

Community  Organization  257.66 

12,821.17 

Research  Department: 

Administration $5,258.29 

Special  Work 450.00 

Stenographers   and   Assistants...  3,366.50 

Office  Expense    546.09 

Rent 689.00 

Printing  and  Publication 592.91 

Incidentals    49.45 

Furniture  and   Fixtures 175.37 

Travel  583.12 

11,710.73 

$36,410.84 

Commission  on  Evangelism 

EXPENDITURES: 

Administration  $6,000.00 

Stenographers    1,356.56 

Office  Expense 105.34 

Rent 400.92 

Printing  and  Publication  510.12 

Travel    352.34 

$8,725.28 


370         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

Department  of  Printing  and  Publication 
Received  for  Services  in  1920 $39,928.18 

EXPENDITURES: 

Office  Expense $4,351.57 

Outside  Assistance  1,421.23 

Wages    18,112.62 

Rent  1,979.64 

Postage    10,618.78 

$36,483.84 

Profit    3,444.34 

$39,928.18 

ACCOUNTS  NOT  INCLUDED  IN  THE  CENTRAL 

OFFICE 


Commission  on  Council  of  Churches 

Regular  Fund 
EXPENDITURES: 

Deficit,  December  31,  1919  $1,710.48 

Administration  $6,000.00 

•Stenographers     1,361.32 

Office  Expense    791.05 

Rent    726.00 

Printing  and   Publication    830.10 

Travel   1,424.03 

Incidentals   45.31 

11,177.81 

$12,888.29 

RECEIPTS: 

Contributions    $12,312.92 

Refunds,  etc 479.98 

12,792.90 

Deficit,  December  31,  1920 $95.39 

Special  Fund 
RECEIPTS: 

Balance,  December  31,  1919 $5,506.41 

Contributions    7,525.00 

Literature    864.40 

Registration  Fees,  etc 810.15 

$14,705.96 

EXPENDITURES: 

F.  B.  Smith,  Special  Expense $695.62 

Travel 1.000.29 

Expense  of  Meetings   469.18 

Stenographers   290.82 

Office   Expense    406.60 

Printing  and  Publication   3,475.24 

Cleveland  Meeting   3,250.08 

^^""^'^'^'^  '^^-^       9,862.83 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1920 $4,843.13 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  371 

Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient 
EXPENDITURES: 

Deficit,  December  31,  1919 $834.64 

Administration   $6,000.00 

Stenographers  1,404.00 

Office  Expense 103.30 

Rent    374.52 

Printing  and  Publication  9ZZ.77 

Travel  272.53 

Incidentals   139.75 

9,227.87 

$10,062.51 

RECEIPTS: 

Church  Peace  Union  $8,000.00 

Contributions    1,200.00 

Literature    55.69 

Furniture  Sold 90.00 

9,345.69 

Deficit,  December  31,  1920  $716.82 

General  Wartime  Commission  of  the  Churches 

RECEIPTS: 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1919 $3,487.58 

Interchurch  Emergency  Campaign   $2,500.00 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South  1,200.00 

Sale  of  Literature  and  Refunds  52.44 

Sale  of  Equipment,  etc 225.53 

3,977.97 

$7  465  55 
EXPENDITURES: 

Administration  $516.66 

Contribution  from  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South,  to  General  Committee  on  Army  and 

Navy   Chaplains    1,200.00 

Stenographers  475.00 

Travel  95.12 

Office  Expense    416.03 

Incidental  Publicity 53.12 

Printing  and  Publication  2,588.90 

5,344.83 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1920 $2,120.72 

Committee  on  the  War  and  the  Religious  Outlook 
RECEIPTS: 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1919 $2,999.67 

Interchurch  Emergency  Campaign..     $8,000.00 

Literature,   Refunds,  etc 561.52 

8,561.52 

$11,561.19 

EXPENDITURES: 

Administration    $3,308.33 

Stenographers     2,018.60 

Office  Expense   676.20 

Printing  and  Publication  2,806.71 

Expense  of  Meetings  207.79 

9,017.63 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1920 2,543.56 


372         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

National  Temperance  Society  and  Commission  on 
Temperance 
Jantmry  1st  to  March  15  th,  1920 
EXPENDITURES: 

Deficit,  December  31,  1919 $2,946.95 

Salaries  and  Wages    588.50 

Rent  179.17 

Publications 3,068.54 

General  Expenses  362.64 

$7,145.80 

RECEIPTS: 

Income  of  Trust  Funds  of  Nat.  Temp.  Soc...  $619.46 

Contributions    520.97 

Subscriptions  to  Papers   331.53 

Appropriated  by  Trustees  of  Endowment 2,558.61 

World  Prohibition  Federation   2,691.39 

Appropriation  Federal  Council  Treasury   423.84 

$7,145.80 

March  15th,  1920,  to  January  14th,  1921 
Under  Agreement  with  the  World  Prohibition  Federation 

RECEIPTS: 

Appeals,   Literature  and  Periodicals    $4,130.27 

Income  of  Trust  Funds  of  National  Temper- 
ance Society  1,766.19 

Contributions    5,1 15.00 

$11,011.46 

EXPENDITURES: 

Net  deficit,  March  15th,  per  agreement $2,691.39 

Salaries    2,304.08 

Office  Expense,  Rent  and  Sundry  Expense 1,748.07 

Periodicals    2,780.25 

Work  Abroad   1,000.00 

10,523.79 

Balance  on  hand,  January  14,  1921 $487.67 

(Held  by  World  Prohibition  Federation) 

The  Commission  on  Church  and  Country  Life 

October  8  to  December  31,  1920 
RECEIPTS: 

Balance  on  hand,  October  8,  1920 $8.08 

Contributions    2,001.00 

$2,009.08 

EXPENDITURES: 

Salaries    $1,655.97 

Travel  27.50 

Supplies,  Postage,  etc 24.53 

1,708.00 

Balance,  December  31,  1920 $301.08 

(Held  by  the  Commission) 


REPORT   OF  THE  TREASURER  373 

Committee  on  Religious  Work  in  the  Canal  Zone 

RECEIPTS: 

Credit  Balance,  December  31,  1919 $649.29 

Contributions    10,680.80 

$11,330.09 

EXPENDITURES: 

Remitted  to  Treasurer  of  Union  Church $1,800.00 

Dr.  Harry  Owen   for  expenses 600.00 

Office  Expense  175.02 

Printing  and  Publication   295.57 

2,870.59 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1920 $8,459.50 

{Special  deposit  in  Lincoln  Trust  Co.) 

Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium 

The  Budget  voted  for  expenses  was  $6,000,  of  which  only  $5,278.59 
was  expended,  as  follows : 

Assistant  to  the  Secretary $1,669.00 

Office  Expense,  Stationery  and  Postage 497.30 

Rent 393.12 

Multigraphing  and  Typewriting   691.53 

General  Printing,   Publicity  and  Advertising 355.78 

Stereopticon  Slides  25.54 

Library   9.28 

Annual  Report,  1919  151.10 

Annual  Report,  1920  73.20 

General   Expenses   including:    Financial   Director, 

Treasurer,     Religious     Publicity     Department, 

Office    Director,     Reception    Clerk,     Shipping, 

Store  Room,  Telephone,  Telegraph  and  Cable. .  1,000.00 

Travel    53.34 

Travel   (France  and  Belgium)    99.00 

Auditing  Books  for  1919   (Campaign  Account)..  100.00 

Incidentals   160.40 

$5,278.59 

In  addition  there  was  expended  by  special  vote : 

Travel  Expenses    (Mile.  J.  M.  d'Aubigne) $300.73 

Printing    and    Distribution    of    Booklet,    "Recon- 
struction," and   Tourist   Guide    1,323.43 

1,624.16 

$6,902.75 
The  amounts  received  and  sent  to  France  were  as  follows: 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1919 $5,663.75 

Denominational  Contributions : 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A $100,000.00 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S 10,495.17 

American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society..     18,325.73 

Disciples  of  Christ  2,994.45 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church  50,000.00 

Reformed  Church  of  U.  S 12,891.29 

United  Presbyterian  Church  13,631.23 

$208,337.87 

Contributions  through  Miss  Matter  for  Hospital  at  Lille...  2,935.00 

Individual  Contributions  7,259.24 

Total  $224,195.86 

Amount  sent  to  France  222,743.92 

Balance  on  hand,  December  31,  1920 $1,451.94 

In  addition  to  the  above,  considerable  amounts  have  been 


374         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

sent  directly  from  donors — for  the  God-Mother's  Union, 
pastor's  families,  and  other  special  objects.  Various  de- 
nominational bodies  have  also  sent  direct  financial  aid. 


Commission  on  Relation  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe 


EXPENDITURES: 

Office  Expense    $264.19 

Rent    35.40 

Printing  and  Publication 1,629.27 

Stenographers   530.00 

General  Expense:  Financial  Director,  Treas- 
urer, Religious  Publicity  Department,  Office 
Director,   Reception  Clerk,   Shipping,   Store 

Room,  Telephone,  Telegraph  and  Cable 600.00 

Travel   971.13 

Incidentals   18.00 

Postage    54.10 

European  Relief  Appeal  5,571.24 

$9,673.33 


RECEIPTS: 

Appropriations  from  Cooperating  Bodies $2,900.35 

Services    5,571.24 

8,471.59 

Deficit,  December  31.  1920 $1,201.74 


The  following  amounts  were  received  and  sent  to  Europe : 

From  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A $35,000.00 

For  American  Red  Cross   1,000.00 


$36,000.00 


As  one  of  the  constituent  bodies  in  the  European  Relief 
Council,  organized  by  Mr.  Hoover,  the  Federal  Council 
helped  to  secure  large  funds  from  the  Protestant  Churches. 
These  sums,  being  sent  directly  to  the  European  Relief 
Council,  are  not  reported  here,  as  is  also  the  case  with  funds 
transmitted  to  the  Near  East  Relief  and  other  relief  or- 
ganizations. 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  375 

To  show  the  extent  of  the  work  going  through  the  Treas- 
urer's Office,  we  give  below  a  summary  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  for  all  departments  for  the  year  1920. 

Receipts  Expenditures 

Central   Office,    including    Commissions   on 

Evangelism,    Social    Service,    Christian 

Education,     International     Justice     and 

Goodwill,     Washington     and     Chicago 

Offices    $170,224.00  $207,395.44 

Dept.  of  Printing  and  Publication 39,928.18  36,483.84 

Commission  on  Council  of  Churches 27,498.86  21,040.64 

Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient.  9,345.69  9,227.87 

General  War  Time  Commission 12,630.49  14,487.89 

Commission  on  Church  and  Country  Life. .  2,001.00  1,708.00 

Commission  on  France  and  Belgium 6,902.75  6,902.75 

Commission  on  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe  8,471.59  9,673.33 
Committee  on  Religious  Work  in  the  Canal 

Zone    10,680.80  2,870.59 

Joint  Committee  on  Temperance 14,785.67  14,977.40 

$302,469.03  $324,767.75 

In  addition  to  this,  there  has  been  received  and  sent  to 
the  French  and  Belgian  churches,  missions  and  bodies  in 
Central  Europe  the  sum  of  $258,743.92. 

The  accounts  are  being  examined  by  a  certified  public 
accountant. 

Alfred  R.  Kimball, 

Treasurer. 


APPENDIX 


Members  of  Federal  Council  in  Attendance  at  Boston 
Quadrennial   Meeting 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Aitchison,  Rev.  J.  Y.,  New  York  City  (alternate) 

Allison,  Prof.  W.  H.,  Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Anderson,  Prof.  F.  L.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass. 

Batten,  Rev.  Samuel  Z.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Beaven,  Rev.  A.  W.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Behan,  Rev.  Warren  P.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.   (alternate) 

Bitting,  Rev.  W.  C,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Bradbury,  Prof.  Woodman,  Newton  Centre,  Mass.   (alternate) 

Brink,  Rev.  G.  N.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Cheney,  Rev.  D.  B.,  Boston,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Detweiler,  Rev.  C.  S.,  New  York  City  (alternate) 

Faunce,  President  W.  H.  P.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Field,  Frederick,  Boston,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Franklin,  Rev.  J.  H.,  New  York  City 

Gray,  President  C.  D.,  Lewiston,  Me. 

Grose,  Rev.  Howard  B.,  New  York  City 

Horr,  President  George  E.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Hudson,  Rev.  B.  S.,  Portland,  Me.  (alternate) 

Lawson,  Rev.  Albert  G.,  New  York  City 

Levy,  Rev.  Maurice  A.,  Pittsfield,  Mass. 

MacArthur,  Rev.  Kenneth  C,  Cambridge,  Mass.   (alternate) 

Merriam,  Rev.  E.  T.,  Boston,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Neil,  Rev.  S,  G.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (alternate) 

Price,  Rev.  O.  J.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  (alternate) 

Robbins,  Rev.  J.  C,  New  York  City  (alternate) 

Rowe,  Prof.  H.  K.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Sears,  Rev.  Charles  H.,  New  York  City   (alternate) 

Towson,  C.  R.,  New  York  City  (alternate) 

Vaughn,  Prof.  R.  M.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Watson,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Belmont,  Mass.   (alternate) 

White,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  New  York  City 

White,  Rev.  O.  J.,  Boston,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Wilcox,  Rev.  D.  G.,  New  York  City  (alternate) 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Brookins,  F.  G.,  Medford,  Mass. 
Caver,  Rev.  R.  M.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Cooper,  Henry  F.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Crenshaw,  J.  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Douglas,  Rev.  Charles  D.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Franklin,  Rev.  E.  R.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Harris,  Rev.  H.  Howell,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Henderson,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Holloway,  H.  W.,  Helena,  Ark. 
Jernigan,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Jordan,  Rev.  L.  G.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Kempton,  Rev.  Austen  T.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Klugh,  Rev.  D.  S.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Lovelace,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Wynne,  Ark. 


378         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 


Morris,  Pres.  E.  C,  Helena,  Ark. 
Parks,  Rev.  W.  G.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Rines,  W.  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Shaw,  Rev.  M.  A.  N.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Simmons,  Rev.  G.  W.,  Helena,  Ark. 
Thomas,  Rev.  I.  A.,  Evanston,  111. 
Thompson,  E.  E..  Boston.  Mass. 
Ward,  Rev.  Cassius  A.,  Boston,  Mass. 
White,  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  Clifton  Forge,  Va. 


Free  Baptist  Churches 

Anthony,  Rev.  Alfred  Williams,  New  York  City 
Anthony,  Mrs.  Alfred  Williams,   Scarsdale,   N.  Y. 
Jefferson,  Rev.  Albert  W.,  Lawrence,  Mass. 
Lord,  Rev.  Rivington  D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Webb,  Hon.  Lindley  M.,  Portland,  Me. 


Christian  Church 

Atkinson,  Rev.  J.  O.,  Elon  College,  N.  C. 
Burnett,  Rev.  J.  F.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Coffin,  President  Frank  G.,  Albany,  Mo. 
Morrill,  Rev.  M.  T.,  Defiance,  Ohio 
Staley,  Rev.  W\  W.,  Suffolk,  Va. 
Summerbell,  Rev.  Martyn,  Lakemont,  N.  Y. 


Churches  of  God  in  the  U.  S.  (General  Eldership) 
Whisler,  Rev.  John  W.,  Findlay,  Ohio 

Congregational  Churches 

Armstrong,  Rev.  Arthur  H.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Atkinson,  Rev.  Henry  A.,  New  York  City 
Bliss,  Rev.  Alfred  V.,  Taunton,  Mass. 
Boynton,  Rev.  Nehemiah,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Burnham,  Rev.  Edmund  A.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Campbell,  Rev.  William  J.,  Portland,  Me. 
Carter,  Rev.  Charles  F.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Cross,  Rev.  Allen  E.,  Milford,  Mass. 
Eaton,  President  Edward  D.,  New  York  City 
Fagley,  Rev.  F.  L.,  New  York  City 
Flanders,  Rev.  Ralph,  Springfield,  Vt. 
Gordon,  Rev.  John,  Rockford,  111. 
Green,  President  E.  F.,  Starr,  N.  C. 
Hazen,  Rev.  Azel  W.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Holton,  Rev.  Horace  F.,  Brockton,  Mass. 
King,  President  Henry  Churchill,  Oberlin,  Ohio 
Lathrop,  Rev.  Theodore  B.,  Branford,  Conn. 
Little,  Norton  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Miles,  Rev.  Harry  R.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Root,  Rev.  E.  Tallmadge,  Boston,  Mass. 
Wheeler,  Hon.  Wayne  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Whitehead,  Hon.  John  M.,  Janesville,  Wis. 
Winchester,  Rev.  Benjamin  S.,  Fairfield,  Conn. 


APPENDIX  379 

Disciples  of  Christ 

Abbott,  Rev.  B.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Ainslie,  Rev.  Peter,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Batman,  Rev.  L.  G.,  Youngstown,  Ohio 
Brighton,  Rev.  Norman,  Boston,  Mass. 
Burnham,  Rev.  F.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Cory,  Rev.  A.  E.,  New  York  City 
Crossfield,  Pres.  R.  H.,  Lexington,  Ky. 
Ewers,  Rev.  John  Ray,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Frank,  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  Dallas,  Texas 
Gordon,  Rev.  Fred  M.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Home,  Rev.  John  McD.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Hunt,  Rev.  Ray  E.,  East  Orange,  N.  J. 
Idleman,  Rev.  Finis  S.,  New  York  City 
Inman,  Rev.  S.  G.,  New  York  City 
McBee,  A.  E.,  New  York  City 
McCreary,  Rev.  L.  W.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Morrison,  Rev.  Charles  C,  Chicago,  111. 
Moses,  Rev.  Jasper  T.,  New  York  City 
Pritchard,  Rev.  H.  O.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Taylor,  Rev.  Alva  W.,  Columbia,  Mo. 
Willett,  Rev.  Herbert  L.,  Chicago,  111. 
Winders,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Evangelical  Association 

Breyfogel,  Bishop  S.  C,  Reading,  Pa. 

Frye,  Rev.  Edwin  G.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Heinmiller,  Bishop  G.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Kimmel,  Rev.  G.  B.,  Naperville,  111, 

Meckel,  Rev.  T.  C,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Philipbar,  Rev.  Charles,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (alternate) 

Spreng,  Bishop  S.  P.,  Naperville,  111. 

Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America 

Baltzer,  Rev.  John,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Niebuhr,  Rev.  R.,  Detroit,  Mich,  (acting  for  Rev.  Wm.  Bourquin) 

Schneider,  Rev.  J.  U.,  Evansville,  Ind. 

Friends 

Haworth,  Samuel  L.,  High  Point,  N.  C. 
Hole,  Mrs.  Mary  Doan,  Richmond,  Ind. 
Kenworthy,  Murray   S.,  Wilmington,  Ohio 
Paige,  Miss  Mary  S.,  Lynn,  Mass. 
Shepard,  Albert  G.,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
Woodward,  Walter  C,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Baker,  Rev.  James  C,  Urbana,  111. 

Bates,  John  L.,  Newton,  Mass.    (alternate) 

Bell,  Rev.  J.  H.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Bronson,  Rev.  Dillon,  Boston,  Mass. 

Causey,  James  H.,  Denver,  Colo,   (alternate) 

Cherrington,  Ernest  H.,  Westerville,  Ohio 

Conner,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Emery,  S.  T.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass.   (alternate) 


380         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES  OF   CHRIST 

Fisk,  Everett  O.,   Brookline,   Mass.    (alternate) 
Ford,  Rev.  C.  Oscar,  Springfield,  Mass.   (alternate) 
Forsyth,  Rev.  David  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Gerrish,  Rev.  Donald  H.,  Lawrence,  Mass.    (alternate) 
Hartman,  Rev.  L.  O.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Haven,  Rev.  William  I.,  New  York  City- 
Heath,  Rev.  George  E.,  West  Somerville,  Mass.   (alternate) 
Kline,  J.  W.,  Chicago,  111.   (alternate) 
Lacount,  Eugene,  West  Somerville,  Mass.   (alternate) 
Linn,  Edgar  C,  Brookline,  Mass. 
MacMuUen,  Rev.  Wallace,  New  York  City 
McConnell,  Bishop  Francis  J.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
McDowell,  Bishop  William  F.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Meyer,  Rev.  H.  H.,  New  York  City 
Millar,  W.  B.,  New  York  City   (alternate) 
Mills,  Rev.  E.  L.,  Portland,  Ore. 
Mills,  Rev.  Edmund  M.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Mitchell,  Bishop  Charles  B.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Mott,  Dr.  John  R.,  New  York  City 
Murkett,  Rev.  H.  E.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
Nate,  Rev.  Joseph  C,  Champaign,  111. 
Nicholson,  Bishop  Thomas,  Chicago,  111. 
North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason,  New  York  City 
Powell,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Melrose,  Mass.   (alternate) 
Rail,  Rev.  Harris  Franklin,  Evanston,  111.   (alternate) 
Rice,  Rev.  Charles  F.,  Lynn,  Mass. 
Rice,  Rev.  William  North,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Shepler,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Newtonville,  Mass.    (alternate) 
Spaulding,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Worcester,  Mass.  (alternate) 
Spencer,  Rev.  C.  B.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Spencer,  Rev.  George  H.,  Boston,  Mass.   (alternate) 
Storms,  Rev.  Albert  B.,  Berea,  Ohio 
Sumwalt,  Rev.  J.  W.  R.,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Thirkield,  Bishop  Wilbur  P.,  Mexico  City,  Mexico  (alternate) 
Wallace,  Rev.  John  J.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wareing,  Rev.  Ernest  C,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Watson,  Rev.  Edward  L.,  Baltimore,  Md. 


Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

Alexander,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Beckham,  Rev.  B.  M.,  Ferrum,  Va. 
Blackwell,  President  R.  E.,  Ashland,  Va. 
Branscombe,  Rev.  Harvie,  Dallas,  Texas 
Bulla,  Rev.  C.  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Durham,  Rev.  Plato  T.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Frazier,  Rev.  John  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hendrix,  Bishop  E.  R.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Pinson,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Simpson,  Rev.  T.  McN.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Steele,  Mrs.  H.  R.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Tillett,  Rev.  Wilbur  F.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Watson,  Rev.  E.  O.,  Washington,  D.  C 


APPENDIX 


381 


African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Beard,  Rev.  J.  E.,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Bumry,  Rev.  R.  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Byrd,  Rev.  W.  P.  Q.,  Clarksdale,  Miss. 
Cole,  Rev.  C.  P.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Conner,  Bishop  J.  M.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Coppin,  Bishop  L.  J.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Gregg,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Wilberforce,  Ohio 
Hawkins,  Prof.  John  R.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hurst,  Bishop  John,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Johnson,  Bishop  J.  A.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Johnson,  Rev.  J.  Q.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Jones,  Bishop  J.  H.,  Wilberforce,  Ohio 
kincheon.  Prof.  L.  B.,  Belton.  Texas 
Lindsav,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Parks,  Bishop  H.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Smith,  Bishop  C.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Williams,  Rev.  S.  A.,  Tampa,  Fla. 
Wilson,  Rev.  A.  J.,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

Alleyne.  Rev.  C  C,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 
Auten,  Rev.  Theodore  A.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Brown,  Rev.  W.  C,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Callis,  Rev.  Henry  J.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Clement,  Bishop  George  C,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Clinton,  Bishop  George  W.,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 
Mason,  Rev.  James  E.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Matthews,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Remsen.  Rev.  O.  J.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Swain,  Rev.  B.  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Walls,  Rev.  W.  J.,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 
Whitted,  Rev.  C.  S.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Bell,  Rev.  Wm.  Y.,  New  York  City  (proxy  to  Rev.  J.  A.  Hamlett) 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Campbell,  Rev.  M.  M.,  Richwood,  Ohio 
Daugherty,  Rev.  C.  L.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Davis,  Rev.  Lyman  E.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Moravian  Church 

Kreider,  Rev.  Charles  D.,  Nazareth,  Pa. 

Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  A, 

Bergen,  Rev.  John  T.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Best,  Nolan  R.,  New  York  City 
Brown,  Rev.  William  Adams,  New  York  City 
Fulton,  Rev.  Albert  C,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Hartley,  Rev.  Reuben  H.,  La  Jolla,  Cal. 
Jennings,  Rev.  W.  Beatty,  Germantown,  Pa. 
tones,  Rev.  David  H.,  Evanston,  III. 


382         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Kimball,  Alfred  R.,  New  York  City 
Marquis,  Rev.  John  A.,  New  York  City 
McCauley,  Rev.  Hugh  B.,  Paterson,  N.  J. 

Mendenhall,  Rev.  Harlan  G.,  New  York  City  ] 

Reynolds,  Rev.  George,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.  « 

Russell,  Rev.  Daniel,  New  York  City  ' 

Snowden,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  ! 

Speer,  Dr.  Robert  E.,  New  York  City  j 

Speers,  James  M.,  New  York  City  I 

Stevenson,  President  J.  Ross,  Princeton,  N.  J.  j 

Stewart,  President  George  B.,  Auburn,  N.  Y.  I 

Thompson,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  New  York  City  : 

Thompson,  President  William  O.,  Columbus,  Ohio  ' 

Vance,  Rev.  Joseph  A.,  Chicago,  III.  ! 

Voris,  Rev.  John  R.,  New  York  City 
Wilder,  Robert  P.,  New  York  City 
Williams,  Rev.  R.  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Storey,  Rev.  Granville  T.,  Bay  City,  Texas 
Summey,  Rev.  George,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Vance,  Rev.  James  I.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Primitive  Methodist  Church 

Humphries,  Rev.  E.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Humphries,  Mrs.  Martha,  New  Bedford,  Mass.  (alternate) 

Taylor,  Rev.  W.  B.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I.  (alternate)  , 

i 

Protestant  Episcopal  Commissions  on  Christian  Unity  and  Social  Service 

Birckhead,  Rev.  Hugh,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Brackett,  Dr.  Jeffrey  R.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Cate,  Martin  L.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Gardiner.  Robert  H.,  Gardiner,  Me. 

Gilbert,  Rev.  Charles  K.,  New  York  City 

Glenn,  John  M.,  New  York  City 

Lathrop,  Dean  Charles  N.,  New  York  City 

Mann,  Rev.  Alexander,  Boston,  Mass. 

Smith,  Rev.  William  Austin,  New  York  City 

Talbot,  Rt.  Rev.  Ethelbert,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Brandow,  Rev.  John  H.,  Schoharie.  N.  Y. 
Broek,  Rev.  Albertus  T.,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Gowen,  Rev.  Isaac  W.,  North  Bergen,  N.  J. 
Knox,  Rev.  Taber,  Warwick.  N.  Y. 
Voorhees,  Rev.  Oscar  M.,  New  York  City 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Brown,  Frank,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Christman,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Cramer,  Rev.  W.  Stuart.  Lancaster.  Pa. 
Darms,  Rev.  J.  M.  G..  Allentown,  Pa. 
DeChant,  Rev.  A.  S.,  Hanover,  Pa. 


APPENDIX  383 

Herman,  Rev.  T.  F.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Mickley,  Rev.  J.  Harvey,  Johnstown,  Pa. 
Miller,  Rev.  Rufus  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Stein,  Rev.  J.  Ranch,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 
Schaeffer,  Rev.  Charles  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Vollmer,  Rev.  Philip,  Dayton,  Ohio 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

Edrop,  Rev.  Percy  T.,  New  York  City 
Fallows.   Bishop  Samuel,  Chicago,  111. 
Peach,  Rev.  Robert  W.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Churches 

Bond,  Rev.  A.  J.  C,  Salem,  W.  Va. 
Burdick.  Dr.  Clayton  A.,  Westerly,  R.  I.  (alternate) 
Davis,  President  Boothe  C,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 
Fhret,  Rev.  A.  Gyde,  Alfred,  N.  Y.  (alternate) 
Main,  Dean  Arthur  E.,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Hough,  Rev.  S.  S.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Knipp,  Rev.  J.  Edgar,  Tokyo,  Japan 
Landis,  Rev.  T.  P.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Miller.  L.  O.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Russell,  Rev.  Howard.  Westerville,  Ohio 
Schell,  Rev.  William  E.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Shuey,  E.  L.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Shupe,  Rev.  H.  F.,  Dayton,  Ohio 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Stanford,  Bishop  W.  M„  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Summers,  Rev.  H.  V.,  Louisville,  Ohio 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Baldinger.  Rev.  A.  H.,  Butler,  Pa. 
Hervey,  Rev.  Joseph  L.,  Woodhaven,  N.  Y. 
Hutchison,  Rev.  R.  A.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Marlin,  Rev.  H.  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
McGill,  Rev.  D.  R,  Bellevue,  Pa. 
Wishart,  Rev.  W.  L,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Corresponding  Members  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting, 
Representing  Commissions  and  Committees 
of  the  Council 

Adams.  Rev.  A.  H.,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 
Allen,  Mrs.  John  S.,  New  York  City 
Armitage.  Rev.  Clyde  F.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Axton.  Chaplain  John  T.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Babson.  Roger  W.,  Wellesley  Hills,  Mass. 
Barclay,  Lome  W.,  New  York  City 
Bartholomew,  Rev.  Allen  R.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


384         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

Barton,  Rev.  James  L.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Bennett,  Mrs.  Fred  S.,  Englewood,  N.  J. 

Bleakney,  E.  M.  E.,  Hyde  Park,  Mass. 

Bradner,  Rev.  Lester  D.,  New  York  City 

Bridgman,  Rev.  Howard  A.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Brockman,  Fletcher  S.,  New  York  City 

Brunner,  Rev.  Edmund  deS.,  New  York  City 

Burton,  Rev.  Charles  E.,  New  York  City 

Campbell,  Prof.  Walter  J.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Clark,  Rev.  Francis  E.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Coleman,  George  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Coleman,  Mrs.  George  W.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Colton,  E.  T.,  New  York  City 

Conrad,  Rev.  A.  Z.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Cope,  Rev.  Henry  F.,  Chicago,  111. 

Grain,  Rev.  James  A.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Cratty,  Miss  Mabel,  New  York  City 

Cushman,  Mrs.  James  S.,  New  York  City 

Cutler,  Miss  Ethel,  New  York  City 

Cutler,  Frederick  M.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Day,  Rev.  William  Horace,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Dean,  Rev.  George  B.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Delk,  Rev.  Edwin  Heyl,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Evans,  Prof.  Daniel,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Farmer,  Rey.  Harry,  New  York  City 

Fisher,  Rev.  Miles  B.,  New  York  City 

Hangen,  Ammon  E.,  Harrisburg,  I^. 

Frankfurter,  Prof.  Felix,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Harper,  President  William  A.,  Elon  College,  N.  C. 

Haskell,  Colonel  Edward  H.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Haynes,  George  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Head,  Miss  Mabel,  New  York  City 

Helfenstein,  Rev.  R.  C,  Dover,  Del. 

Hoover,  Herbert,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Huntington,  Henry  S.,  Jr.,  New  York  City 

Inman,  Rev.  Samuel  G.,  New  York  City 

Kelly,  Dr.  Robert  L.,  New  York  City 

Kent,  Prof.  Charles  Foster,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Kyle,  Miss  Alice  M.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Langdale,  Rev.  John  W.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Latshaw,  Rev.  David  G.,  New  York  City 

Lawrence,  Rt.  Rev.  William,  Boston,  Mass. 

Leinbach,  Rev.  Paul  S.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Lvnch,  Rev.  Frederick,  New  York  City 

Mason,  Rev.  Alfred  deWitt,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Mead,  Mrs.  Lucia  Ames,  Brookline,  Mass. 

Millikin,  B.  Carter,  New  York  City 

Morrill,  Rev.  Alva  H.,  Newton,  N.  H. 

Morrison,  Rev.  C.  C,  Chicago,  III. 

Nuelsen,  Bishop  John  L.,  Zurich,  Switzerland 

Owen,  Rev.  Harry,  Gatun,  Canal  Zone 

Paine,  Rev.  George  L.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Pickett,  Deets,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Poling.  Daniel  A.,  New  York  City 

Powell,  Rev.  Lyman  P.,  New  York  City 

Sanders,  Rev.  Frank  K.,  New  York  City 

Sargent,  Dr.  William  G.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Scanlon.  Rev.  Charles,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Shedd,  Clarence  P.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Simms,  Miss  Florence,  New  York  City 

Stoddard,  Miss  Cora  Frances,  Boston,  Mass. 


APPENDIX  385 

Strayer,  Rev.  Paul  Moore,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Sweets,  Rev,  David  M.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Tebbetts,  Charles  E.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Turner,  Fennell  P.,  New  York  City 

Van  Dyke,  Rev.  Henry,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

Vickrey,  Charles  V.,  New  York  City 

Waid,  Mrs.  D.  K,  New  York  City 

Washburn,  Very  Rev.  Henry  B.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Wells,  Prof.  Amos  R.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Wenner,  Rev.  George  U.,  New  York  City 

White,  Rev.  Gaylord  S.,  New  York  City 

Williams,  Rev.  George  P.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Corresponding  Members  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting 

Representing  Affiliated,  Cooperating  and 

Consultative  Bodies 

Home  Missions  Council 

Burton,  Rev.  C.  E.,  New  York  City 
White,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  New  York  City 
Forsyth,  Rev.  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Schaeffer,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Anthony,  Rev.  A.  W.,  New  York  City 

Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 

Lentz,  Mrs.  Edward  W.,  Bangor,  Pa. 
Bennett,  Mrs.  F.  S.,  Englewood,  N.  J. 
Coleman,  Mrs.  George  W,,  Boston,   Mass. 
Messinger,  Miss  Emma  D.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Quinlan,  Miss  Florence  E.,  New  York  City 

Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  of  North  America 

Kyle,  Miss  Alice  M.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Cook,  Mrs.  Frank  G.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Steele,  Mrs.  H.  R.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 

Kelly,  Robert  L.,  New  York  Citv 
Davis,  President  B.  C,  Alfred, 'N.  Y. 
Pritchard,  H.  O.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Sheldon,  Frank  M.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 

Bulla,  Rev.  Charles  D.,  Nashville.  Tenn. 
Webb,  Rev.  George  T.,  Toronto,  Canada 
Miller,  Rev.  Rufus  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

American  Bible  Society 

Haven,  Rev.  William  I.,  New  York  City 
Johnson,  Arthur  S.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Spencer.  Rev.  G.  H.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Aiken,  Rev.  E.  G.,  Concord,  N.  H. 


386         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations 

Calhoun,  C.  K.,  New  York  City 
Towson,  C.  R.,  New  York  City 
Shedd,  Clarence  P.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Colton,  E.  T.,  New  York  City 
Israel,  Henry,  New  York  City 

National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations 

Head,  Miss  Mabel,  New  York  City 
Simms,  Miss  Florence,  New  York  City 
Cutler,  Miss  Ethel,  New  York  City 
Cratty,  Miss  Mabel,  New  York  City 
Darrot,  Mrs.  Paul  G.,  New  York  City 

Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Confer- 
ence of  North  America 

Barton,  Rev.  James  L.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Turner,  F.  P.,  New  York  City 
Bible,  Rev.  F.  W.,  New  York  City 
Robbins,  Rev.  J.  C,  New  York  City 
Watson,  Rev.  C.  R.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America 

Detweiler,  Rev.  C.  S.,  New  York  City 
Sanders,  Rev.  Frank  K.,  New  York  City 
Farmer,  Rev..  Harry,  New  York  City 
Inman,  Rev.  S.  G.,  New  York  City 

Student  Volunteer  Movement 

Wilder,  Robert  P.,  New  York  City 
McCulloch,  W.  P.,  New  York  City 
Pearson,  Miss  Olive,  Dorchester,  Mass. 
Kemp,  Alexander  H.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Gray,  Harold  S.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Robbins,  Rev.  Joseph  C,  New  York  City 


Corresponding  Members  at  the  Quadrennial  Meeting 

Representing  State  and  Local  Federations 

and  Councils  of  Churches 

Akron,  Ohio  Chicago,  Illinois                                               i 

Behner,  Rev.  F.  G.  Fallows,  Bishop   Samuel                             j 

Atlanta,  Georgia  Mee,  Walter  R.                                           ^ 

Alexander,  W.  W.  Soares   Rev.  Theodore  G.                           j 

Durham,  Rev.  Plato  ^^^^e",  Rev.  Herbert  L.                            j 

Baltimore,  Maryland  Connecticut                                                        I 

McCreary    Rev.  L    W.  Rice,  Rev.  William  North 
Watson,  Rev.  E.  L. 

Bridgeport,  Connecticut  Danvers,  Massachusetts 

Ekins,  Rev.  G.  Herbert  Cartmill,  Rev.  Jonathan 


APPENDIX 


387 


Dayton,  Ohio 

Deer,  Rev.  Irvin  E. 
Shuey,  Edwin  L. 

Detroit,  Michigan 
Pearson,   Rev.  M.  C. 
Vance,  Rev.  Joseph  A. 

Denver,  Colorado 
Causey,  James  H. 

Greater  Boston 

Guthrie,  Rev.  Ernest  G. 
Scudder,  Rev.  Doremus 
Young,  Rev.  Clarence  A. 

Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 
Hangen,  Rev.   E,  A. 
Klaer,  Rev.  Harvey 

Hartford,  Connecticut 
Ailing,  Rev.  M.  E. 
Carter,  Rev.  Charles  F. 
Miel,  Everett  DeF. 
Mitchell,  Edwin  K. 
Potter,  Rev.  Rockwell  H. 

Haverhill,   Massachusetts 
Pierce,  Frank  B.,  M.D. 

Louisville,  Kentucky 
Lockhart,  Rev.  W.  S. 

Lynn,  Massachusetts 
Burtner,  Rev.  D.  E. 
Underhill,  C.  J. 


Massachusetts 

Porter,  Sidney  R. 
Rice,  Rev.  Charles  F. 
Root,  Rev.  E.  Tallmadge 
Walker,  Rev.  John  J. 

Norfolk,  Virginia 

Grain,  Rev.  James  A. 
Ohio 

Lamb,  Rev.  B.  H. 

Thompson,   President  W.   O. 

Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania 
Wishart,  Rev.  W.  L 
Zahniser,  Rev.  Charles  R. 

Portland,   Maine 

Hudson,  Rev.  Bimey  S. 
Portland,  Oregon 

Youngson,  Dr.  William  Wallace 
Rochester,  New  York 

Beaven,  Rev.  A.  W. 

Price,  Rev.  Orlo  J. 

Roxbury,   Massachusetts 
Macy,  Rev.  Paul  G. 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 
Armstrong,  Rev.  Arthur  H. 

South  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Rutledge,  Rev.  W.  J. 

Worcester,  Massachusetts 
Coombs,  Professor  Zelotes  T. 
Cutler,  Rev.  Frederick  Morse 


Executives 

Macfarland,  Rev.  Charles  S.,  General   Secretary 

Cavert,  Rev.  Samuel  McCrea,  Secretary 

Kimball,  Alfred  R.,  Treasurer 

Watson,  Rev.  E.  O.,  Secretary,  Washington  Office,  937  Woodward 
Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Willett,  Rev.  Herbert  L.,  Representative  at  Chicago,  111. 

Guild,  Rev.  Roy  B,,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  Councils  of 
Churches 

Goodell,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  Evan- 
gelism and  Life  Service 

Tippy,  Rev.  Worth  M.,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 

Johnson,  Rev.  F.  Ernest,  Research  Secretary,  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 

Gulick,  Rev.  Sidney  L.,  Secretary,  Commission  on  Relations  with  the 
Orient 

Moses,  Rev.  Jasper  T.,  Secretary,  Editorial  Council  Religious  Press 

Chase,  Caroline  W.,  Assistant  to  the  General  Secretary 

Pickhard,  Dorothy  A.,  Private  Secretary 

Briesemeister,  Frieda  E.  M.,  Private  Secretary 

Winslow,  Lora  V,,  Private  Secretary 

Foster,  Eleanor  Day,  Editorial  Assistant 


388         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF  THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Representatives  from  Other  Lands  Officially  Accredited 

to  the  Federal  Council  and  the  American 

Mayflower  Coimcil 

tAzan,  Colonel   Paul,  representing  the  French  Government 

Barnouw,  Dr.  A,  J.,  representing  the  Nederlandsche  Pilgrim  Fathers' 
Commissie 

tBurroughs,  Canon  E.  A.,  England 

tFiske,  Hon.  J.  Reddington,  Consul,  representing  the  Belgian  Govern- 
ment 

Gillie,  Rev.  R.  C,  representing  the  National  Council  of  Evangelical 
Free  Churches  of  England 

Kurihara,  Rev.  M.,  representing  the  Federated  Christian  Churches  of 
Japan 

Laird,  Rev.  Robert,  informally  representing  the  Interchurch  Advisory 
Council  of  Canada 

Monod,  Rev.  Andre,  representing  the  French  Protestant  Federation  of 
Churches 

Nivelle,  General  Robert  Georges,  representing  the  French  Government 
and  the  French  Protestant  Federation  of  Churches 

Nuelsen,  Bishop  John,  representing  the  Swiss  Churches 

Pelenyi,  John,  representing  the  Hungarian  Churches 

Ramsay,  Rev.  Alexander,  representing  the  National  Council  of  Evan- 
gelical Free  Churches  of  England 

♦Saenz,  Professor  Moises,  representing  the  Mexican  Protestant  Churches 

Sartorio,  Rev.  H.  C,  representing  the  Waldensian  Churches  of  Italy 

tSpender,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold,  England 

tSuez,  Hon,  I.  C,  Consul  General,  representing  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment 

Tsu,  Rev.  Y.  Y.,  representing  the  China  Continuation  Committee 

Warnshuis,  Rev.  A.  L.,  representing  the  China  Continuation  Committee 

FRIENDLY   VISITORS 

United  Lutheran  Church 

Knubel,  Rev.  F.  H.  Scherer,  Rev.  M.  G.  G. 

New  York  City  New  York  City 

Wenner,  Rev.  G.  U.  Keever,  Rev.  Edwin  F. 

New  York  City  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Herman,  Rev.  S.  W. 
Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Missionary  Eklucation  Movement 

Millikin,  B.  Carter  Sanders,  Rev.  Frank  K. 

New  York  City  New  York  City 

Stowell,  Rev.  Jay  S.  Fisher,  Rev.  Miles  B. 

New  York  City  New  York  City 


t  Officially  accredited  to  American  Mayflower  Council  only. 
•  Officially   accredited  to   Federal  Council  only. 


APPENDIX  389 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL 

President   Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer 

Honorary  Secretary Rev.  Elias  B.  Sanford 

Recording  Secretary Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord 

Treasurer Alfred  R.  Kimball 

General  Secretaries \  ^^  ,1^-^  ^caL"^,^ 

VICE-PRESIDENTS 

Baptist  Churches,  North 

Clinch,  Hon.  Edward  S.,  New  York  City 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Parks,  Dr.  W.  J.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Free  Baptist 

Mauck,  Pres.  Joseph  W.,  Hillsdale,  Mich. 

Christian  Church 

Coffin,  Rev.  Frank  G.,  Albany,  Mo. 

Christian  Reformed  Church 


Churches  of  God  in  N.  A.  {General  Eldership) 
Guyer,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Findlay,  Ohio 

Congregational  Churches 

Day,  Rev.  William  Horace,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Disciples  of  Christ 

Idleman,  Rev.  Finis  S.,  New  York  City 

Friends 

Hoover,  Herbert,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. 

Schneider,  Rev.  J.  U.,  Evansville,  Ind. 

Evangelical  Association 

Breyfogel,  Bishop  S.  C,  Reading,  Pa. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Wilson,  Bishop  Luther  B.,  New  York  City 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

Mouzon,  Bishop  E.  D.,  Tulsa,  Okla. 

African  M.  E.  Church 

Smith,  Bishop  C.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

African  M.  E.  Zion  Church 

Kyles,  Bishop  L.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Colored  M.  E.  Church  in  America 

Phillips,  Bishop  C  H.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


390         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Beck,  Rev.  Charles  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Moravian  Church 

Moench,  Bishop  C.  L.,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

Stevenson,  Rev.  J.  Ross,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Summey,  Rev.  George,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Primitive  Methodist  Church 

Hardcastle,  Rev.  John,  Kewanee,  111. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Commissions  on  Christian  Unity  and  Social  Service 
Fosbroke,  Dean  Hughell,  New  York  City 

Reformed  Church  in  America 

Kuizenga,  Rev.  John  E.,  Holland,  Michigan 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Darms,  Rev.  J.  M.  G.,  Allentown,  Pa. 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

Wilson,  Rev.  Joseph  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Reformed  Pre'sbyterian  Church   (General  Synod) 
Creswell,  Rev.  A.  S.,  Coulterville,  111. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Churches 

Davis,  Rev.  Alva  L.,  North  Loup,  Neb. 

United  Brethren  Church 

Washinger,  Bishop  W.  H.,  Portland,  Oregon 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Stanford,  Bishop  W.  M.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Wishart,  Rev.  W.  I.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Members  of  the  Federal  Council  as  Constituted  at  Present 

Northern  Baptist  Convention 

Allison,  Prof.  William  H.,  Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Anderson,  Prof.  F.  L.,  Newton  Center,  Mass.  5 

Ashworth,  Rev.  Robert  A.,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.  ^ 

Ayer,  F.  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  j 

Barbour,   President  C.  A.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  1 

Barnes,  Rev.  L.  C,  New  York  City  • 

Batten,  Rev.  Samuel  Z.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ] 

Beaven,  Rev.  A.  W.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  j 

Beman,  Prof.  W.  W.,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  ' 

Bitting,  Rev.  William  C,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  > 

Brink,  Rev.  G.  N.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ; 

Clinch,  E.  S.,  New  York  City 

Crandall,  Rev.  L.  A.,  Chicago,  111.  ] 

Faunce,  Presiiient  W.  H.  P.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fischer,  W.  J.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Franklin,  Rev.  J.  H.,  New  York  City  1 


APPENDIX  391 


Galpin,  Rev.  F.  T.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Gray,  Pres.  C.  D.,  Lewiston,  Maine 
Grose,  Rev.  Howard  B.,  New  York  City 
Hanley,  Rev.  E.  A.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Levy,  Rev.  M.  A.,  Pittsfield,  Mass. 
Lawson,  Rev.  Albert  G.,  New  York  City 
Lent,  Rev.  Frederick,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 
Mathews,  Dean  Shailer,  Chicago,  111. 
Moore,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Brooklyn,  N,  Y. 
Shull,  Delos  C,  Sioux  City,  Iowa 
Swasey,  Ambrose,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Tustin,  Hon.  E.  L.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
White,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
White,  Rev.  C.  L.,  New  York  City 

National  Baptist  Convention 

Bennett,  Rev.  J.  R.,  Chester,  Pa. 
Booker,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Booker,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Bowren,  Rev.  J.  W.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Brown,  Rev.  W.  W.,  New  York  City 
Bryant,  Dr.  P.  James,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Burdette,  Rev.  J.  R.,  Houston,  Texas 
Caston,  Rev.  J.  T.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Caver,  Rev.  R.  M.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Cohron,  Rev.  E.  M.,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
Cosey,  Rev.  A.  A.,   Mound  Bayou,  Miss. 
Curtright,  Rev.  Felix  A.,  Peoria,  111. 
Fuller,  Rev.  T.  O.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Coins,  Rev.  J.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Goodgame,  Rev.  J.  W.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Graham,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Griggs,  Dr.  S.  E.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Harris,  Rev.  H.  H.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Haynes,  Rev.  William,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Henderson,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Henry,  Rev.  J.  H.  C,  Vicksburg,  Miss. 
Holloway,  H.  W.,  Helena,  Ark. 
Isaac,  Rev.  E.  W.  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Jernagin,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Johnson,  Rev.  A.  M..  Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 
Jordan,  Rev.  L.  G.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Knox,  Rev.  J.  E.,  Austin,  Texas 
Lovelace,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Wynne,  Ark. 
McNeal.  Rev.  George,  Kansas  Citv,  Kansas 
Moses,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Mosley,  Rev.  S.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Parrish,  Dr.  C.  H.,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Shadd,  D.  S.,  Helena,  Ark. 
Stevens.  Rev.  George  E.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Steward,  W.  H.,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Stokes,  Dr.  A.  J.,  Montgomery,   Ala. 
Thomas,  Rev.  I.  A.,  Evanston.  111. 
Walker,  Dr.  C.  T.,  Augusta,  Ga. 
Westbrooks,  Rev.  B.  J.  F.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Whitton.  W.  W.,  Memphis.  Tenn. 
White,  Rev.  Thomas  H..  Clifton  Forge,  Va. 
Wilbanks.  Rev.  A.,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Wilson,  Rev.  E.  Arlington,  Dallas,  Texas 
Williams,  Rev.  L.  K.,  Chicago,  111. 


392         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Free  Baptist  Churches 

Anthony,  Rev.  Alfred  Williams,  New  York  City 
Lord,  Rev.  Rivington  D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
McDonald,  Pres.  Henry  T.,  Harper's  Ferry,  W.  Va. 
Mauck,  President  Joseph  W.,  Hillsdale,  Mich. 
Mosher,  Rev.  George  F.,  Roxbury,  Mass. 
Stacy,  Rev.  Thomas  H,,  Sandwich  Center,  N.  H. 


Christian  Church 

Staley,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Suffolk,  Va. 
Atkinson,  Rev.  J.  O.,  Elon  College,  N.  C. 
Coffin,  President  Frank  G.,  Albany,  Mo. 
Summerbell,  Rev.  Martyn,  Lakemont,  N.  Y. 
Burnett,  Rev.  J.  F.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Morrill,  Rev.  M.  T.,  Defiance,  Ohio 

Alternates 

Douglass,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Urbana,  111. 
Morrill,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Newton,  N.  H. 
Sargent,  Rev.  W.  G.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Connibear,  Rev.  G.  A.,  Great  Meadows,  N.  J. 
Rowland,  C.  H.,  Franklin,  Va. 


Churches  of  God  in  N.  A.  {General  Eldership) 

Guyer,  Rev.  William  Harris,  Findlay,  Ohio 
Whisler,  Rev.  John  W.,  Findlay,  Ohio 
Boughter,  Rev.  H.  Dickson,  Decatur,  111. 
Detter,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Roaring  Spring,  Pa. 


Congregational  Churches 

Armstrong,  Rev.  Arthur  H.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Beard,  Rev.  Gerald  H.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Burnham,  Rev.  Edmund  A.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Cross,  Rev.  Allen  E.,  Milford,  Mass. 
Campbell,  Rev.  William  J.,  Portland,  Me. 
Garner,  Rev.  Alexander  C,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Fox,  Rev.  Frank  H.,  Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 
Halliday,  Rev.  Ernest  M.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Houston,  Rev.  Ira  J.,  Iowa  City,  la. 
Lathrop,  Rev.  Theodore  B.,  Branford,  Conn. 
McElveen,  Rev.  William  T.,  Portland,  Oregon 
Raymond,  Prof.  C.  Rexford,  Berea,  Ky. 
Flanders,  Ralph,  Springfield,  Vt. 
Fagerstrom,  A.  W.,  Worthington,  Minn. 
Green,  President  Edward  F.,  Starr,  N.  C. 
Lawrance,  Marion,  Chicago,  111. 
Holton.  Rev.  H.  F.,  Brockton,  Mass. 
Root,  Rev.  E.  T.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Sanford,  Rev.  E.  B.,  Rockfall,  Conn. 
Norton,  Prof.  Edwin  C,  Claremont,  Calif. 
Wallace,  Rev.  M.  H.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Wheeler,  Hon.  Wayne  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Winchester,    Rev.  Benjamin   S.,   Fairfield,   Conn. 
Whitehead,  Hon.  John  M.,  Janesville,  Wis. 


APPENDIX  393 


Alternated 


Gordon,  Rev.  John,  Rockford,  111. 
Lord,  Rev.  Albert  J.,  Meriden,  Conn. 
Hagar,  Rev.  Charles  S.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Bliss,  Rev.  Alfred  V.,  Taunton,  Mass. 
Harbutt,  Rev.  Charles,  Portland,  Me. 
DeBerry,  Rev.  Wm.  N.,  Springfield,  Mass. 
Lewis,  Rev.  James  M.,  Sandwich,  111. 
Cross,  Rev.  Edward  W.,  Grinnell,  la. 
Archibald,  Rev.  Warren   S.,  Hartford,  Conn, 
Sullens,  Rev.  D.  J.,  Portland,  Oregon 
Pierce,  Rev.  Jason  Noble,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Bradley,  Rev.  Henry  Stiles,   Portland,  Me. 
Dunlap,  G.  L.,  Brattleboro,  Vt. 
Chamberlain,  F.  W.,  Evanston,  111. 
Jenkins,  Pres.  F.  E.,  Demorest,  Ga. 
Eaton,  Marquis,  Chicago,  111. 
Willmott,  Rev.  B.  F.,  Roxbury,  Mass. 
Booth,  Rev.  Henry  K.,  Long  Beach,  Calif. 
Mattson,  Rev.  B.  G.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Cooper,  William  Knowles,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Mills,  W.  W.,  Marietta,  Ohio 
Houghton,  Rev.  Roy  M.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Robinson,  Rev.  Edwin  B.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


Disciples  of  Christ 

Abbott,  Rev.  B.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Ainslie,  Rev.  Peter,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Burnham,  Rev.  F.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Campbell,  Rev.  George  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Chenoweth,  Rev.  Irving,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chilton,  Rev.  C.  M.,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
Cory,  Rev.  A.  E.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Crossfield,  Pres.  R.  H.,  Lexington,  Ky. 
Ewers,  John  Ray,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Frank,  Rev.  R.  Graham,  Dallas,  Tex. 
Golden,  Rev.  John  R.,  Decatur,  111. 
Goldner,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Hoover,  W.  H.,  North  Canton,  Ohio 
Hunt,  Rev.  Ray  E.,  East  Orange,  N.  J. 
Idleman,  Rev.  Finis  S.,  New  York  City 
Jones,  Rev.  Edgar  D.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Long,  R.  A.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Main,  Frank  H.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
McBee,  A.  E.,  New  York  City 
McCash,  President  I.  N.,  East  Enid,  Okla. 
Medbury,  Rev.  C.  S.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa 
Pritchard,  Rev.  H.  O.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Rothenburger,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Springfield,  111. 
Rodefer,  C.  M.,  Bellaire,  Ohio 
Taylor,  Prof.  Alva  W.,  Columbia,  Mo. 
Wells,  Rev.  L.  N.  D.,  Akron,  Ohio 
Wilfley,  Rev.  Earle,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Willett,  Rev.  Herbert  L.,  Chicago,  111. 


394         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Alternates 

Sweeney,  Rev.  Z.  T.,  Columbus,  Ind. 
Kershner,  Rev.  F.  D.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa 
Morgan,  Rev.  Carey  E.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Home,  Rev.  John  McD.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Bates,  President  Miner  L.,  Hiram,  Ohio 
Cobby,  Rev.  F.  E.,  Omaha,  Neb. 
Waits,  Rev.  E.  M.,  Fort  Worth,  Tex. 
Clarkson,  W.  Palmer,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Gordon,  Rev.  F.  M.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Linville,  Rev.  B.  H.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Wray,  Rev.  E.  H.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Riley,  Dr.  G.  W.,  New  York  City 
Lindsay,  Samuel  B.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Williams,  Rev.  M.  W.,  Roxbury,  Mass. 
Winter,  Rev.  T.  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Maclachlan,  Rev.  H.  D.  C,  Richmond,  Va. 
Watson,  Rev.  C.  M.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Hunley,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Richmond,  Va. 
Welshimer,  Rev.  P.  H.,  Canton,  Ohio 
Batman,  Rev.  L.  G.,  Youngstown,  Ohio 
Goodnight,  Rev.  Qoyd,  Bethany,  W.  Va. 
Morrison,  Rev.  C.  C,  Chicago,  111. 
Bagby,  Rev.  E.  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Philputt,  Rev.  A.  B.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
♦McLean,  Rev.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Kirby,  J.  M.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Bowman,  E.  M.,  New  York  City 


Friends 


Hadley,  Stephen  M.,  Oskaloosa,  Iowa 
Hole,  Mrs.  Mary  Doane,  Richmond,  Ind. 
Kenworthy,  Murray  S.,  Wilmington,  Ohio 
Paige,  Miss  Mary  S.,  Lynn,  Mass. 
Shepard,  Albert  G.,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
Woodward,  Walter  C,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Alternates 

Carey,  Margaret  T.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Haworth,  Samuel  L.,  High  Point,  N.  C. 
Newby,  Richard  R.,  Wichita,  Kans. 
Coffin,  Dr.  Wm.  V.,  Whittier,  Calif. 
Harold,  Mrs.  Mary  M.,  Danville,  Ind. 


Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. 

Baltzer,  Rev.  John,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Bourquin,  Rev.  W.  E.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Enders,  Rev.  Charles,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Menzel,  Rev.  Paul  L.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Horstmann,  Rev.  J.  H.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Lehmann,  Rev.  T.,  Columbus,  Ohio 
Niebuhr,  Rev.  R.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Press,  Rev.  S.  D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Schneider,  Rev.  J.  U.,  Evansville,  Ind. 

*  Deceased. 


APPENDIX  395 


Evangelical  Association 

Breyfogel,  Bishop  S.  C,  Reading,  Pa. 
Frye,  Rev.  E.  G.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Heinmiller,  Bishop  G.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Kimmel,  Dr.  G.  B.,  Naperville,  111. 
Seager,  Bishop  L.  H.,  Naperville,  111. 
Spreng,  Bishop  S.  P.,  Naperville,  111. 
Meckel,  Rev.  T.  C,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Alternates 

Arnold,  John  J.,  Brookline,  Mass. 
Lilly,  Rev.  H.  C,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Ostroth,  Rev.  D.  C,  Somerville,  Mass. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Anderson,  Bishop  W.  F.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Berry,  Bishop  J.  F.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Henderson,  Bishop  T.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Hughes,  Bishop  E.  H.,  Maiden,  Mass. 
McConnell,  Bishop  Francis  J.,  Denver,  Colo. 
McDowell,  Bishop  W.  F.,  Washington,  D,  C. 
Mitchell,  Bishop  C.  B.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Mead,  Bishop  C.  L.,  Denver,  Colo. 
Nicholson,  Bishop  Thomas,  Chicago,  111. 
Quayle,  Bishop  W.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Richardson,  Bishop  E.  G.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Wilson,  Bishop  Luther  B.,  New  York  City 
Abbott,  Rev.  B.  F.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Bacon,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Vincennes,  Ind. 
Baker,  Rev.  P.  A.,  Westerville,  Ohio 
Beebe,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Bell,  Rev.  J.  H.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Boswell,  Rev.  C.  M.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Bovard,  Rev.  W.  S.,  Chicago,  111. 
Bronson,  Rev.  Dillon,  Brookline,  Mass. 
Brown,  Rev.  W.  E.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Brummitt,  Rev.  Dan  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Clark,  Rev.  L.  C,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Conner,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Downey,  Rev.  D.  G.,  New  York  City 
Elliott,  Rev.  George,  New  York  City 
Forsyth,  Rev.  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Goucher,  Rev.  J.   F..  Altodale,  Pikesville,   Md. 
Grose,  Rev.  G.  R.,  Greencastle,  Ind. 
Haven,  Rev.  William  I.,  New  York  City 
Hartman,  Rev.  L.  O.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Hingeley,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Hixson,  Rev.  F.  W.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
Kirk,  Rev.  A.  E.,  Wichita,  Kans. 
King,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Larkin,  Rev.  F.  M.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Lowe,  Rev.  Titus,  Omaha,  Nebr. 
Madsen,  Rev.  H.  K.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
MacMullen,  Rev.  Wallace,  New  York  City 
Mason,  Rev.  W.  N.,  Topeka,  Kans. 
Maveety,  Rev.  P.  J.,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Meyer,  Rev.  H.  H.,  New  York  City 
Mills,  Rev.  E.  L.,  Portland,  Ore. 
Mills,  Rev.  E.  M.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


396         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 


Murdock,  Rev.  L.  C,  Hatboro,  Pa. 
Murkett,  Rev.  H.  E.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
Nate,  Rev.  J.  C,  New  York  City 
North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason,  New  York  City- 
Parkin,  Rev.  F.  P.,   Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Rice,  Rev.  C.  F.,  West  Lynn,  Mass. 
Rogers,  Rev.  S.  A.  D.,  Smith  Center,  Kans. 
Spencer,  Rev.  C.  B.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Storms,  Rev.  A.  B.,  Berea,  Ohio 
Stuart,  Rev.  C.  M.,  Evanston,  111. 
Sumwalt,  Rev.  J.  W.  R.,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Swenson,  Rev.  William,  Chicago,  111. 
Thompson,  Rev.  John,  Chicago,  111. 
Tipple,  Rev.  E.  S.,  Madison,  N.  J. 
Tittle,  Rev.  E.  F.,  Evanston,  111. 
Van  Pelt,  Rev.  Samuel,  Aledo,  111. 
Vermilyea,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Bismarck,  N.  Dak. 
Wallace,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wareing,  Rev.  E.  C,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Watt,  Rev.  Robert,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Watson,  Rev.  E.  L.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Zaring,  Rev.  E.  R.,  Chicago,  111. 
Bradshaw,  J.  B.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Brown,  George  Warren,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Cherrington,  Ernest  H.,  Westerville,  O. 
Colegrove,  C.  P.,  Fayette,  Iowa 
Crawford,  Han  ford,  New  York  City 
Dixon,  George  W.,  Chicago,  111. 
Dunn,  F.  C,  Gardner,  Mass. 
El  ford,  A.  S.,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Gardner,  F.  D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Gibson,  Charles,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Harris,  Dr.  A.  W.,  New  York  City 
Holgate,  T.  F.,  Evanston,  111. 
Hughes,  Robert,  Portland,  Ore. 
Joy,  James  R.,  New  York  City 
Kidney,  E.  L.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Kinne,  C.  W,,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 
Markham,  O.  G.,  Baldwin,  Kans. 
Messer,  L.  Wilbur,  Chicago,  111. 
Massey,  W.  E.,  Ocean  City,  N.  J. 
Mott,  John  R.,  New  York  City 
Sloan,  A.  P.,  New  York  City 
Spurlock,  G.  M.,  York,  Nebr. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

Ames,  Judge  C.  B.,  Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 

Fraser,  Rev.  G.  Stanley,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Bradfield,  Rev.  W.  D.,  Dallas,  Tex. 

Branscombe,  Rev.  L.  C,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Branch,  L.  W.,  Quitman,  Ga. 

Candler,  Judge  John  S.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Chambers,  Judge  William  L.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cockrell,  Judge  Joseph  E.,  Dallas,  Tex. 

Cody,  Prof.  C.  C.,  Georgetown,  Tex. 

Coltrane,  D.  B.,  Concord,  N.  C. 

Danner,  A.  C,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Darlington,  Bishop  U.  V.  W.,  Huntingdon,  W.  Va. 

Dickenson,  Rev.  R.  E.,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Dickey,  Rev.  J.  E.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 


APPENDIX  397 


Dobbs,  Rev.  Hoyt  M.,  Dallas,  Tex. 
Durham,  Rev.  Plato  T.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Farris,  Rev.  J.  K.,  Wynnewood,  Okla. 
Fitzhugh,  G.  T.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Flowers,  Prof.  R.  L.,  Durham,  N.  C. 
Gross,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Ocala,  Fla. 
Hendrix,  Bishop  E.  R.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Hughes,  Dr.,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 
Kelley,  Judge  Joseph  L.,  Bristol,  Va. 
Kilgore,  Rev.  James,  Dallas,  Tex. 
Lamar,  Rev.  A.  J.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Linebaugh,  Judge  D.  H.,  Muskogee,  Okla. 
Linn,  Rev.  Paul  H.,  Fayette,  Mo. 
Maddin,  Percy  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Miller,  Rev.  J.  G.,   Stamford,  Tex. 
Mouzon,  Bishop  Edwin  D.,  Dallas,  Tex. 
Parker,  Rev.  F.  N.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Prcttyman,   Rev.   Forest  J.,   Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Scott,  John,  Houston,  Tex. 
Sensabaugh,  Rev.  O.  F.,  Cisco,  Tex. 
Simpson,  Rev.  T.  McN.,  Norfolk,  Va. 


African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Bumry,  Rev.  R.  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Beard.  Rev.  J.  E.,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Cole,  Rev.  C.  P.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Conner,  Bishop  T.  M.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Byrd,  Rev.  W.  P.  Q.,  Clarksdale,  Miss. 
Coppin,  Bishop  L.  J.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Gregg,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Wilberforce,  Ohio 
Hurst.  Bishop  John,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Hawkins,  Prof.  J.  R.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Tolinson,  Bishop  J.  A.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Johnson,  Rev.  John  Quincy,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Jones,  Bishop  J.  H.,  Wilberforce,  Ohio 
Ivindsay.  Rev.  J.  A.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Parks,  Bishop  H.  B.,  Chicago,  111. 
Kincheon,  Prof.  L.  B.,  Belton,  Texas 
Williams,  Rev.  S.  A.,  Tampa,  Fla. 
Wilson,  Rev.  A.  J.,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 
Smith,  Bishop  C.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

Clinton,  Bishop  G.  W.,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 
Caldwell,  Bishop  Josiah  S.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Blackwell,  Bishop  George  L.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Kyles,  Bishop  L.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Lee,  Bishop  William  L.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Clement,  Bishop  George  C,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Wood,  Bishop  J.  W.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Wallace,  Bishop  P.  A.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Martin,  Rev.  J.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Callis,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Mason,  Rev.  James  E.,  Rochester,  N.  Y, 
Brown,  Rev.  W.  C,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Atkins,  Dr.  Simon  G.,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 
Suggs,  Dr.  D.  C,  Salisbury,  N.  C. 
Trent,  Prof.  W.  J.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 


398         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Phillips,  Bishop  C.  H.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Williams,  Bishop  R.  S.,  Augusta,  Ga. 
Cottrell,  Bishop  E.,  Holly  Springs,  Miss. 
Tobias,  Rev.  C.  H.,  New  York  City 
Brown,  Rev.  R.  J.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Hamlett,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Jackson,  Tenn. 
Walker,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Augusta,  Ga. 
Long,  Rev.  G.  T.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Wallace,  Rev.  S.  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Knox,  Prof.  H.  A.,  Ensley,  Ala. 
Brown,  Rev.  L.  H.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 


Methodist  Protestant  Church 

Lewis,  Rev.  T.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Davis,  Rev.  L.  E.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Benson,  Rev.  F.  T.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Elderdice,  Rev.  H.  L.,  Westminster,  Md. 
Johnson,  Rev.  C.  S.,  St.  Joe,  Ind. 
Feeman,  Rev.  H.  L.,  Adrian,  Mich. 
Safford.  H.  J.,  Inwood,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 
Wills,  J.  Norman,  Greensboro,  N.  C. 


Moravian  Church 

Rondthaler,  Rt.  Rev.  Edward,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 
Moench,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  L.,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Romig,  Rev.  John  S.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
deSchweinitz,  Rev.  Paul,  Bethlehem,   Pa. 


Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

Alexander,  Rev.  Maitland,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Baer,  Dr.  John  Willis,  Pasadena,  Calif. 

Beard,  Hon.  E.  E.,  Lebanon,  Tenn. 

Black,  Rev.  William  H.,  Marshall,  Mo. 

Carson,  Rev.  John  F.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Cosby,  W.  M.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Crowell,  H.  P.,  Chicago,  111. 

Darby,  Rev.  William  J.,  Evansville,  Ind. 

Elmore,  Rev.  Edgar  A.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Erdman,  Rev.  Charles  R.,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

Fulton,  Robert  S.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Gamble,  David  B.,  Pasadena,  Calif. 

Hartley,  Rev.  Reuben  H.,  La  Jolla,  Calif. 

Hill,  Rev.  Edgar  P.,  New  York  City 

Hunt,  Rev.  George  E.,  Madison,  Wis. 

Jessup,  Henry  W.,  New  York  City 

I^ndort,  President  Warren  H.,  San  Anselmo,  Calif. 

Little,  Rev.  Charles,  Wabash,  Ind. 

Mackenzie,  Rev.  Robert,  New  York  City 

Man  son,  John  T.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Marquis,  Rev.  John  A.,  New  York  City 

McConnell,  Professor  J.  J.,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 

McKibbin,  Rev.  William,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Mendenhall,  Rev.  Harlan  G.,  New  York  City 

Merrill,  Rev.  William  P.,  New  York  City 

Reynolds,  Rev.  George,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 


APPENDIX  399 


Jones,  Rev,  D.  H.,  Evanston,  111. 
Snowden,  Rev.  James  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Stevenson,  Rev.  J.  Ross,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Stone,  Rev.  John  Timothy,  Chicago,  111. 
Synnott,  T.  W.,  Wenonah,  N.  J. 
Thompson,  President  William  O.,  Columbus,  Ohio 
Vance,  Rev.  Joseph  A.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Williams,  Rev.  R.  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Alternates 

Alexander,  Rev.  George,  New  York  City 
Alison,  Rev.  Alexander,  Jr.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Barr,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Bell,  John  A.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Bergen,  Rev.  John  T,,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Bryan,  Hon.  William  Jennings,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 
Dixon,  Rev.  John,  New  York  City 
Edenburn,  Rev.  John  S.,  Toledo,  Ohio 
Follansbee,  William  U.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Freeman,  Rev.  Robert,  Pasadena,  Calif. 
Fullerton,  Rev.  Baxter  P.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Holt,  Charles  S.,  Chicago,  111. 
Hunter,  Rev.  Robert,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Jennings,  Rev.  William  Beatty,  Germantown,  Pa. 
Johnston,  Robert,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Kneeland,  Rev.  M.  D.,  Winchester,  Mass. 
Matthews,  Rev.  Mark  A.,  Seattle,  Wash. 
McCauley,  Rev.  Hugh  B.,  Paterson,  N.  J. 
McClure,  Rev.  J.  G.  K.,  Chicago,  111. 
McCormick,  Hon.  Cyrus  H.,  Chicago,  111. 
McEwan,  Rev.  William  L.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
McKean,  Rev.  Frank  C,  Des  Moines,  Iowa 
Middlebrook,  V.  E.,  Nacogdoches,  Texas 
Montgomery,  Rev.  R.  Ames,  Fairfield,  Iowa 
Murray,  Logan  C,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Nichols,  H.  S.  Prentiss,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Paterson.  Rev.  A.  McD.,  Newburyport,  Mass. 
Pitney,  Hon.  Mahlon,  Washington,  D,  C. 
Radcliflfe,  Rev.  Wallace,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Russell,  Rev.  Daniel,  New  York  City 
Smiley,  Rev.  U.  Franklin,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Templeton,  Rev.  Samuel  M..  Rockwall,  Texas 
Templeton,  Hon.  M.  B..  Dallas,  Texas 
Wallis,  Frederick  A.,  New  York  Citv 
Work,  Rev.  Edgar  W.,  New  York  City 


Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  (South) 

Johnson,  Rev.  A.  S.,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 
Smith,  Rev.  E.  E.,  Owensboro,  Ky. 
Ogden,  Rev.  D.  H.,  Mobile,  Ala. 
Diehl,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Clarksville,  Tenn. 
Mooney,  Rev.  U.  D.,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Storey,  Rev.  G.  T.,  Bay  City,  Texas 
McFaden,  Rev.  F.  T,,  Richmond,  Va, 
Clark,  Rev,  Melton,  Columbia,  S.  C. 
McGeachy,  Rev.  D.  P.,  Decatur,  Ga, 
Vance,  Rev.  James  I.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


400         FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Alternates 

Wells,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 
Trostle,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Nicholas ville,  Ky. 
Robertson,  Rev.  J.  P.,  Galveston,  Texas 
Curry,  Rev.  A.  B.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Summey,  Rev.  George,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Barron,  Rev.  F.  H.,  Elkins,  W.  Va. 
Whaling,  Rev.  Thornton,  Columbia,  S.  C. 
McQueen,  Rev.  Donald,  Palatka,  Fla. 
DuBose,  Rev.  H.  W.,  Danville,  Va. 
Hutton,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Jackson,  Miss. 

Primitive  Methodist  Church 

Humphries,  Rev.  Elijah,  Bedford,  Mass. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Commissions  on  Christian  Unity  and  Social  Service 

Talbot,  Rt.  Rev.  Ethelbert,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Darlington,  Rt.  Rev.  James  H.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Birckhead,  Rev.  Hugh,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Gilbert,  Rev.  C.  K.,  New  York  City 

I^throp,  Dean  C.  N.,  New  York  City 

Mann,  Rev.  Alexander,  Boston,  Mass. 

Smith,  Rev.  W^illiam  Austin,  New  York  City 

Washburn,  Very  Rev.  Henry  B.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Gardiner,  Robert  H.,  Gardiner,  Maine 

Glenn,  John  M.,  New  York  City 

Cutting,  R.  Fulton,  New  York  City 

Brent,  Rt.  Rev.  Charles  H.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Bowie,  Rev.  W.  Russell,  Richmond,  Va. 

Guerry,  Rt.  Rev.  William  Alexander,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Fosbroke,  Dean  Hughell  E.  W.,  New  York  City 

Freeman,  Rev.  James  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Robbins,  Dean  Howard  C.,  New  York  City 

Scudder,  Miss  Vida  D.,  Wellesley,  Mass. 

Sargent,  Mrs.  G.  P.  T.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Sturgis,  Miss  Lucy,  Boston,  Mass. 

Windiate,  Rev.  T.  D.,  Kensington,  Md. 

Ringgold,  Miss  Florence,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Goodwin,  Rev.  W.  A.  R.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Alternates 

Franklin,  L.  B.,  New  York  City 

Brackett,  Dr.  Jeffrey  R.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Thomas,  Rt.  Rev.  Nathaniel  Seymour,  Cheyenne,  Wyo. 

Wise,  Rt.  Rev.  James,  Topeka,  Kans. 

Page,  Rt.  Rev.  Herman,  Spokane,  Wash. 

Nash,  Rev.  N.  B.,  Lincoln,  Mass. 

Clark,  Rev.  Loring,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Moulton,  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  W.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 

Bratton,  Rt.  Rev.  Theodore  Du  Bose,  Jackson,  Miss. 

Nelson,  Rev.  Frank  H.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Whitemore,  Rev.  Holmes,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Barber,  Courtenay,  Chicago,  111. 

Gilbert,  F.  C,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Howland,  Louis,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Waterworth,  James  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Kearney,  Warren,  New  Orleans,  La. 


APPENDIX  401 


Simrall,  Miss  Alice  L.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Frohock,  W.  O.,  Columbus,  Ohio 
Gallup,  W.  A.,  North  Adams,  Mass. 
Wharton,  R.  M.  H.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Schutz,  Walter  T.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Melish,  Rev.  J.  Howard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
English,  H.  D.  W.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Strong,  Mrs.  George  A.,  Needham,  Mass. 


Reformed  Church  in  America 

Gowen,  Rev.  I.  W.,  North  Bergen,  N.  J. 
Vennema,  Rev.  Ame,  Passaic,  N.  J. 
Voorhees,  Rev.  O.  M.,  New  York  City 
Kuizenga,  Rev.  John  E.,  Holland,  Mich. 
Brandow,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Schoharie,  N.  Y. 
Lenington,  Rev.  G.  C,  New  York  City 

Alternates 

Mulford,  Rev.  D.  H.  B.,  Claverack,  N.  J. 
Hospers,  Rev.  Henry,  Holland,  Mich. 
Tyndall,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y. 
Johnson,  Rev.  Arthur,  Hackensack,  N.  J. 
Knox,  Rev.  Taber,  Warwick,  N.  Y. 
Harmeling,  Rev.  Henry,  Zeeland,  Mich. 
Broek,  Rev.  Albertus  T.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Schaeffer,  Rev.  C.  E.,   Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Apple,  Rev.  H.  H.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Christman,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Miller,  Rev.  R.  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Darms,  Rev.  J.  M.  G.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Paisley,  Harry  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Vollmer,  Rev.  Philip,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Herman,  Rev.  T.  F.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Brown,  Frank,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Miller,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Tiffin,  Ohio 
Good,  Rev.  James  L,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

Fallows,  Bishop  Samuel,  Chicago,  111. 
Mason,  Rev.  Thomas  J.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Peach,  Rev.  Robert  W.,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Rudolph,  Bishop  Robert  L.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Alternates 

Way,  Rev.  W.  T.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Freemantle,  Rev.  W.  A.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Edrop,  Rev.  Percy  T.,  New  York  City 
Sonne,  Rev.  Edward  J.,  Chicago,  111. 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Church — General  Synod 

Parks,  Rev.  John,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Harriman,  Rev.  W.  P.,  Cedarville,  Ohio 
Elder,  Rev.  Ralph  S.,  Cutler,  111. 
Creswell,  Rev.  Andrew  S.,  Coulterville,  111. 
Morrison,  W.  J.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


402         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Churches 

Bond,  Rev.  A.  J.  C,  Salem,  W.  Va. 
Daland,  President  Wm.  C,  Milton,  Wis. 
Davis,  President  Boothe  C,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 
Main,  Dean  Arthur  E.,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Bell,  Bishop  W.  M.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Font,  Bishop  H.  H.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Funk,  Rev.  W.  R.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Enck,   Rev.   S.   C,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 
Hough,  Rev.  S.  S.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Kephart,  Bishop  C.  J.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Landis,  Dean  J.  P.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
♦Mathews,  Bishop  G.  M.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Miller,  L.  O.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Russell,  Howard  H.,  Westerville,  Ohio 
Harris,  Rev.  J.  H,,  Columbus,  Ohio 
Phillippi,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Weekley,  Bishop  W.  M.,  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Heil,  Bishop  W.  P.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Maze,  Bishop  M.  T.,  LeMars,  Iowa 

Alternates 

Stanford,  Rev.  W.  M.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Curry,  Rev.  J.  Q.  A.,  Johnstown,  Pa. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

Hutchison,  Rev.  R.  A.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Hervey,  J.  L.,  Woodhaven,  L.  I. 
McCulloch,  W.  E.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 
McGill,  Rev.  D.  F.,  Bellevue,  Pa. 
Marlin,  H.  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wishart,  W.  I.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Knipe,  Rev.  James  N.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE 

Chairman Bishop  Walter  R.  Lambuth,  Oakdale,  California 

V ice-Chairman Rev.  F.  W.  Burnham,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Vice-Chairman Prof.  John  R.  Hawkins,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Vice-Chairman Rev.  Rufus  W\  Miller,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

Baptist  Churches,  North 
Principals 

Ashworth,  Rev.  R.  A.,  Yonkers,  N.  Y. 
Barbour,  Pres.  C.  A.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Bitting,  Rev.  W.  C,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Grose,  Rev.  Howard  B.,  New  York  City 
Lawson,  Rev.  Albert  G.,  New  York  City 

Alternates 

Allison,  Prof.  W.  H.,  Hamilton,  N.  Y. 
Brink,  Rev.  G.  N.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Galpin,  Rev.  F.  T.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Gray,  Pres.  C.  D.,  Lewiston,  Maine 
Hanley,  Rev.  E.  A.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


APPENDIX  403 


National  Baptist  Convention 
Principals 

Jernagin,  Dr.  W.  H.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Holloway,  H.  W.,  Helena,  Arkansas  • 
Jordan,  Dr.  L.  G.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Thomas,  Dr.  I.  A.,  Evanston,  111. 
Henderson,  Dr.  J.  H.,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Crenshaw,  Prof.  J.  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Watson,  Rev.  S.  E.  T.,  Chicago,  111. 
Pollard,  Rev.  R.  T.,  Selma,  Ala. 

Alternates 

Ward,  Rev.  C.  A.,  Roxbury,  Mass. 
Klugh,  Rev.  D.  S.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Echols,  Rev.  J.  E.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Johnson,  Rev.  E.  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
White,  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  Clifton  Forge,  Va. 
Jackson,  Rev.  J.  C,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Robinson,  Rev.  J.  Francis,  Boston,  Mass. 
Norman,  Rev.  M.  W.  D.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Free  Baptist  Churches 
Principals 

Anthony,  Rev.  Alfred  Williams,  New  York  City 
Milliken,  Hon.  Carl  E.,  Augusta,  Maine 

Alternates 

Webb,  Hon.  Lindley  M.,  Portland,  Maine 

Stacy,  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  Sandwich  Center,  N.  H. 

Christian  Church 
Principals 

Summerbell,  Rev.  Martyn,  Lakemont,  N.  Y. 
Atkinson,  Rev.  J.  O.,  Elon  College,  N.  C. 

Alternates  I    lOMIE 

Burnett,  Rev.  J.  F.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Morrill,  Rev.  M.  T.,  Defiance,  Ohio 

Churches  of  God  in  N.  A.  (General  Eldership) 
Principals 

Whisler,  Rev.  J.  W.,  Findlay,  Ohio 
Boughter,  Rev.  H.  D.,  Decatur,  111. 

Alternates 

Fulmer,  Rev.  S.,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Pa. 

Lobb,  Rev.  H.  R.,  Shippensburg,  Pa. 

Congregational  Churches 
Principals 

McLoughlin,  Rev.  R.  W.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Little,  Norton  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Carter,  Rev.  Charles  F.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
King,  Pres.  Henry  Churchill,  Oberlin,  Ohio 


404         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST  ] 


Alternates 

Holton,  Rev.  H.  R,  Brockton,  Mass. 
Eastman,  Rev.  George  P.,  Orange,  N.  J. 
Eaton,  Rev.  Edward  D.,  New  York  City 
Lockwood,  Arthur  J.,  New  York  City 

Disciples  of  Christ 
Principals 

Ainslie,  Rev.  Peter,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Burnham,  Rev.  F.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Cory,  Rev.  A.  E.,  New  York  City 
Frank,  Rev.  Robert  Graham,  Dallas,  Texas 

Alternates 

Goldner,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 
Abbott,  Rev.  B.  A.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Ewers,  Rev.  John  R.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Chenoweth,  Rev.  Irving  S.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Friends 

Principals 

Woodward,  Dr.  Walter  C,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Shepard,  Albert  G.,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Alternates 

Paige,  Miss  Mary  S.,  East  Lynn,  Mass. 

Hole,  Mrs.  Mary  Doan,  Richmond,  Ind. 

Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. 
Principals 

Menzel,  Rev.  Paul  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Niebuhr,  Rev.  R.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Alternates 

Haas,  Rev.  F.  E.  C,  Amsterdam,  N.  Y. 

Locher,  Rev.  C.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Evangelical  Association 
Principals 

Breyfogel,  Bishop  S.  C,  Reading,  Pa. 
Ramsay,  F.  W.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Alternates 

Meckel,  Rev.  T.  C,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Heinmiller,  Bishop  G.,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Methodist  Episcopal 
Principals 

McDowell,  Bishop  W.  F.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Nicholson,  Bishop  Thomas,  Chicago,  111. 
Mitchell,  Bishop  C.  B.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Rice,  Rev.  Charles  F.,  West  Lynn,  Mass. 
Haven,  Rev.  W.  I.,  New  York  City 
Harris,  Dr.  A.  W.,  New  York  City 
Storms,  Rev.  A.  B.,  Berea,  Ohio 
Mott,  Dr.  John  R.,  New  York  City 
Joy,  Dr.  James  R.,  New  York  City 
Kidney,  E.  L.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


APPENDIX  405 


Alternates 

Henderson,  Bishop  T.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Hughes,  Bishop  E.  H.,  Maiden,  Mass. 
Richardson,  Bishop  E.  G.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Conner,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Forsyth,  Rev.  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Elliott,  Rev.  George,  New  York  City 
Cherrington,  E.  H.,  Westerville,  Ohio 
Massey,  W.  E.,  Ocean  City,  N.  J. 
Messer,  L.  Wilbur,  Chicago,  111. 
Holgate,  T.  F.,  Evanston,  111. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 
Principals 

Moore,  Bishop  John  M.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Pinson,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Tillett,  Dean  W.  F.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Southgate,  T.  S.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Steele,  Mrs.  H.  R.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Alternates 

Thomas,  Rev.  Frank  M.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Bulla,  C,  D.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Boaz,  H.  A.,  Dallas,  Texas 

Simpson,  Rev.  T.  McN.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Branscombe,  Rev.  L.  C,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Snyder,  H.  N.,  Spartanburg,  S.  C. 

African  M.  E.  Church 
Principals 

Jones,  Bishop  J.  H.,  Wilber force,  Ohio 
Conner,  Bishop  J.  M.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Jackson,  Prof.  A.  S.,  Waco,  Texas 

Alternates 

Ransom,  Rev.  R.  C,  Oceanport,  N.  J. 
Johnson,  Rev.  J.  Q.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Cole,  Rev.  C.  P.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

African  M.  E.  Zion  Church 
Principals 

Clement,  Bishop  George  C,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Callis,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Atkins,  Dr.  S.  G.,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C 

Alternates 

Mason,  Rev.  James  E.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Dudley,  S.  M.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Martin,  Rev.  J.  W.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Colored  M.  E.  Church  in  America 
Principals 

Cleaves,  Bishop  N.  C,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Hamlett,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Jackson,  Tenn, 
Bell,  Rev.  William  Y.,  New  York  City 

Alternates 

Word,  Rev.  G.  L.,  Milledgeville,  Ga. 
Starks,  Rev.  J.  R.,  Dallas,  Texas 
Porter,  Prof.  G.  F.,  Jackson,  Tenn. 


406        FEDERAL   COUNCIL  OF  THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

Methodist  Protestant  Church 
Principals 

""        Davis,  Rev.  Lyman  E.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Moravian  Church 
Principals 

deSchweinitz,  Rev.  Paul,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Stephens,  A.  W.,  New  York  City 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 

Principals 

Thompson,  Rev.  C.  L.,  New  York  City 
Stevenson,  Rev.  J.  Ross,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Reynolds,  Rev.  George,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 
Speers,  James  M.,  New  York  City 
Voorhees,  H.  M.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Alternates 

Hill,  Rev.  E.  P.,  New  York  City 
Vance,  Rev.  Joseph  A.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Black,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Marshall,  Mo. 
Hilles,  C.  D.,  New  York  City 
Marsh,  Spencer  I.,  Madison,  N.  J. 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.   (South) 

Principals 

Vance,  Rev.  James  I.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Cecil,  Rev.  Russell,  Richmond,  Va. 

Alternate 

Ogden,  Rev.  Dunbar  H.,  Mobile,  Ala. 


Primitive  Methodist  Church 
Principals 

Humphries,  Rev.  Elijah,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
Thatcher,  Edwin  H.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Altertmtes 

Nicholls,  Rev.  S.  T.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Perkins,  W.  T.,  Plymouth,  Pa. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Commissions  on  Christian  Unity  and  Social  Service* 

Principals 

Talbot,  Rt.  Rev.  Ethelbert,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Anderson,  Rt.  Rev.  Charles  P.,  Chicago,  111. 

Gardiner,  Robert  H.,  Gardiner,  Maine 

Glenn,  John  M.,  New  York  City 

Alternates 

Reese,  Rt.  Rev.  Theodore  I.,  Columbus,  Ohio 
Tyler,  Rev.  Samuel,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Tomkins,  Rev.  Floyd  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


APPENDIX  407 

Reformed  Church  in  America 
Principals 

Gowen,  Rev.  I.  W.,  North  Bergen,  N.  J. 
Broek,  Rev.  Albertus,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Altertiates 

Voorhees,  Rev.  Oscar  M.,  New  York  City 

Vennema,  Rev.  Ame,  Passaic,  N.  J. 

Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Principals 

Schaeffer,  Rev.  Charles  E.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Christman,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Miller,  Rev.  Rufus  W.,   Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Alternates 

Herman,  Rev.  T.  F.,  Lancaster,  Pa.  * 
Brown,  Franklin,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Apple,  Rev.  H.  H.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

Principals 

Fallows,  Bishop  Samuel,  Chicago,  111. 

Rudolph,  Bishop  Robert  L.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Alternates  Jj 

Peach,  Rev.  Robert  Westly,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Freemantle,  Rev.  William  A.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

a 

Reformed  Pre'sbyterian  (General  Synod) 

Principal 

Parks,  Rev.  John,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Churches 

Principals 

Main,  Rev.  Arthur  E.,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

Bond,  Rev.  Alva  J.  C,  Salem,  W.  Va. 

Alternates 

Davis,  Pres.  Boothe  C,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

Whitford,  Prof.  Alfred  E.,  Milton,  Wis. 

United  Brethren  Church 

Principals 

*Mathews,  Bishop  G.  M..  Dayton,  Ohio 

Miller,  L.  O.,  Dayton,  Ohio 

Hough,  Rev.  S.  S.,  Dayton,  Ohio 

Alternates 

Kreider,  A.  S.,  Annville,  Pa. 

Kephart,  Bishop  C.  J.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Shuey,  E.  L.,  Dayton,  Ohio 


Deceased. 


408         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

United  Evangelical  Church 

Principals 

Summers,  Rev.  H.  V.,  Stark  Co.,  Ohio 

Hangen,  A.  E.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Alternates 

Woodring,  E.  S.,  Allentown,  Pa. 

Hengst,  E.  S.,  York,  Pa. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 
Principals 

Hutchison,  Rev.  R.  A.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
McGill,  Rev.  D.  F.,  Bellevue,  Pa. 

Alternates 

Kelly,  M.  Clyde,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Baldinger,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Butler,  Pa. 

Members  ex-officio 

Hendrix,  Bishop  E.  H.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Kimball,  Alfred  R.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Lord,  Rev.  Rivington  D.,  Brooklyn,  N,  Y. 
♦Mathews,  Bishop  G.  M.,  Dayton,  Ohio 
North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason,  New  York  City 

ADMINISTRATIVE    COMMITTEE 

Chairman Rev.  John   M.  Moore 

Vice-Chairman Rev.    Rufus    W.    Miller 

Recording  Secretary Rev.  Rivington  D.  Lord 

Denominational  Representatives 

Ashworth,  Rev.  Robert  A.   {alternate) Baptist  Churches,  North 

Bell,  Bishop  William  M United  Brethren 

Bell,  Rev.  William  Y Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 

Bourquin,  Rev.  William  E Evangelical  Synod  of  N.  A. 

Brey fogel,  Bishop  S.  C Evangelical  Association 

Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr Methodist  Episcopal,  South 

Glenn,  John  M Protestant  Episcopal 

Gowen,  Rev.  I.  W Reformed  Church  in  America 

Helfenstein,  Rev.  R.  C Christian  Church 

Humphries,  Rev.  E Primitive  Methodist 

Hutchison,  Rev.  R.  A United   Presbyterian 

Idleman,  Rev.  Finis  S Disciples  of  Christ 

Lawson,  Rev.  Albert  G Baptist  Churches,  North 

Lee,  Bishop  W.  L African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 

Lewis,  Rev.  Thomas  H Methodist  Protestant 

Lord,  Rev.  Rivington  D Free  Baptist 

Marquis,  Rev.  John  A Presbyterian 

Miller,  Rev.  Rufus  W Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 

Miles,  Rev.  Harry  R Congregational 

Peach,  Rev.  Robert  W Reformed  Episcopal 

Shaw,  Rev.  George  B Seventh  Day  Baptist 

Stocker,  Rev.  Harry  E Moravian 

Tebbetts,  Charles  E , Friends 

Tipple,  President  Ezra  S Methodist  Episcopal 

Yahn,  Rev.  S.  G Churches  of  God  in  N.  A. 

•  Deceased. 


APPENDIX  409 

Representatives  of  Affiliated,  Cooperating  and  Consultative  Bodies 

Thompson,  Rev.  Charles  L Home  Missions  Council 

Bennett,  Mrs.  Fred  S Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 

Knox,  Mrs.  DeWitt Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  Foreign 

Missions 

Kelly,  Dr.  Robert  L Council  of  Church  Boards  of  Education 

Webb,  Rev.  George  T Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical 

Denominations 

Haven,  Rev.  William  I American  Bible  Society 

Colton,  E.  T International  Committee,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Cratty,  Mabel National  Board,  Y.  W.  C.  A. 

Turner,  Fennell  P Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the 

Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  N.  A. 

Winton,  Rev.  G.  B.   (alternate) Committee  of  Reference  and 

Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  N.  A. 

Inman,  Rev.  S.  G Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America 

Wilder,  Robert  P Student  Volunteer  Movement 

Chairmen  and  Secretaries  of  the  Council  and  Commissions 

Brown,  Rev.  William  Adams  McDowell,  Bishop  William  F. 

Cavert,  Rev.  Samuel  McCrea  Macfarland,  Rev.  Charles  S. 

Coffin,  William  Sloane  Milliken,  Hon.  Carl  E. 

Crossfield,  Rev.  R.  H.  Smith,  Fred  B. 

Eagan,  J.  J.  Stevenson,  Rev.  J.  Ross 

Goodell,  Rev.  Charles  L.  Tippy,  Rev.  Worth  M. 

Guild.  Rev.  Roy  B.  Wareing,  Rev.  E.  C. 

GuHck,  Rev.   Sidney  L.  Watson,  Rev.  E.  O. 

Johnson,  Rev.  F.  E.  Willett,  Dr.  Herbert  L. 

Members  at  Large 

Anthony,  Rev.   Alfred  Williams  Lynch,  Rev.  Frederick 

Chamberlain,  Rev.  William  L  Mott,  Dr.  John  R. 

Eaton,  President  Edward  D.  Robbins,  Very  Rev.  Howard  C. 

Grose,  Rev.  Howard  B.  Speer,  Dr.  Robert  E. 

Hawkins,  Prof.  John  R.  Speers,  James  M. 

Toy,  Dr.  James  R.  Wenner,  Rev.  George  U. 

Kimball,  Alfred  R.  White,  Rev.  Charles  L. 

Knubel,  Rev.  Frederick  H.  Wilson,  Bishop  Luther  B. 

Former  Presidents 
Hendrix,  Bishop  E.  R.  Mathews,  Dean  Shailer 

North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason 

WASHINGTON    COMMITTEE 

Chairman Bishop  William   F.   McDowell 

Vice-Chairman Rev.    Charles   Wood 

Secretary Rev.  E.  O.  Watson 

937  Woodward  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Bird,  Rev.  Andrew  R.  Kendall.  Rev.  A.  B. 

Chapin,  Rev.  A.  A.  Langhorne,  Rev.  F.  Paul 

Clark,  Rev.  Lucius  C.  Little,  Norton  M. 

Cooper,  William  Knowles  Lloyd,  James  T. 

Everett,  W.  W.  Miller,  Rev.  George  A. 

Freeman,  Rev.  James  E.  Radcliffe,  Rev.  Wallace 

Fultz,  Rev.  Charles  E.  Ranck,  Rev.  Henry  H. 

Harding,  Rt.  Rev.  Alfred  Steck,  Rev.  Charles  F. 

Hitchcock,  Irving  W.  Wells,  Rev.  J.  Howard 

Jemagin,  Rev.  W.  H.  Wilmeth,  James  L. 


410         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES   OF    CHRIST 

CHICAGO    COMMITTEE 

Representative Rev.  Herbert  L.  Willett 

19  S.  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Executive  Officers 

Macfarland,  Rev.  Charles  S.,  General  Secretary 
Cavert,  Rev.  Samuel  McCrea,  General  Secretary 
Chase,  Caroline  W,,  Assistant  Secretary 
Kimball,  Alfred  R.,  Treasurer 

Crossfield,  Rev.  R.  H.,  Secretary  for  Financial  Administration  and 
Publicity 

Watson,  Rev.  E.  O.,  Secretary,  Washington  Office 

Willett,  Rev.  Herbert  L.,  Representative  at  Chicago 

Guild,  Rev.  Roy  B.,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  Councils  of 
Churches 

Goodell,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  Evan- 
gelism and  Life  Service 

Tippy,  Rev.  Worth  M.,  Executive  Secretary,  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 

Johnson,  Rev.  F.  Ernest,  Research  Secretary,  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service 

Gulick,  Rev.  Sidney  L.,  Secretary,  Commission  on  Relations  with  the 
Orient 


The  above,  together  with  the  President  of  the  Council  and  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Administrative  Committee,  constitute  the  Secretarial  Council. 

Burnet,  Clarence  L.,  Financial  Secretary 

Street,  Mrs.  Leah  J.,  Office  Secretary,  Washington  Office,  937  Wood- 
ward Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Glover,  Mildred,  Office  Secretary,  Commission  on  Councils  of  Churches 

Bell,  Elizabeth  M.,  Office  Secretary,  Commission  on  Evangelism  and 
Life  Service 

Henry,  Elinor,  Office  Secretary,  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service 

Campbell,  Agnes  M.,  Assistant  Research  Secretary,  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Social  Service 

Cavert,  Inez  M.,  Librarian,  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service 

Farr,  Nathalie  M.,  Private  Secretary,  Commission  on  Relations  with 
the  Orient 

MacKinlay,  Marion  A.,  Assistant  to  the  Treasurer 

Yoppke,  Janet  L.,  Director  of  the  Printing  and  Publication  Department 


Permanent  Commissions  and  Committees 


COMMISSION    ON   COUNCILS    OF    CHURCHES 

Chairman Fred  B.   Smith 

Executive  Secretary Rev.  Roy  B.  Guild 

Committee  of  Direction 

Atkinson,  Rev.  Henry  A.                      Kimball,  Alfred  R. 

Bowman,  E.  M.  Post,  James  H. 

Brown,  Frank  L.  Shuey,  Edwin  L. 

Calhoun,  C.  K.  Smith,  Fred  B. 

Covert,  Rev.  William  C.  Speer,  Dr.  Robert  E. 

Judd,  Orrin  R.  Taylor,  Dr.  S.  Earl 

King,  Landreth  H.  Woelfkin,  Rev.  Cornelius 


COMMISSION    ON   EVANGELISM   AND    LIFE   SERVICE 

Chairman Rev.  J.  Ross  Stevenson 

Vice-Chairnmn Rev.  Floyd  W.  Tomkins 

Executive  Secretary Rev.  Charles  L.  Goodell 

COMMISSION  ON  THE  CHURCH  AND  SOCIAL  SERVICE 

Vice-Chairman Shelby  M.  Harrison 

Executive  Secretary Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy 

Research  Secretary Rev.  F.  Ernest  Johnson 

Council  of  Denominational  Secretaries 

Batten,  Rev.  Samuel  Z.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Burns,  Rev.  M.  P.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Freas,  Rev.  William,  New  York  City 
Harlan,  Rev.  Rolvix,  New  York  City 
Holt,  Rev.  Arthur  E.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Lathrop,  Rev.  Charles  N.,  New  York  City 
McDowell,  Rev.  John,  New  York  City 
Mullan,  Rev.  James  M.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Taylor,  Rev.  Alva  W.,  Columbia,  Mo. 
Ward,  Rev.  Harry  F.,  New  York  City 

COMMISSION    ON   TEMPERANCE 

Chairman Hon.  Carl  E.  Milliken 

Secretary , Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland 

COMMISSION    ON    CHRISTIAN    EDUCATION 

Chairman Rev.  William  Adams  Brown 

Acting  Secretary Rev.   Samuel  M.  Cavert 

*  The  membership  of  the  Commissions  is  not  printed  here,  as  in  several  cases 
the  personnel  for  the  coming  Quadrennium  is  not  yet  fixed  at  the  time  when  this 
report  goes  to  press. 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Country  Life  is  not  included  in  the  follow- 
ing list,  since  at  the  present  time  it  is  continued  only  provisionally.  During  the 
last  Quadrennium  the  officers  were:  Gifford  Pinchot,  Chairman;  Rev.  E.  de  S. 
Brunner,   Executive   Secretary;   Rev,   Charles   O.   Gill,    Field   Secretary. 

411 


412         FEDERAL    COUNCIL   OF   THE    CHURCHES    OF    CHRIST 

COMMISSION    ON    INTERNATIONAL   JUSTICE 
AND    GOODWILL 

Acting  Secretary Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland 

COMMISSION   ON   RELATIONS   WITH   THE    ORIENT 

Chairman Rev.  William  I.  Haven 

Secretary Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick 

Secretary Fletcher  S.  Brockman 

COMMISSION    ON    RELATIONS    WITH    FRANCE 
AND    BELGIUM 

Chairman William  Sloane  Coffin 

Secretary Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland 

COMMISSION    ON    RELATIONS    WITH    RELIGIOUS 
BODIES    IN    EUROP^ 

Chairman Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr. 

Secretary Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland 

Executive  Committee 

Baldwin,  Rev.  Arthur  C,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Boynton,  Rev.  Nehemiah,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Franklin,  Rev.  James  H.,  New  York  City 
Good,  Rev.  James  I.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Toy,  Mr.  James  R.,  New  York  City 
North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason,  New  York  City 
Pinson,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Vance,  Rev.  James  I.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

COMMISSION    ON    NEGRO    CHURCHES   AND 
INTER-RACIAL    RELATIONS 

Chairman J.  J.  Eagan 

Acting  Secretary Rev.  Samuel  M.  Cavert 

EDITORIAL    COUNCIL    OF   THE    RELIGIOUS    PRESS 

President Rev.  Ernest  C.  Wareing 

Acting  Secretary Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose 

Treasurer F.  M.  Barton 

Executive  Committee 
(officers  members  ex  officio) 
Best,   Nolan  R.  Joy,  James  R. 

Bridgman,  Rev.  Howard  A.  Morrison,  Rev.  C.  C. 

Laws,  Rev.  Curtis  Lee 


GENERAL    COMMITTEE    ON    ARMY    AND    NAVY 
CHAPLAINS 

Chairman Bishop  Wm.  F.  McDowell 

Secretary Rev.  E.  O.  Watson 

937  Woodward  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 


SPECIAL    COMMITTEES 


COMMITTEE   ON   RELIGIOUS   WORK   IN  THE 
CANAL    ZONE 

Chairman E.  E.   Olcott 

Secretary Roy  B.  Guild 

Representative  Harry  Owen 

Treasurer Alfred  R.  Kimball 

105  East  22d  Street,  New  York  City 

COMMITTEE    ON   THE   WAR   AND    THE 
RELIGIOUS    OUTLOOK 

Chairman Professor  William  Adams  Brown 

Vice -Chairman President  Henry  Churchill  King 

Vice-Chairman Rev.  Charles  W.  Gilkey 

Secretary ,. . .  Rev.  Samuel  McCrea  Cavert 


JOINT    COMMITTEES    WITH    OTHER    BODIES 


Committee  on  Interchange  of  Preachers  and  Speakers 

Between  the  Churches  of  America,  Great  Britain 

and  France 

(Cooperating  with  the  World  Alliance  for  International  Friendship) 

Chairman President  W.  D.  Mackenzie 

Vice-Chairman Rt.  Rev.  William  T.  Manning 

Secretary Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 

American  Section,  Universal  Conference  of  the  Church 
of  Christ  on  Life  and  Work 

105  East  22d  Street,  New  York  City 

Provisional  General  Secretary Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarlanp 


413 


CONSTITUTION    AND    BY-LAWS 

of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 


Plan  of  Federation  Recommended  by  The  Interchurch  Conference  of 
1905,  Adopted  by  the  National  Assemblies  of  Constituent  Bodies, 
1906-1908,  Ratified  by  the  Council  at  Philadelphia,  December  2-8, 
1908,  Amended  at  Chicago,  December  4-9,  1912,  and  at  St.  Louis, 
December  6-11,  1916. 

Preamble 

Whereas,  In  the  providence  of  God,  the  time  has  come  when  it  seems 
fitting  more  fully  to  manifest  the  essential  oneness  of  the  Christian 
churches  of  America  in  Jesus  Christ  as  their  divine  Lord  and  Saviour, 
and  to  promote  the  spirit  of  fellowship,  service,  and  co-operation  among 
them,  the  delegates  to  the  Interchurch  Conference  on  Federation  assem- 
bled in  New  York  City,  do  hereby  recommend  the  following  Plan  of 
Federation  to  the  Christian  bodies  represented  in  this  Conference  for 
their  approval: 

Plan  of  Federation 

1.  For  the  prosecution  of  work  that  can  be  better  done  in  union  than 
in  separation  a  Council  is  hereby  established  whose  name  shall  be  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

2.  The  following  Christian  bodies  shall  be  entitled  to  representation 
in  this  Federal  Council  on  their  approval  of  the  purpose  and  plan  of 
the  organization: 

The  Baptist  Churches  of  the  United  States 

The  General  Conference  of  Free  Baptists 

The  National  Baptist  Convention  (African)* 

The  Christians  (The  Christian  Connection) 

The  (Christian  Reformed  Church  in  North  America* 

The  Churches  of  God  in  the  United  States  (General  Eldership)* 

The  Congregational  Churches 

The  Disciples  of  (Hirist 

The  Evangelical  Association 

The  Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America 

The  Friends 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Church 

The  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  America 

The  Methodist  Protestant  Church 

The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church 

The  Moravian  Church 

The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A. 


*  Received   into  fellowship  of  the  Council  under   provisions  stated   in    Section   7 
of  the  Constitution. 

414 


APPENDIX  415 

The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.* 
The  Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodist  or  Presbyterian  Church  f 
The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  (General  Synod) 
The  United  Presbyterian  Church 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Commissions  on  Christian  Unity  and  Social 
Service 
The  Reformed  Church  in  America 
The  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S. 
The  Reformed  Episcopal  Church 
The  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Churches 
The  United  Brethren  in  Christ 
The  United  Evangelical  Church 

3.  The  object  of  this  Federal  Council  shall  be 

I.  To  express  the  fellowship  and  catholic  unity  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

II.  To  bring  the  Christian  bodies  of  America  into  united  service  for 
Christ  and  the  world. 

III.  To  encourage  devotional  fellowship  and  mutual  counsel  concerning 
the  spiritual  life  and  religious  activities  of  the  churches. 

IV.  To  secure  a  larger  combined  influence  for  the  churches  of  Christ 
in  all  matters  affecting  the  moral  and  social  condition  of  the  people,  so 
as  to  promote  the  application  of  the  law  of  Christ  in  every  relation 
of  human  life. 

V.  To  assist  in  the  organization  of  local  branches  of  the  Federal 
Council  to  promote  its  aims  in  their  communities. 

4.  This  Federal  Council  shall  have  no  authority  over  the  constituent 
bodies  adhering  to  it;  but  its  province  shall  be  limited  to  the  expression 
of  its  counsel  and  the  recommending  of  a  course  of  action  in  matters  of 
common  interest  to  the  churches,  local  councils,  and  individual  Christians. 

It  has  no  authority  to  draw  up  a  common  creed  or  form  of  government 
or  of  worship,  or  in  any  way  to  limit  the  full  autonomy  of  the  Christian 
bodies  adhering  to  it. 

5.  Members  of  this  Federal   Council   shall  be  appointed  as   follows: 
Each  of  the  Christian  bodies  adhering  to  this  Federal  Council  shall  be 

entitled  to  four  members,  and  shall  be  further  entitled  to  one  member 
for  every  50,000  of  its  communicants  or  major  fraction  thereof.  Alter- 
nates may  be  chosen  and  certified  to  the  Council  in  the  same  manner 
and  to  the  same  number  as  members  to  fill  vacancies  caused  by  the 
death,  resignation,  or  permanent  disqualification  of  members.  Such 
alternates  may  also  attend  sessions  of  the  Council  in  the  absence  of 
members  and  exercise  all  powers  of  members  as  temporary  substitutes 
during  such  absence, 

6.  Any  action  to  be  taken  by  this  Federal  Council  shall  be  by  the 
general  vote  of  its  members.  But  in  case  one-third  of  the  members 
present  and  voting  request  it,  the  vote  shall  be  by  the  bodies  represented, 
the  members  of  each  body  voting  separately;  and  action  shall  require 
the  vote,  not  only  of  a  majority  of  the  members  voting,  but  also  of  the 
bodies  represented. 

*  Received  into  fellowship  of  the  Council  under  provisions  stated  in  Section  7 
of  the  Constitution. 

t  Now   merged    with    the    Presbyterian    Church   in    the    U.    S.    A. 


416         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

7.  Other  Christian  bodies  may  be  admitted  into  membership  of  this 
Federal  Council  on  their  request  if  approved  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of 
the  members  voting  at  a  session  of  this  council,  and  of  two-thirds  of  the 
bodies  represented,  the  representatives  of  each  body  voting  separately. 

8.  The  Federal  Council  shall  meet  once  in  every  four  years  and  the 
term  of  service  of  the  members  or  their  alternates  shall  be  four  years 
or  until  their  successors  shall  be  appointed.  Special  meetings  may  be 
called  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

9.  Section  a.  The  officers  of  this  Federal  Council  shall  be  a  President, 
one  Vice-President  from  each  of  its  constituent  bodies,  a  Recording 
becretary,  a  Treasurer,  and  an  Executive  Committee,  who  shall  perform 
the  duties  usually  assigned  to  such  officers.  Vacancies  among  the  Vice- 
Presidents  or  in  the  Executive  Committee  may  be  filled  by  the  Executive 
Committee  on  nomination  by  the  representatives  on  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  constituent  body  in  which  the  vacancy  may  occur. 

Section  b.  The  General  Secretary  and  other  secretaries  of  the  Council 
except  the  Recording  Secretary  shall  be  chosen  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, which  shall  have  authority  to  fix  their  duties  and  their  salaries, 
and  they  shall  aid  in  organizing  and  assisting  local  Councils  and  shall 
represent  the  Federal  Council  in  its  work  under  the  direction  of  the 
Executive  Committee. 

Section  c.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  two  represen- 
tatives from  each  of  the  constituent  bodies,  preferably  one  minister  and 
one  layman,  and  one  additional  representative  for  every  500,000  of  its 
communicants  or  major  fraction  thereof,  who  may  be  either  a  minister 
or  layman,  together  with  the  President,  all  ex-Presidents,  the  Recording 
Secretary,  and  the  Treasurer.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  have 
authority  to  attend  to  all  business  of  the  Federal  Council  in  the  intervals 
of  its  meetings  and  to  fill  all  vacancies,  except  that  it  shall  not  have 
power  to  make  any  amendments  to  the  Constitution  or  to  the  By-laws. 
It  shall  meet  for  organization  at  the  call  of  the  President  of  the  Council 
immediately  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  Federal  Council,  and  shall 
have  power  to  elect  its  own  officers. 

Section  d.  All  officers  shall  be  chosen  at  the  quadrennial  meetings  of 
the  Council  and  shall  hold  their  offices  until  their  successors  take  office. 

Section  e.  The  President,  the  Recording  Secretary,  and  the  Treasurer 
shall  be  elected  by  the  Federal  Council  on  nomination  by  the  Executive 
Committee,  but  nominations  may  be  made  from  the  floor  of  the  Council 
by  any  member  at  the  time  of  the  election. 

Section  /.  The  Vice-Presidents  and  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee and  their  alternates  shall  be  elected  by  the  Council  upon  nomina- 
tion by  the  representatives  in  attendance  of  each  of  their  respective 
constituent  bodies. 

10.  The  expenses  of  the  Federal  Council  shall  be  provided  for  by  the 
several  constituent  bodies. 

(The  following  paragraphs  were  recommended  by  Interchurch  Confer- 
ence of  1905,  adopted  by  national  assemblies  of  constituent  bodies, 
1906-1908.) 

[This  Plan  of  Federation  shall  become  operative  when  it  shall  have  been 
approved  by  two-thirds  of  the  above  bodies  to  which  it  shall  be  presented. 

[It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  delegation  to  this  Conference  to  present 
this  Plan  of  Federation  to  its  national  body,  and  ask  its  consideration 
and  proper  action. 


APPENDIX  417 

[In  case  this  Plan  of  Federation  is  approved  by  two-thirds  of  the 
proposed  constituent  bodies  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  National 
Federation  of  Churches  and  Christian  Workers,  7vhich  has  called  this 
Conference,  is  requested  to  call  the  Federal  Council  to  meet  at  a  fitting 
placd  in  December,  1908.] 

11.  This  Plan  of  Federation  may  be  altered  or  amended  by  a  majority 
vote  of  the  members,  followed  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  representatives 
of  the  several  constituent  bodies,  each  voting  separately.  Amendments 
to  this  plan  shall  be  reported  officially  to  the  several  constituent  churches. 


BY-LAWS 


1.  The  Council  shall  meet  quadrennially  on  the  first  Wednesday  of 
December,  at  such  nlace  and  hour  as  the  Executive  Committee  shall 
from  time  to  time  determine.  The  place  and  time  of  special  meetings 
shall  be  determined  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

2.  The  President  of  the  Council,  or  in  case  of  his  absence,  the  last 
President  present  shall  open  the  meetings  with  an  address  and  devo- 
tional exercises,  and  preside  until  a  new  President  is  chosen. 

3.  The  Recording  Secretary  and  the  Secretarv,  or  Secretaries,  to 
whom  this  duty  may  be  assigned  by  the  Executive  Committee,  shall  make 
up  the  roll  of  the  members  in  the  Council  from  the  certificates  of  the 
proper  officers  of  the  constituent  bodies  composing  the  Council,  and 
no  one  not  thus  certified  shall  be  enrolled.  The  Council  shall  deter- 
mine any  question  arising  as  to  the  validity  of  the  certificates. 

4.  No  President  or  Vice-President  shall  be  eligible  to  immediate  re- 
election. 

5.  A  quorum  of  the  Council  shall  consist  of  two  or  more  members 
from  a  majority  of  the  churches  entitled  to  representation.  A  quorum 
of  the  Executive  Committee  shall  be  fifteen  persons,  and  at  least  five 
denominations  shall  be  represented. 

6.  The  Council  shall  appoint  a  Business  Committee,  to  which  shall  be 
referred  all  matters  connected  with  the  proceedings  of  the  Council  while 
in  session,  and  all  such  papers  and  documents  as  to  the  Council  may 
seem  proper.  It  shall  consist  of  two  members  from  each  church  having 
twentv  or  more  representatives  in  the  Council,  and  one  from  each  of  the 
churches  having  a  less  number  of  representatives.  The  Council  may 
also  appoint  such  other  special  committees  as  to  it  may  seem  proper. 

7.  The  business  expenses  of  the  Council,  the  expenses  of  its  com- 
mittees subject  to  the  discretion  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  the 
salaries  of  its  officers,  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  funds  contributed  by  the 
churches,  but  the  expenses  of  the  representatives  of  the  churches  in 
the  Council  shall  not  be  a  charge  against  the  funds  of  the  Council. 

8.  (1)  The  following  Commissions,  subject  to  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, shall  be  appointed  to  further  the  general  purposes  of  the  Federal 
Council  as  stated  in  its  Constitution  within  the  fields  indicated  bv  their 
respective  names. 

a.  A  Commission  on  Evangelism. 

b.  A  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

c.  A  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Country  Life. 

d.  A  Commission  on  Christian  Education. 

e.  A  Commission  on  Temperance. 


418         FEDERAL   COUNCIL   OF   THE   CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST 

/.  A  Commission  on  International  Justice  and  Goodwill. 

g.  A  Commission  on  Interchurch  Federations  (State  and  Local). 

h.  A  Commission  on  Relations  with  the  Orient. 

t.  A  Commission  on  Relations  with  France  and  Belgium.* 

y.  A  Commission  on  Relations  with  Religious  Bodies  in  Europe.* 

(2)  Each  Commission  shall  consist  of  twenty-five  or  more  members 
appointed  from  the  Christian  bodies  appointing  members  to  the  Council, 
by  the  President  of  the  Council,  and  confirmed  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee. 

(3)  The  members  of  these  Commissions  shall  serve  four  years  or  until 
their  successors  are  appointed.  The  Commissions  shall  report  annually 
to  the  Executive  Committee,  and  oftener  should  the  Executive  Com- 
^nittee  require,  and  quadrennially  through  the  Executive  Committee  to 
the  Federal  Council. 

(4)  The  President  of  the  Council  shall  appoint  the  Chairmen  of  these 
Commissions,  which  shall  have  power  to  choose  such  other  officers  for 
the  conduct  of  their  aflFairs  as  may  be  authorized  by  the  Federal  Council 
or  the  Executive  Committee. 

(5)  These  Commissions  shall  not  commit  the  Federal  Council  to 
any  policy  or  expense  until  such  policy  or  expense  is  approved  by  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Federal  Council. 

(6)  The  Commissions  shall  submit  their  proposed  budgets  to  the 
Executive  Committee,  and  upon  the  Committee's  authorization  of  such 
budgets,  may  solicit  contributions  for  their  work  under  the  direction 
of  the  Executive  Committee  and  the  Treasurer  of  the  Federal  Council. 

9.  The  Secretaries  chosen  by  the  Executive  Committee  shall  conduct 
the  correspondence  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Executive  Committee. 
The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  full  power  to  appoint,  when  neces- 
sary, such  Secretaries  as  it  may  deem  advisable  and  to  designate  their 
respective  relations  and  duties. 

10.  The  Recording  Secretary  shall  keep  the  minutes  of  the  Council, 
and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the 
Executive  Committee.  The  Executive  Committee  may  appoint  such 
assistant  secretaries  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  business, 
both  for  the  Council  and  for  the  Committee. 

11.  The  Treasurer  of  the  Council  shall  be  the  custodian  of  all  the 
funds  of  the  Council  and  the  Committees,  and  shall  perform  the  duties 
usually  assigned  to  the  office,  shall  give  bond  in  such  sum  as  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  shall  determine,  and  his  account  shall  be  annually  audited 
under  the  direction  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

12.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  authority  to  consider  during 
the  sessions  of  the  Council  or  in  the  intervals  between  its  meetings 
any  business  referred  to  it  by  the  Council,  and  shall  exercise  general 
supervision  of  all  its  aflFairs,  and  shall  have  authority  to  adopt  its  own 
rules  for  governing  its  own  business.  The  Executive  Cornmittee  shall 
meet  at  the  call  of  the  Chairman,  or  in  his  absence  or  disability,  the  call 
of  three  of  the  members  representing  three  of  the  constituent  bodies, 
and  ten  days'  notice  of  meeting  shall  be  given.  Public  meetings  under 
the  direction  of  the  Executive  Committee  may  be  held  annually  in  various 
sections  of  the  country.  The  President  shall  also  appoint  the  following 
Standing  Committees  to  work  under  the  direction  of  the  Executive 
Committee : 


*  Appointed  ad  interim  by  the  Executive  Committee    (Section   12)   and  approved 
by  the  Quadrennial  Meeting  of  the  Council  in  December,  1920. 


APPENDIX  419 

(1)  A  committee  on   Foreign   Missions,  to   number  not  more  than 

fifteen  members.* 

(2)  A   committee   on    Home    Missions,   to   number   not   more   than 

fifteen  members.* 

(3)  A  committee  on  Family  Life  and  Religious  Rest  Day.* 

The  Executive  Committee  shall  have  power  to  establish  commissions 
or  committees  ad  interim,  which  may  become  permanent  by  the  approval 
of  the  Federal  Council. 

13.  The  minutes  of  the  Council  shall  be  published  regularly,  under 
the  editorship  of  the  Secretary  or  Secretaries  to  whom  this  duty  may 
be  assigned  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

14.  These  By-laws  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
Council  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  present. 

*  These  committees  are  no  longer  functioning,  their  interests  being  cared  for 
in   other  ways. 


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